11(JLS_140136).hwp

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "11(JLS_140136).hwp"

Transcription

1 Journal of Life Science 4 Vol. 4. No.. 8~4 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI : Prevalence and Expression Pattern of Cytokines in Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) Kyung Hyun Lee and Jae Chan Song * Pathodiagnostic Lab, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division QIA, Anyang 4-84, Korea College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 7-7, Korea Received July 9, 4 /Revised July 5, 4 /Accepted August 5, 4 Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a common respiratory disease in nursery and grow-finishing pigs. A complex of viral and bacterial agents is known to be involved in the etiology of PRDC. The purpose of this study was to investigate common etiologic agents associated with PRDC in the field and compare detection methods for identifying these agents. To understand the mechanism of polymicrobial infection in PRDC, changes in the expression of cytokines were investigated. In 46 pig samples examined, most of the affected pigs ranged from to weeks old (7.4%), and 48 (75.4%) samples were confirmed as polymicrobial infection. Of the polymicrobial-infected cases, two (5.%), three (.%), four (.8%), five (.%), and six (.5%) agents were detected. Two- or three-agent infections were the most common, with /PCV- (44.6%) the most common two-agent infection. /PCV-/H. parasuis (.%) was the most common three-agent infection. Comparison of two detection methods (PCR and IHC) in the polymicrobial cases showed that 78.4% were PCV- positive with the PCR method, and 6.% were PCV- positive with IHC. SIV was 7.8% by the PCR method and.7% positive by the IHC. This result indicates that the PCR method is more useful than IHC for detecting causative agents in PRDC. In the analysis of cytokines in the two- and three-agent infected samples, interleukin (IL)-α, IL-, IL-4, IL-6, IL-, and INF-α showed the same expression pattern. All cytokines were suppressed, except IL-6. These findings indicate that changes in cytokine expression could be used to understand the mechanism of polymicrobial infection in PRDC. Key words : Cytokines, pig, polymicrobial infection, PRDC (Porcine respiratory disease complex), 서 돼지호흡기복합증후군 (Porcine respiratory disease complex, PRDC) 은우리나라의양돈산업에서있어서큰경제적 손실을일으키는질병으로바이러스와세균이복합적으로감 염되어질병을일으키는질병증후군이다. 발병원인으로는세 균, 바이러스에의한감염, 사육환경및사양관리부실등의 요인이복합적으로작용하며, 두가지이상의병원균이혼합 감염을일으키는경우가많다. PRDC 의주요원인균중, 세균 으로는 Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae), Haemophilus parasuis (H. parasuis) Streptococcus suis (S. suis) 등이있으며 [], 바이러스 로는 Porcine reproductuve and respiratory syndrome virus *Corresponding author *Tel : , Fax : * songjach@knu.ac.kr This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 론 (), porcine circovirus 형 (PCV-), swine influenza virus (SIV) 등이보고되었다 []. PRDC는바이러스또는세균단독감염일경우에는예방이나치료효과도양호하나, 혼합감염이이루어지면치료효과가떨어져농장의피해가증가되는경향이있다. 국내에서는아직 PRDC와관련하여발생상황을조사한바가없으나, PRDC 와임상증상이유사한돼지소모성질환 (postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, PMWS) 에대하여조사한바에따르면 999년부터 년까지증체지연이있는돼지를대상으로조사한결과,64마리의돼지중,4마리가 PMWS으로진단이되었으며, 대부분의경우 (85%) 에서다른원인체와혼합감염된것으로확인되었다. 그중 PCV-와 H. parasuis의혼합감염이.% 로가장높았고, 그다음이 PCV-와 의혼합감염이 9.% 로나타났다 [7]. PRDC의주원인균인 는 Arterivirus과에속하는 RNA 바이러스로 는호흡기계통의대식세포와폐포강또는혈관내대식세포에강한친화성을가진다 [6]. 현재까지 PRDC의발병기전에대해서는알려진바가없으나, PRDC와유사한형태로혼합감염에의해서발생하는 PMWS 의경우에는면역계의변화가질병을유발하는데영향을주는것으로보고되어있다 [, 8, 9, 6, ]. PRDC에있어서 cytokine의발현의변화에대해서 의단독감염에서 IL-의발현은증가되나, TNF-α는변화가없다는것이보고되었다 [5]. PRDC와유사한혼합감염에의해서주로발생하는

