실제음성의분석과발성명료도 (Speech intelligibility) 성도의자기공명영상촬영법 (MRI acquisition of vocal tract) 1161
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1 KISEP Head and Neck Korean J Otolaryngol 1999;42: 후두전적출술후기관식도발성에의한음성재활환자의성도와발성명료도 김철수 1 왕수건 1 심우영 1 박형진 1 김창수 1 박중환 1 장형준 1 이석훈 1 이석홍 2 양병곤 3 백무진 4 조철우 5 The Vocal Tract and Speech Intelligibility of Tracheoesophageal Shunt Patients after Total Laryngectomy Cheul-Su Kim, MD 1, Soo-Geun Wang, MD 1, Woo-Young Shim, MD 1, Hyung-Jin Park, MD 1, Chang-Su Kim, MD 1, Jung-Hwan Park, MD 1, Hyeong-Jun Jang, MD 1, Suk-Hun Lee, MD 1, Suck-Hong Lee, MD 2, Byung-Gon Yang, PhD 3, Moo-Jin Baek, MD 4 and Cheol-Woo Jo, PhD 5 1 Department of Otolaryngology & 2 Diagnostic radiology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, 3 Department of English, College of Humanities, Dongeui University, Pusan, 4 Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Pusan Paik Hospital, Pusan 5 Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea ABSTRACT Background and ObjectivesIn this paper, rehabilitation of voice after total laryngectomy has been suggested through the correct estimation and simulation of patients vocal tract. Material and MethodsThe author studied the shape of vocal tract during the phonation of five Korean vowels /u, o, a, e, i/ in tracheoesophageal shunt patients by magnetic resonance images MRI. The same vocal tract was determined in each vowels from MRI. First, speech data produced by them were analyzed and also checked for speech intelligibility. Then the author tried to synthesize vowels from the vocal tract area of each vowels and from the expanded pharyngeal section of the vocal tract. ResultsThe obtained results were as follows 1 The sounds of /a/, /e/, /i/ were similar to natural sounds in actual patients' speech. The sound of /o/ was heard as //. The sound of /u/ was heard as strained /u/. 2 The synthesized vowels of /a/, /e/ from MRI were heard as natural sounds. The sounds of /u/, /o/, /i/ were heard as other sounds. 3 The synthesized vowel by the expanded pharyngeal section of 3 times in vowel /o/ was more naturally heard than that of 2 times. The synthesized vowel from Formfrek was more naturally heard than that from AreatoFormant. ConclusionIn conclusion, some of the synthesized sounds from MRI disagrees with the actual sounds produced by the subjects. This could be best identified by the synthesis from the area data. Future MRI studies should consider this problem for more accurate measurements. Also, pharyngeal areas with varied sizes should be experimented to secure better speech output because the correct shapes of vocal tract ensures correct vowel pronunciation. Korean J Otolaryngol 1999;42: KEY WORDSLaryngectomy Vocal tract Tracheoesophageal shunt
2 실제음성의분석과발성명료도 (Speech intelligibility) 성도의자기공명영상촬영법 (MRI acquisition of vocal tract) 1161
3 후두전적출술후 기관식도발성환자의 성도와 발성면료도 이용하여 컴퓨터에 입력한 뒤, 성도의 공간부위를 선택 영에 소요된 시간은 19초이었다. 하여 이것을 단면적 계산 프로그램인 Area properties 치아보정 (V3.2)에 입력하여 자동적으로 각 분절의 단면적을 계 MRI에서는 치아의 간섭현상에 의해 선명한 영상을 얻기 산하였다(Fig. 3). 어려워 치아가 있는 증례 Ⅱ와 Ⅲ에서는 관상단면(coronal) CT를 함께 촬영하여 CT에서 선명하게 나타나는 치아의 공 자기공명영상을 이용한 포만트 계산(Formant calculat- 간을 측정하여 이를 MRI에서 단면적 측정시 모든 모음에 적 ion from cross sectional area by MRI) 용하여 보정하였다. 증례 Ⅰ과 Ⅳ는 치아가 없었다(Fig. 2). 컴퓨터 프로그램(Area properties, V3.2)을 이용하여 성도단면적의 계산(Calculation of cross sectional area) 현상된 MRI에서 분절의 단면을 스캐너(scanner)를 Fig. 3. Cross sectional area in case III. a A-A', b B-B', c C-C'. Fig. 1. Midsagittal section of vocal tract on MRI in case III. A 1162 B Fig. 2. Cross section of midoral cavity on CT (a)and MRI (b) in case II. Korean J Otolaryngol 1999;42:1160-8