2 Journal of Life Science 4, Vol. 4. No. 9 PMWS의경우에서는림프구계장기에손상을주어 cytokine 의발현을억제하는것으로알려져있는 Pneumocystits carnii 와 Chlamydia spp. 등이소장과폐에서높은빈도로발견되고, 혈중의 B 림프구의감소와 CD4 + 와 CD8 + T 림프구의감소가나타난다. 또한 IL-와 IL-4의발현은감소되나, IL-β나 IL-8과같은 pro-inflammatory cytokine의발현은활성화된다 [5]. 흉선에서는 IL-의발현을증가시켜 thymocyte의성숙을방해함으로써면역억제를일으키는것으로보고되었다 [8]. 아직까지 PRDC에대해서는다른돼지호흡기질병에비해면역학적연구가미흡하여, PRDC에대한면역생화학적연구가 PMWS 의예와같이혼합감염에의한질병유발기전을이해하는데중요한요소가될것으로판단되어국내에서발생한 PRDC를대상으로발생상황, 원인균의종류와감염형태를조사하고혼합감염된경우에대해서 cytokine의발현의변화를조사하였다. 재료및방법실험재료 5년부터 6년까지전국 6개시도에서호흡기증상으로 PRDC로진단된 46개의시료를사용하였다. 수집된시료로부터 DNA와 RNA를추출하여항원검사와유전자검사통하여감염된바이러스와세균을동정하였다. 항원검사는 IHC (Discovery TM, Ventana Medical Systems, USA) 를이용하여제조사가제공한 manual에따라실시하였다. 5초간불활화한후에 PCR에사용하였다. 감염균의동정및 PCR 균의동정을위한 RNA sample은 One-step RT PCR kit (Qiagen, USA) 를, DNA는 Premix Taq (Bioneer, Korea) 를이용하여균종의특이 DNA fragment를확인하였다 [, ]. Real-time PCR Cytokine에대한 Quantitative real-time PCR의 primer [,, 4] 는 design TIB MOLBIOL (Germany) 사에의뢰하여합성하였다. Real-time PCR 반응은 cdna μl, 각각의 cytokine primer ( pmol) set μl, probe (4 pmol), Premix Ex Taq (Takara, Japan).5 μl, DNA-RNA free water.5 μl를첨가하여총 5 μl를맞추어사용하였고반응액은 Smart cyclerⅡ (Cepheid, USA) 를이용하여 95 에 5초반응, 95 초, 6 초 5회반복하여 CT값을측정하였다. 통계분석상대정량값은 cytokine gene의 threshold cycle (Ct) 값에세가지 housekeeping gene의 threshold cycle (CT) 평균값을나눈값을하였으며, 본실험에서얻어진자료는 ANOVA test 의분석방법을이용하여분석하였고대조군과의유의성은 95% 수준에서실시하였다. 결과 DNA 및 RNA의분리바이러스및세균의유전자검사를위하여채취한폐, 림프절은실험에사용할때까지 - 의냉동상태로보관하였다. 시료로부터 DNA와 RNA는각각 QIAmp DNA mini kit (Qiagen, USA) 와 RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, USA) 를이용하여추출하였다. 추출한 RNA는 spectrophotometer (Nanodrop ND-, Nanodrop technologies, USA) 를이용하여정량하였다. 정량한 RNA μg을 reverse transcription을위해 PrimeScript RT reagent Kit (Perfect Real Time, Takara, Japan) 을이용하여 7 에서 5분동안반응한다음 85 에서 PRDC 의발생상황및원인체의분석 5년부터 6년까지전국 6개시 도에서수집된 PRDC 로진단된시료에대해발생상황을조사한결과, 총 46건중 건 (4.6%) 이단독감염이었으며, 48건 (75.5%) 이 종이상의원인체에의한혼합감염이었다 (Table ). PRDC 발생상황을주령별로분석한결과, 주령에서 주령미만의돼지에서 8건 (7.4%) 으로가장많이나타났으며, 주에서 주미만의돼지에서 86건 (8.7%) 으로나타나, 전체 주령에서 주령의이유돈에서높은빈도로나타났다. 혼합감염유형은, 종혼합감염이 75건 (8.%), 종혼합감염이 건 (4.4%) 을차 Table. Prevalence according to age and agent on PRDC Age Number of agents < wks wks~ wks wks~ wks > wks Total (%) agent agents agents 4 agents 5 agents 6 agents (4.6) 75(8.) (4.4) 48() (.5) (.) Total (%) 8(6.) 8(7.4) 86(8.7) 9(.9) 46()

3 생명과학회지 4, Vol. 4. No. Table. Patterns of ages and agent on PRDC Pattern Agents < wks wks~ wks wks~ wks > wks Total (%) agent agents agents PCV H. parasuis 4(6.4) 6(54.5) (9.) 6(.) 5(6.8) (.5) ( 5.9) 4(8.4) (.) 5() (8.6) 76(67.) ( 9.7) Total (%) (9.7) 8(7.8) 7(5.) 5(4.4) () /PCV /H. parasuis PCV/H. parasuis 5(8.5) (.) (5.4) 58(46.4) ( 8.8) 9(5.) 4(4.) (.) 8(.9) (5.) 78(44.6) 4( 8.) 9(6.6) Total (%) () 5() 5() () 75() /PCV/H. parasuis /PCV/P. multocida /PCV/SIV (5.) 4(7.) 5(6.) (.9) 4(.5) 5(9.4) (.8) 9(4.8) (7.9) (.7) Total (%) () 9() 7() () () 지하고있어, 국내에서발생하는 PRDC는 종또는 종의혼합감염이 6.4% 로가장많은것으로나타났다. 건의단독감염인대하여원인체를조사한결과, PCV-가 76건 (67.%) 으로가장많이나타났으며, 그다음은 로 건 (8.6%) 였다. 세균원인체는 H. parasuis가 건 (9.7%) 으로가장많이나타났다 (Table ). 혼합감염의주요원인체로는 /PCV- 의 종혼합감염이 44.6% 로가장높은빈도로나타났다. 종혼합감염예에서는 PPRSV/PCV-/H. parasuis의혼합감염이 4.8% 로가장많이검출되었다 (Table ). 원인균검출을위한항원검사와 PCR 방법의비교항원검사에서 PCV-로진단된경우 PCR 방법과의일치율이 7.7% 로나타났으며, 의경우일치율이 5% 로나타났다. 기타 PCV/H. parasuis 혼합감염일경우일치율이 4.7% 로나타났다. PMWS의경우에는항원검사시 /PCV가혼합감염된경우가 4.7% 로가장높았다. /H. parasuis 혼합감염일경우일치율이 6% 로나타났으며, /PCV 로진단된경우 4.9% 의일치율을보였다. 종복합감염된예를비교하여보았을때, /PCV/H. parasuis 감염일경우 4.8% 의일치율을, /PCV/P. multocida 감염인경우 7.5% 의일치율을보였다. /PCV/SIV 복합감염일경우 % 의일치율을보였다. 4종복합감염일경우 / PCV/P.multocida/H. parasuis의경우는 66.7% 로나타났다 (Table ). 혼합감염에서 cytokine 의발현양상 PRDC의발생양상중에서가장높은빈도로나타나는 종과 종의감염원에의해혼합감염된시료를대상으로 cytokine 유전자의발현을비교하였다. 각각의실험결과는 no template control (NTC), RT- control을사용하여각각의실험마다사용하였고 PCR반응의결과에서 NTC와 RT-control은형광반응을보이지않았다. 종혼합감염에의한시료중에서 Fig.. The ratio of cytokines mrna expression polymicrobial infection case in by and agent investigated. The expression of cytokines was calculated in relation to expression of housekeeping genes (gylceraldahyde-- phosphate-dehydrogenase, β-actine, cyclophilin gene). Data are presented as mean ± S. E. M. p<.. 가장높은빈도로나타난 /PCV- (44.6%), 종혼합감염에서는 PPRSV/PCV-/H. parasuis (4.8%) 의혼합감염균에대한 cytokine의발현을비교한결과, 종및 종혼합감염군에서 IL-6를제외한조사한모든 cytokine에서동일한양상을보였다 (Fig. ). cytokine 발현의비교는대조군을기준으로시험군에서의발현의비로표시하였다. IL-6는 종및 종혼합감염군에서모두증가하였고, 그이외의 IL-α, IL-, IL-4, IL-, IFN-α의발현은감소하였다. 또한 종혼합감염군과 종혼합감염군에서 cytokine의발현비율을비교하면, IL-α 가 종혼합감염군보다 종혼합감염군에서발현이가장감소하였으며, IL-4의변화가가장적게나타났다. IL-6의경우에는 종혼합감염군보다 종혼합감염군에서감소가크게나타났다. 고 5년부터 6년까지전국 6개시도에서 PRDC로진단된 46개시료에대해원인체, 발생연령, 혼합감염형태를분 찰

4 Journal of Life Science 4, Vol. 4. No. Table. Comparison of diagnostic detection of viral agents between IHC and PCR method Diag. of Histopath. No. Diag. of agents (PCR test) No. Conformity (%) PCV 44 PRRS PMWS 9 PCV/H. parasuis /H. parasuis /PCV 4 /PCV /H. parasuis /PCV /P. multocida 7 8 PCV PCV/A. pleuropneumoniae PCV/H. parasuis PCV/M. hyopneumoniae PCV/SIV /PCV /PCV/H. parasuis /PCV/M. hyopneumoniae/h. parasuis /H. parasuis /PCV /PCV/H. parasuis /SIV PCV/H. parasuis /PCV /PCV/H. parasuis /PCV/P. multocida PCV PCV/H. parasuis PCV/M. hyopneumoniae PCV/SIV PCV/SIV/H. parasuis /PCV/H. parasuis /H. parasuis /H. parasuis/s. suis /PCV /PCV/SIV H. parasuis PCV/H. parasuis /H. parasuis/s. suis /PCV /PCV/H. parasuis /PCV/M. hyopneumoniae /PCV/P. multocida/m. hyopneumoniae /PCV/SIV /PCV/SIV/M. hyopneumoniae/h parasuis PCV/H. parasuis /H. parasuis /PCV /PCV/H. parasuis /PCV/P. multocida /PCV/H. parasuis /PCV/M. hyopneumoniae /PCV/SIV /PCV/SIV /PCV/P. multocida /H. parasuis /PCV/P. multocida/h. parasuis /P. multocida/h. parasuis 석하고, 원인체의진단방법의비교, PRDC의높은발생빈도를나타내는 종또는 종혼합감염된시료를대상으로 cytokine 발현의변화에대해조사하여국내에서발생하는 PRDC 의발생양상과발병기전을이해하고자하였다. 이유돈 (주령 ~주령 ) 에서질병은특히증체율이낮아져양돈농가의수익성감소를초래한다. 본연구의결과, 국내에서발생하고

5 생명과학회지 4, Vol. 4. No. 있는혼합감염에의한 PRDC의발생연령은주로 주령에서 주령사이에서가장많이발생하는것으로나타났으며, 외국의경우에서 8-주령의돼지에서발생빈도가높은것으로보고되어국내의 PRDC 발생이외국보다더욱빨리나타나는것으로확인되었다 []. 이러한결과는외국의경우양돈농가에서동물복지의기준에맞춘사육이정착되어질병과관련된환경문제의개선뿐만아니라질병감염의주요원인인밀식사육등으로인한사육스트레스가감소된반면 [6], 국내에서는밀식사육이가장널리사용되는사육방법이며, 특히밀식사육의경우에사육돈의스트레스가증가하고, 환기시설의규모가소형일수록호흡기질병의발생에차이가나타나는점 [5] 을고려하면면역력이낮은어린자돈일수록높은빈도로발생할수있다. 이러한문제는우리나라의양돈의사육환경이동물복지의기준으로개선될필요가있음을시사한다. 본연구의결과에서는전체발생한 PRDC 중단독감염이 건 (4.6%) 로나타났으나미국미네소타대학에서조사한바에따르면, 단독감염의예가 87건중 8건 (.8%) 으로나타나본연구의결과보다단독감염의비율이낮게나타났다 [6]. 이러한결과는 PRDC와유사한증상을보이는 PMWS와같은호흡기질병과의감별진단에있어서본연구의 (Table ) 에서나타났듯이진단의방법에따라감염형태가많은차이가나기때문에진단의방법및정확도등의차이에의한결과일것으로추측된다. 국내에서발생하는 PRDC는단독감염보다혼합감염이높은빈도로발생하는것이확인되었으며, 단독감염을포함하여 종혼합감염이 8.%, 종혼합감염도 4.4% 를차지하고있어국내 PRDC는 종또는 종의혼합감염이 6.4% 로가장많이나타났다. 외국의경우, 종이상의혼합감염만을대상으로실시한조사에서 PRDC로진단된,87건중 8건 (88.%) 으로 [6] 이러한결과는본연구에서 종이상의복합감염 (48건) 을대상으로하면 종혼합감염이 75건 (5.%), 종혼합감염이 건 (.%) 로우리나라와비슷한양상을보임을확인하였다. 또한 PRDC의원인균을분석한결과, 건의단독감염의원인체는, PCV-가총 76건 (67.%) 으로나타났으며, 그다음은 로 건 (8.6%) 으로나타났다. 세균원인체중가장많이확인된것은 H. parasuis로 건 (9.7%) 였다. PRDC 혼합감염의주요원인체로 /PCV- 의 종혼합감염의예가전체혼합감염중에서.4% 로가장높은빈도로검출되었으며. PPRSV/PCV-/H. parasuis의 종혼합감염의예가.% 로나타났다. 또한 4종혼합감염은.8% 로 /PCV-/P. multocida/h. parasuis 혼합감염예가.7% 로확인되었으며, 5종또는 6종혼합감염도나타나는것으로확인되었다. 국외에서도 /PCV-의혼합감염이가장높게나타나는것으로보고되었으며 [], 그외 / PCV/P. multocida이 7.9%, PCV/H. parasuis가 6.6% 였으며, /PCV-/SIV는.7% 로나타나 [7], 우리나라에서발생하는 PRDC와유사한형태의감염양상을나타내고있다. PRDC의원인균이지역과사육환경이다른외국의경우와유사한결과는 PRDC 발생의대부분을차지하는혼합감염의원인이 또는 PCV- 등에의해일차감염된후, 돼지가면역력이약화된상태로의해지속적외부환경에노출되면서 차감염이이루어지고있는것으로추측된다. 따라서 PRDC 의예방을위해서는외부인의출입을제한하는것을포함하여지속적인사육환경의청결이중요한요인으로나타났다. PRDC의예방과치료를위해서는정확한원인균의검출이요구된다. PRDC의확진을위해서사용하고있는조직항원염색방법 (IHC) 은균들간의항원교차반응에의해정확성이떨어지는경향이있어정확한원인균의검출을위해서 PCR 방법을이용하여두진단방법간의정확도를비교하였다., PCV-에대한면역조직화학염색과 PCR 방법과의원인균의검출율을비교한결과 PCR 방법이 IHC보다원인균인, PCV-의검출에효과적인것으로나타났다. 이러한결과를근거로 PRDC를유발하는원인체에대해서는항원검사의결과에서 PCV-의감염이많이나타났으나임상적으로는 PCV- 는감염되더라도병리소견을발현하지않는경우가있어임상증상을나타내는 PRDC의주요원인체는 로판단된다. PRDC에서 cytokine 발현의변화를조사하기위해서본연구의결과에서 PRDC 발생의발생이가장높은빈도로나타나는 종과 종혼합감염 (8.5%) 을대상으로조사하였다. Cytokine의발현을분석한결과 종및 종혼합감염군에서 IL-6 를제외한조사한모든 cytokine에서동일한양상을보였다. 이러한현상은 PRDC의주원인균으로알려진 또는 PCV-의일차감염으로대식구의융해가일어나며 [8, 4] 또한 PRDC에서 PCV 감염에의한 B 및 T 림프구의현저한감소와상대적으로단핵세포및과립구의증가가보고되어있어 [], proinflammatory cytokine인 IL-6를제외한 cytokine이감소가나타날수있다는예상과본결과가일치하였다. IL-α가감소를나타내는본연구의결과는 IL-α가단핵구계세포와 B 림프구에서분비되어 B와 T 림프구의활성을촉진하는 cytokine으로실험적감염에의한 PRDC에서도감소되는경향을보이며, 종혼합감염군보다 종혼합감염군에서더욱감소하는경향을나타내고있다는보고 [8] 와본연구결과와일치하였다. PRDC와원인균과감염경로, 임상증상이유사한 PMWS 감염돈의에서도 IL-α가 PRDC와림프절에서분비가감소되는양상을보이는데 [4] 이러한 cytokine은일차감염된바이러스에의해감소된후에도혼합감염의상태에도감소된상태를유지하면서숙주의면역기능을저하시키는요인이되는것으로추측된다. IL-α의감소는단핵구계의세포에서 PCV-가증식하여발현이감소하는것으로생각되며, 병리조직학적소견에서도림프절 germinal center의괴사는 B 림프구의감소를동반하여 Il-α의발현을감소시켰을것으로사료된다. IL-4의발현이감소하는것은 specific humoral