4 음성합성및분석 (Acoustic synthesis and analysis from formant calculated by AF and FF) Table 1. Synthetic parameters for vowel /o/ SenSyn1.0 Total number of waveform samples8000 CURRENT CONFIGURATION60 parameters SYM V/C MIN VAL MAX SYM V/C MIN VAL MAX DU C UI C SR C NF C SS C RS C SB C CP C OS C GV C GH C GF C F0 V AV C OQ V SQ V TL V FL V DI V AH V AF V F1 V B1 V DF1 V DB1 V F2 V B2 V F3 V B3 V F4 V B4 V F4 V B5 V F6 V B6 V FNP V BNP V FNZ V BNZ V FTP V BTP V FTZ V BTZ V A2F V A3F V A4F V A5F V A6F V AB V B2F V B3F V B4F V B5F V B6F V ANV V A1V V A2V V A3V V A4V V ATV V Varied parameters: Time F0 AV Time F0 AV : : :
5 Table 2. Results of sound from patients speech Case Vowel // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // 단면적을이용한합성음 Table 3. Results of formant from Formfrek Hz Case Vowel F1 F2 F3 Nomal // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // *FFormant Table 4. Results of formant from AreatoFormant Hz Case Vowel F1 F2 F3 B1 B2 B3 Nomal // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // *FFormant, BFormant bandwidth 1164 Korean J Otolaryngol 1999;42:1160-8
6 단면적변환에의한합성음 모음 / 우 / 모음 / 오 / 모음 / 아 / Table 5. Results of formant after expansion of pharyngeal segment in vowel /o/ Hz Expansion of area 2x Case Method F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 AF FF AF FF *AFAreatoFormant, FFFormfrek Table 6. Results of synthesized vowels Case Vowel AF FF // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // // *AFAreatoFormant, FFFormfrek Table 7. Results of synthesized sound after expansion of pharyngeal segment in vowel /o/ Expansion of area 2x 3x Case Method Sound Sound 3x AF // // FF //// // AF // // FF // //// *AFAreatoFormant, FFFormfrek 1165
7 때문으로여겨졌고, 증례 Ⅰ의경우에는 모음 / 에 / Fig. 4. Cross sectional area in /u/ phonation. Fig. 7. Cross sectional area in /e/ phonation. Fig. 5. Cross sectional area in /o/ phonation. Fig. 6. Cross sectional area in /a/ phonation. 모음 / 이 / 1166 Fig. 8. Cross sectional area in /i/ phonation. Korean J Otolaryngol 1999;42:1160-8
8 1167
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The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina
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(Regular Paper) 21 3, 2016 5 (JBE Vol. 21, No. 3, May 2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2016.21.3.369 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a), a) An Audio Coding Technique Employing the Inter-channel
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Written by Dr. In Ku Kim-Marshall STEP BY STEP Korean 1 through 15 Action Verbs Table of Contents Unit 1 The Korean Alphabet, hangeul Unit 2 Korean Sentences with 15 Action Verbs Introduction Review Exercises
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230 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 I. 서 론 청소년의 언어가 거칠어지고 있다. 개ㅅㄲ, ㅆㅂ놈(년), 미친ㅆㄲ, 닥쳐, 엠창, 뒤져 등과 같은 말은 주위에서 쉽게 들을 수 있다. 말과 글이 점차 된소리나 거센소리로 바뀌고, 외 국어 남용과 사이버 문화의 익명성 등
청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이 229 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 The Korea Educational Review 2014. 10. Vol.20. No.3. pp.229-251. 1) 청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이* 강기수 조규판(동아대학교) [요 약] 본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 개인변인인
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모바일 OS 환경의 사용자 반응성 향상 기법 533 모바일 OS 환경의 사용자 반응성 향상 기법 (Enhancing Interactivity in Mobile Operating Systems) 배선욱 김정한 (Sunwook Bae) 엄영익 (Young Ik Eom) (Junghan Kim) 요 약 사용자 반응성은 컴퓨팅 시스템에서 가장 중요 한 요소 중에 하나이고,
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