6 Journal of Life Science 4, Vol. 4. No. immunity의정도가감소하는것을의미하지만, 돼지 IL-4의경우 Th형과관련된 cellular mediated immunity과연관된것으로보고되었다 [8]. 이와같이 IL-α, IL-, IL-4, IL-, INF-α의세포내발현수준이감소하는것은 T cell immunosuppresion을의미하여혼합감염에서숙주의 T-cell에의한면역반응이감소될것으로예상된다. IL-6의경우 종및 종혼합감염군에서증가하는경향을나타내었다. IL-6는주로 IL-과 TNF-α를억제하고, IL- 수용체 antagonist와 TNF-α 수용체의작용을억제하는작용을하는것으로알려져있다 [4]. IL-6가 IL-등이발현한뒤에나타나는 차 cytokine인것임을고려할때 mrna 발현이 IL-과는상반되게나타나본연구의실험결과와도일치함이확인되었다. 반면 PRDC와유사한형태의혼합감염에의해서발병되는 PMWS의경우 B 세포와 T 세포의손실이보고되어있으며 [], 특히기억 T 세포의손실이보고되었다 [8]. 또한 PMWS에감염된 cytokine을분석해보면, 흉선에서 T 세포면역억압의지표로생각되는 IL- mrna 발현이증가됨이확인되었으나 [], 자연감염에의한 PMWS에감염된돼지에서의본연구에서조사한그외의 cytokine의변화는 mrna와단백질수준에서모두유의성있는변화를보이지않는 [9] 것에의해판단하면 PRDC나 PMWS가감염형태나원인균등에서유사성을보이고있으나감염후의발병기전은다를것으로추측되어앞으로 PRDC와 PMWS에대한면역학적연구는두질병에대한예방및감별진단과치료에공헌을할수있을것으로기대된다. 감사의글 이논문은 학년도경북대학교학술연구비에의하여연구되었음. References. Albina, E., Carrat, C. and Charley, B Interferon-alpha response to swine arterivirus (POAV), the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 8, Allan, G. M., McNeilly, F., Cassidy, J. P., Reilly, G. A., Adair, B., Ellis, W. A. and McNulty, M. S Pathogenesis of porcine circovirus. Experiemental infections of colostrum-deprived piglets and examination of pig foetal material. Vet Microbiol 44, Allen, C. A., Payne, S. L., Harville, M., Cohen, N. and Russell, K. E. 7. Validation of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for measuring cytokine expression in equine macrophages. J Immunol Methods 8, Chang, H. W., Jeng, C. R., Lin, T. L., Liu, J. J., Chiou, M. T., Tsai, Y. C., Chia, M. Y., Jan, T. R. and Pang, V. F. 6. Immunopathological effects of porcine circovirus type (PCV) on swine alveolar macrophages by in vitro inoculation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, Clark, E. G Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. In proceedings of the American Association of Swine Practitioners, Quebec. p Choi, Y. K., Goyal, S. M. and Joo, H. S.. Retrospective analysis of etiologic agents associated with respiratory diseases in pigs. Can Vet J 44, Cooper, V. L., Doster, A. R, Hesse, R. A. and Harris, N. B Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: NEB- infection did nor potentiate bacterial pathogens. J Vet Diagn Invest 7, Darwich, L., Balasch, M., Plana-Durán, J., Segalés, J., Domingo, M. and Mateu, E.. Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in response to mitogen, superantigen or recall viral antigens. J Gen Virol 84, Darwich, L., Pié, S., Rovira, A., Segalés, J., Domingo, M., Oswald, I. P. and Mateu, E.. Cytokine mrna expression profiles in lymphoid tissues of pigs naturally affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. J Gen Virol 84, Darwich, L., Balasch, M., Plana-Duran, J., Segleas, J., Domingo, M. and Mateu, E.. Cytokine profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pigs with postwening multisystemic wasting syndrome in response to motogen, superantigen recall viral antigens. J Gen Virol 84, Duvigneau, J. C., Hartl, R. T., Groiss, S. and Gemeiner, M. Quantitative simultaneous multiplex real-time PCR for the detection of porcine cytokines. 5. J Immunol Methods 6, Galina, L., Pijoan, C. and Sitjar, M. Christianson, W. T., Rossow, K. and Collins, J. E Interaction between Streptococcus suis serotype and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndorme virus in specific pathogen-free piglets. Vet Rec 4, Gucht, S. V., Reeth, K. V. and Pensaert, M.. Interaction between Porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus and bacterial endotoxin in the lungs of pigs: Potentiation of cytokine production and respiratory disease. J Clin Microbiol 4, Harrington, N. P., Surujballi, O. P. and Prescott, J. F. 6. Cervine (Cervus elaphus) cytokine mrna quantification by real- time polymerase chain reaction. J Wildl Dis 4, Kim, J. H., Chung, H. K, and Jung, T. W.. Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome of pigs in Korea: Prevalence, microscopic lesions and coexsiting microorganisms. J Vet Med Sci 64, Molitor, T. W., Bautista, E. and Choi, C. S Immunity to : Double-edged sword. Vet Microbiol 55, Nakharuthai, C., Boonsoongnern, A., Poolperm, P., Wajjwalku, W., Urairong, K., Chumsing, W., Lertwitcharasarakul, P. and Lekcharoensuk, P. 8. Occurrence of swine influenza virus infection in swine with porcine respiratory disease complex. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 9, 45-

7 4 생명과학회지 4, Vol. 4. No Segales, J., Alonso, F., Rosell, C., Paster, J., Chianini, F., Campos, E., Lopez-Fuertes, L., Quinatana, J., Rodriguez- Arrioja, G., Calsamiglia, M., Pujols, J., Dominguez, J. and Domingo, M. Changes in peripheral blood leukocytes populations in pigs with natural postweaning multisystermic wasting syndorm (PWMS). Vet Immunol Innumopathol 8, Sipos, W., Duvigneau, J. C., Pietschmann, P., Schilcher, F. and Hofbauer, G. 5. Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) is associated with a systemic cytokine expression profile indicative of proinflammation and a Th bias. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 7, -.. Solano, G. I., Segalés, J., Collins, J. E., Molitor, T. W. and Pijoan, C Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection with Haemophillus parasuis. Vet microbiol 55, Tang-Feldman, Y. J., Wojtowicz, A., Lochhead, G. R., Hale M. A., Li, Y. and Pomeroy, C. 6. Use of quantitative real-time PCR (qrt-pcr) to measure cytokine transcription and viral load in murine cytomegalovirus infection. J Virol Methods, -9.. Thacker, E. L.. Porcine respiratory disease complex-what is it and why does it remain a problem? The Pig J 48, Thacker, E. L., Thacker, B. J., Kuhn, M., Hawkins, P. A. and Waters, W. R.. Mucosal and systemic characteristics of protective activity of a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin. Am J Vet Res 6, Thanawongnuwech, R., Halbur, P. G. and Ackermann, M. R Effects of low and high virulence strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus on pulmonary clearance of copper particles in pigs. Vet Pathol 5, Van Reeth, K., Nauwynck, H. and Pensaert, M Bronchoalveolar interferon-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin- and inflammation during acute influenza in pigs: A possible model for humans. J Infect Dis 77, Wemelsfelder, F., Hunter, E. A., Mendl, M. T. and Lawrence, A. B.. The spontaneous qualitative assessment of behavioural expressions in pigs: first explorations of a novel methodology for integrative animal welfare measurement. Appl Anim Behav Sci 67, 9-5. 초록 : 돼지호흡기복합증후군 (Porcine respiratory disease complex, PRDC) 에대한발생상황의분석및 cytokine 의변화이경현 송재찬 * ( 국립수의과학검역원질병진단과, 경북대학교수의과대학 ) 국내에서발생하는돼지호흡기복합증후군 (Porcine respiratory disease complex, PRDC) 의발생상황및원인체의검출방법의비교와 PRDC에서 cytokine의발현변화여부를확인하기위해서 48건의시료에대해 PRDC 발생상황을조사하였다. 총 48건중단독감염은 건 (.5%), 종이상의원인체에의한발병이 48(7.%) 건으로나타났다. PRDC 발생상황을주령별로분석한결과, 총 48건에서 주령에서 주령미만의돼지에서 58건 (74.%) 으로가장많이나타났다. PRDC의주원인체로알려진, PCV, SIV에대한감별진단을위해면역조직화학염색법 (IHC) 과 PCR에의한검출을원인체검출을비교한결과, 결과 PCR 방법이 IHC보다원인균인, PCV-의검출에효과적인것으로나타났으며이러한결과를근거로 PRDC를유발하는원인체에대해서는임상적으로는 PCV-는감염되더라도병리소견을발현하지않는예가있어임상증상을나타내는 PRDC의주요원인체는 로확인되었다. PRDC로진단된시료중 종및 종의혼합감염군을대상으로폐와림프절에서 cytokine의발현의변화를조사한결과에서는, IL-6을제외한조사된모든 cytokine들이 종및 종복합감염군에서대조군에비해감소되었다.

(01) hwp

(01) hwp Journal of Life Science 2013 Vol. 23. No. 2. 157~166 ISSN (Print) 1225-9918 ISSN (Online) 2287-3406 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2013.23.2.157 α μ δ κ 158 생명과학회지 2013, Vol. 23. No. 2 Journal of

More information

Lumbar spine

Lumbar spine Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical

More information

Contents I. 항생제내성 / 감수성기준및용어설명 II. III. 호흡기질병 5 종항생제내성검사결과 소화기질병 3 종항생제내성검사결과

Contents I. 항생제내성 / 감수성기준및용어설명 II. III. 호흡기질병 5 종항생제내성검사결과 소화기질병 3 종항생제내성검사결과 2017 년양돈질병세균 항생제내성검사결과 I Seul Oh ACE of Optipharm ois@optipharm.co.kr 043-249-7532 Contents I. 항생제내성 / 감수성기준및용어설명 II. III. 호흡기질병 5 종항생제내성검사결과 소화기질병 3 종항생제내성검사결과 2018-01-30 2 1. 항생제감수성 / 내성기준 2018-01-30

More information

K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 41 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 10 12 5 41 ISSN:2005-811X Comparison of drug-susceptibility test to the anti-tuberculosis

More information

( )Kju269.hwp

( )Kju269.hwp 만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University

More information

012임수진

012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar

More information

ÀÇÇа�ÁÂc00Ì»óÀÏ˘

ÀÇÇа�ÁÂc00Ì»óÀÏ˘ Common Allergic Diseases in Children Sang - Il Lee, M.D. Department of pediatrics Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center E - mail : silee@smc.samsung.co.kr Abstract Allergy

More information

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770>

<30312DC1A4BAB8C5EBBDC5C7E0C1A4B9D7C1A4C3A52DC1A4BFB5C3B62E687770> Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 2 : 258~264 Feb. 2015 ID3 알고리즘 기반의 귀납적 추론을 활용한 모바일 OS의 성공과 실패에 대한

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Research Trend Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

l l l l l l l l l Lee, Geon Kook None This project was designed to establish the Tumor Bank of National Cancer Center in 2000. From the first tumor sample in 2000, the total of tumor and tumor-related

More information

°Ç°�°úÁúº´5-44È£ÃÖÁ¾

°Ç°�°úÁúº´5-44È£ÃÖÁ¾ K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 44 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 11 2 5 44 ISSN:2005-811X Vector surveillance after elimination of lymphatic filariasis

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4) THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method

More information

14.531~539(08-037).fm

14.531~539(08-037).fm G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 531~539, August, 2008 š x y w m š gj p { sƒ z 1) * 1) w w Evaluation of Flexural Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete with Hooked

More information

09권오설_ok.hwp

09권오설_ok.hwp (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) (Regular Paper) 19 5, 2014 9 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2014.19.5.656 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a) Reduction

More information

Can032.hwp

Can032.hwp Chromosomal Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization Sang Jin Park 1, Mahn Joon Ha, Ph.D. 1, Hugh Chul Kim, M.D. 2 and Hyon Ju Kim, M.D. 1 1 Laboratory

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Nov.; 26(11), 985991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.11.985 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis

More information

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006; ,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).

More information

12이문규

12이문규 Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 한국 중년 여성의 라이프스타일이 메이크업 추구이미지와 화장품 구매행동에 미치는 영향 주영주 1 *, 이순희 2 1 서경대학교대학원미용예술학과, 2 신성대학교 미용예술계열 The Effects of The Life Style for Korean Middle Aged Women on

More information

Pharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ

Pharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee University College of Medicine & Hospital E mail : ycell2@yahoo.co.kr Abstract

More information

°Ç°�°úÁúº´6-2È£

°Ç°�°úÁúº´6-2È£ K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 6 No. 2 www.cdc.go.kr 2013 1 11 6 2 ISSN:2005-811X Flavivirus surveillance in mosquitoes collected from the quarantine

More information

..........5-45..

..........5-45.. K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 45 www.cdc.go.kr 2012 11 9 5 45 ISSN:2005-811X Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance on non-tertiary hospitals

More information

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있

달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있 대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although

More information

γ

γ 경락경혈학회지 Vol.27, No.1, pp.87 106, 2010 Journal of Meridian & Acupoint Dept. of 1 Meridian & Acupoint, 3 Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University 2 Division of Clinical

More information

IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) IL-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, MUC, NAT, GST 등 ) l l l α β α β β α β β α β 목적 (Background/Aims): 위암의가족력과 Helicobacter pylori 감염은각각위암발생의위험인자로알려져있으나,

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze

More information

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö

03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö 25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo

More information

Jksvs019(8-15).hwp

Jksvs019(8-15).hwp Grade I Grade II Grade III 12 대한혈관외과학회지 : 제 20 권 제 1 호 2004 Control Group A Group B Fig. 4. Microscopic findings of vein wall in control, group A and group B on the day of 7 after venous occlusion. The

More information

대한한의학원전학회지26권4호-교정본(1125).hwp

대한한의학원전학회지26권4호-교정본(1125).hwp http://www.wonjeon.org http://dx.doi.org/10.14369/skmc.2013.26.4.267 熱入血室證에 대한 小考 1 2 慶熙大學校大學校 韓醫學科大學 原典學敎室 韓醫學古典硏究所 白裕相1, 2 *117) A Study on the Pattern of 'Heat Entering The Blood Chamber' 1, Baik 1

More information

김범수

김범수 Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 19, No. 5 : 1031~1039 May. 2015 정보보호 산업의 경제적 파급효과 및 기여도 분석 김방룡 1 홍재표 2* Economic

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA 한국소음진동공학회 2015추계학술대회논문집년 Study of Noise Pattern and Psycho-acoustics Characteristic of Household Refrigerator * * ** ** Kyung-Soo Kong, Dae-Sik Shin, Weui-Bong Jeong, Tae-Hoon Kim and Se-Jin Ahn Key Words

More information

석사논문.PDF

석사논문.PDF ABO Rh A study on the importance of ABO and Rh blood groups information in Public Health 2000 2 1 ABO Rh A study on the importance of ABO and Rh blood groups information in Public Health 2000 2 2 ABO Rh

More information

Jkbcs016(92-97).hwp

Jkbcs016(92-97).hwp Expression of bcl-2 and Apoptosis and Its Relationship to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer - A Study with Long Term Follow-up correlated with the survival rate.(journal of Korean

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing

More information

- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α

More information

03-서연옥.hwp

03-서연옥.hwp 농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥

More information

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF ********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder

More information

Crt114( ).hwp

Crt114( ).hwp cdna Microarray Experiment: Design Issues in Early Stage and the Need of Normalization Byung Soo Kim, Ph.D. 1, Sunho Lee, Ph.D. 2, Sun Young Rha, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 and Hyun Cheol Chung, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 1

More information

- 3 - 1 10. 10. 12 1. 12 2. 12. 13 2 14 2.1 14 2.2 17 2.3 18 2.4 19 2.5 21 (1) 21 (2) DNA 23 (3) 24 (4) 16S rrna 25 (5) (Polymerase chain reaction, PCR) 26 (6) PCR Primer 27 2.6 28. / 28-4 - (1) Bioaerosol

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social

More information

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong

Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling

More information

Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,

More information

005송영일

005송영일 Received : 2015. 12. 09 Reviewed : 2015. 12. 16 Accepted : 2015. 12. 16 Sternal Fracture occurred after Thai Massage : A Case Report Young-Il Song, K.M.D. 1, Dong-Eun Kim, K.M.D. 1 1 Department of Rehabilitation

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Sep.; 30(9),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Sep.; 30(9), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2019 Sep.; 30(9), 712 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2019.30.9.712 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) MOS

More information

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of

More information

( )Kju225.hwp

( )Kju225.hwp 비임균성비뇨생식기감염에서 의진단적효용성 Usefulness of the Mycofast Test (MYCOFAST Evolution 2) for the Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Genitourinary Infections Hang Ro Park, Yang Hyun Kim, Ho Jae Lee, Jea Sang Oh, Hyoung Jin

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: * The Grounds and Cons

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI:   * The Grounds and Cons Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.63-81 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.63 * The Grounds and Consequences of the Elementary School Teachers' Trust Formation

More information

A Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: * Strenghening the Cap

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI:   * Strenghening the Cap Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.27-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.27 * Strenghening the Capacity of Cultural Arts Required in Special Education

More information

歯14.양돈규.hwp

歯14.양돈규.hwp : The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

Æ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š

Æ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š Cho, Mun Jin (E-mail: mjcho@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding

More information

` Companies need to play various roles as the network of supply chain gradually expands. Companies are required to form a supply chain with outsourcing or partnerships since a company can not

More information

(

( 317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,

More information

<30345F283439372D353034295F313135375FC0CCB5BFC8F15FB5B5B7CEC5CDB3CEC0C720B0BBB1B8BACE20B0E6B0FCBCB3B0E8B0A120C5CDB3CE20B3BBBACEC1B6B8ED2E687770>

<30345F283439372D353034295F313135375FC0CCB5BFC8F15FB5B5B7CEC5CDB3CEC0C720B0BBB1B8BACE20B0E6B0FCBCB3B0E8B0A120C5CDB3CE20B3BBBACEC1B6B8ED2E687770> J of Korean Tunn Undergr Sp Assoc 15(5)497-504(2013) eissn: 2287-4747 http://dx.doi.org/10.9711/ktaj.2013.15.5.497 pissn: 2233-8292 도로터널의 갱구부 경관설계가 터널 내부조명에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 이미애 1 ㆍ이동희 2 * 1 아이라이트 대표이사 2

More information

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770> 대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실

More information

Chapter 26

Chapter 26 11 주 RNA 합성 11.1 DNA-dependent synthesis of RNA: Bacteria에서의 transcription l RNA polymerase (5 subunits로구성 : 2α, β, β, σ) l 효소에의한 RNA 합성의특징 - Complementary sequence to template DNA - RNA chain의합성방향 : 5

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -

More information

(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re

(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern

More information

08김현휘_ok.hwp

08김현휘_ok.hwp (Regular Paper) 21 3, 2016 5 (JBE Vol. 21, No. 3, May 2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2016.21.3.369 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a), a) An Audio Coding Technique Employing the Inter-channel

More information

환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010

환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010 11-1480523-000702-01 환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010 목차 ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ Abstract ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ i 목차 Ⅲ Ⅳ i 목차 ii 목차 iii Abstract α β α β iv Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ 1 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 Ⅱ. 2 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법

More information

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -

More information

2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914 ) ( ) ( ) 4) 1915 ( ) ( ) 1917 2) 3) 4) 285

2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914 ) ( ) ( ) 4) 1915 ( ) ( ) 1917 2) 3) 4) 285 13 2 ( 25 ) 2004 12 Korean J Med Hist 13 284 296 Dec 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * ** ** 1 1920 1930 40 ( 1896-1973) 80 * ** 1) 2003 284 2 1896 2 26 ( ) 2 7-20 2) 1897 1898 ( )3) 6 1902 8 1904 10 10 (19 05-1914

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of

More information

27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :

27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( : 27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:21~34 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/19, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] With the development of the Internet,

More information

04_이근원_21~27.hwp

04_이근원_21~27.hwp 1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일

More information

슬라이드 1

슬라이드 1 Real Time PCR 목차 1. PCR 및 Real Rime PCR 원리 2. Real Time PCR 검출방법 3. Real Time PCR 정량방법 4. Takara Real Time PCR 시약 5. 금일실험내용 Polymerase Chain Reaction Taq DNA Polymerase - Thermostable DNA polymease from

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Dec.; 27(12),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Dec.; 27(12), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2016 Dec.; 27(12), 1036 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2016.27.12.1036 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online)

More information

example code are examined in this stage The low pressure pressurizer reactor trip module of the Plant Protection System was programmed as subject for

example code are examined in this stage The low pressure pressurizer reactor trip module of the Plant Protection System was programmed as subject for 2003 Development of the Software Generation Method using Model Driven Software Engineering Tool,,,,, Hoon-Seon Chang, Jae-Cheon Jung, Jae-Hack Kim Hee-Hwan Han, Do-Yeon Kim, Young-Woo Chang Wang Sik, Moon

More information

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]

More information

歯채민병.PDF

歯채민병.PDF Patient number Sex Age Animal contact 1 F 36 No 2 F 31 Cat scratch Result of biopsy/aspiration cytology of lymph nodes Chronic granulomatous inflammation with caseation necrosis, compatible with tuberculous

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI:   * The Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   3 * Effects of 9th Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster

More information

Jkbcs032.hwp

Jkbcs032.hwp Clinical Correlation of HER-2/neu Overexpression in Patients with Breast Cancer Sung Yong Kim, Tae Yoon Kim, Jae Jun Kim, Chang Ho Kim, Ok Pyung Song, Min Hyuk Lee, Eui Han Kim 1, and Moo Sik Cho Departments

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI:   IPA * Analysis of Perc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.45-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.45 IPA * Analysis of Perception and Needs on Teaching Competencies of Faculty

More information

α α α α α

α α α α α α α α α α α α α 太陰調胃湯加減方 dbdb 마우스 肝에 대한 아디포사이토카인 및 발현에 미치는 영향 SREBPs 와 섞어서 하고 마커 또한 하여 전기 영동을 하였다 전기영동을 한 후에 에 를 쪼여서 각 를 확인하였다 이 를 프로그램을 이용해 수치화하 여 분석하였다 肝 조직 동결 절편 분리한 조직은 로 시간 동안 고정 시킨 후 에 세척한 후 물기를

More information

,126,865 43% (, 2015).,.....,..,.,,,,,, (AMA) Lazer(1963)..,. 1977, (1992)

,126,865 43% (, 2015).,.....,..,.,,,,,, (AMA) Lazer(1963)..,. 1977, (1992) , -,,,.,,,. 6.. (LIRUIYAO),, E-mail : ruiyao24@hotmail.com :,, 26 E-mail : taehee@khu.ac.kr 2014 1400 180 6.. 2014 6,126,865 43% (, 2015).,.....,..,.,,,,,,. 1963 (AMA) Lazer(1963)..,. 1977, 1990. (1992)

More information

보건사회연구-25일수정

보건사회연구-25일수정 30(1), 2010, 220-241 Health and Social Welfare Review...... * :, (slee@kangnam.ac.kr) 220 ( ) 5.. (, 2005;, 2006;, 2006;, 2007), (, 2004;, 2005;, 2007;, 2007), (, 2005, 2009;, 2005;, 2005;, 2008).....

More information

274 한국문화 73

274 한국문화 73 - 273 - 274 한국문화 73 17~18 세기통제영의방어체제와병력운영 275 276 한국문화 73 17~18 세기통제영의방어체제와병력운영 277 278 한국문화 73 17~18 세기통제영의방어체제와병력운영 279 280 한국문화 73 17~18 세기통제영의방어체제와병력운영 281 282 한국문화 73 17~18 세기통제영의방어체제와병력운영 283 284

More information

A Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer

More information

Rheu-suppl hwp

Rheu-suppl hwp Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally

More information

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung

More information

Effects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]

More information

<352EC7E3C5C2BFB55FB1B3C5EBB5A5C0CCC5CD5FC0DABFACB0FAC7D0B4EBC7D02E687770>

<352EC7E3C5C2BFB55FB1B3C5EBB5A5C0CCC5CD5FC0DABFACB0FAC7D0B4EBC7D02E687770> 자연과학연구 제27권 Bulletin of the Natural Sciences Vol. 27. 2013.12.(33-44) 교통DB를 이용한 교통정책 발굴을 위한 통계분석 시스템 설계 및 활용 Statistical analytic system design and utilization for transport policy excavation by transport

More information

7.ƯÁýb71ÎÀ¯È« š

7.ƯÁýb71ÎÀ¯È« š J KMA Special Issue Myelodysplastic Syndrome June Won Cheong, MD Yoo Hong Min, MD Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine E mail : jwcheong70@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr minbrmmd@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr

More information

ºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö

ºÎÁ¤¸ÆV10N³»Áö case of brugada syndrome presented as chest pain STRCT rugada syndrome was described in 1992 as a new clinical entity characterized by electrocardiographic STsegment elevation in the right precordial leads

More information

노영남

노영남 Purpose: Delayed massive hemorrhages from pseudoaneurysm rupture of the peripancreatic large arteries, after pancreaticoduodenectomy, are fatal. We reviewed the clinical course and outcome of bleeding

More information

인문사회과학기술융합학회

인문사회과학기술융합학회 Vol.5, No.5, October (2015), pp.471-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.10.50 스마트온실을 위한 가상 외부기상측정시스템 개발 한새론 1), 이재수 2), 홍영기 3), 김국환 4), 김성기 5), 김상철 6) Development of Virtual Ambient Weather Measurement

More information

Journal of Life Science 2011, Vol. 21. No μ μ

Journal of Life Science 2011, Vol. 21. No μ μ Journal of Life Science 2011 Vol. 21. No. 8. 1120~1126 ISSN : 1225-9918 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2011.21.8.1120 μ μ μ α β Journal of Life Science 2011, Vol. 21. No. 8 1121 μ μ 1122 생명과학회지 2011,

More information

Kbcs002.hwp

Kbcs002.hwp Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,

More information

歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF

歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 Korean J Med Hist 13 1 19 Jun 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * * 1 ( ) 2) 3) 4) * 1) ( ) 3 2) 7 1 3) 2 1 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 5) ( ) ( ) 2 1 ( ) 2 3 2 4) ( ) 6 7 5) - 2003 23 144-166 2 2 1) 6)

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Jun.; 27(6),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Jun.; 27(6), THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2016 Jun.; 27(6), 495 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2016.27.6.495 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Design

More information

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)

More information

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 29(2), IS

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 29(2), IS THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Feb.; 29(2), 93 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.2.93 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) UHF-HF

More information

특수교육논총 * ,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. **

특수교육논총 * ,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. ** 특수교육논총 *. 257..,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. ** (eun67@dankook.ac.kr) .,,,,,,,,,, (,, 2014)., (,, 2007)....,,,, (,, 2014).. (2003)...,,, (Baron-Cohen, O Riordan, Stone, Jone, & Plaisted, 1999; Hobson,

More information

388 The Korean Journal of Hepatology : Vol. 6. No COMMENT 1. (dysplastic nodule) (adenomatous hyperplasia, AH), (macroregenerative nodule, MR

388 The Korean Journal of Hepatology : Vol. 6. No COMMENT 1. (dysplastic nodule) (adenomatous hyperplasia, AH), (macroregenerative nodule, MR 6 3 2000 ; 387-392 (3) Dysplastic Nodule Young Nyun Park, M.D., Chanil Park, M.D. Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine BRIEF HISTORY 56. AST/ALT 72/73 IU/L, total bilirubin 0.7

More information