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1 Original Article Korean J Child Stud 2016;37(3): pissn: eissn: X The Relationships Between Negative Affect, Social Support, and Career Maturity Among Adolescents Mi-Kyung Choi Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea Objective: This study examined the relationships between negative affect, social, and career maturity among adolescents. Methods: The participants in this study comprised th junior high school students in a Seoul metropolitan area. They completed questionnaires on level of negative affect, social, and career maturity. Data were analyzed by means of basic descriptive statistics, Pearson s correlations, and multiple and hierarchical regression analyses. Aiken and West's method was used to determine the interactive model's modality. Results: The major findings were as follows: First, negative affect was negatively correlated with social and career maturity. Social was positively correlated with career maturity. Second, significant interaction effects were found between negative affect and social on career maturity; that is, for male students, significant interaction effects were found between negative affect and social (parent ) on career maturity (career determinacy/career independence). For female students, significant interaction effects were found between negative affect and social (peer ) on career maturity (career confidence/career readiness/ career determinacy/career independence). Conclusion: These results suggest the need to intervene in relation to social (parent /peer ) and to improve career maturity among adolescents. Keywords: negative affect, social, career maturity,, (S.-J. Lee, 2003; Supper, 1969). 2013, 2014, 2016 (Ministry of Education, 2015), Corresponding Author: Mi-Kyung Choi, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Duksung Women's University, 33, Samyangro 144-gil, Dobong-gu, Seoul, Korea. dmkchoi@duksung.ac.kr The Korean Association of Child Studies This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 Mi-Kyung Choi 54.,,, (S. G. Kwak, 2015).,, (career maturity; C. K. Lee, 1998),.,,, (S.-K. Lee, 2002). (M.-J. Cho, 2010), (Gadassi, Waser, & Gati, 2015; J.-I. Lee, 2015),,, (M.-K. Choi, 2013).,, (Jaana, Adrienne, & Sandra, 2000; Y. N. Kim, 2009) (Youn, 2015),, (M. H. Kim, 2015).,, (Gordon & Cui, 2015; M.-K. Choi, 2015).,,,,,,,.,. (A. S. Kim, 2008).,,,, (Seol, 2010)., (negative emotion) (H.-M. Ahn, 2013), (Seol, 2010) (Y. N. Kim, 2009)., (J. J. Ahn, 2014)., (Kang, 1999), (National Statistical Office, 2013).,.,,.. (Dubow & Tisak, 1989).,,,,, (M.-K. Kwak & Seo, 2011), (Y.-S. Park, Kim, & Min, 2002).,,,, (Gordon, 2003; M. H. Kim, 2015).,,,,,, (Mun, 2012).,

3 55 Negative Affect, Social Support, and Career Maturity (Kang, 2005), (Mun, 2012). (Mun, 2012; Rose & Rudolph, 2006),,, (Lim & Park, 2006)..,,.,, (Nam, 2002).,,,, (J.-I. Lee, 2015; Woo & Nho, 2014).,,, (Whang, 2013).,,, (I. S. Choi, 2012)., (Doh, Kim, Kim, & Choi, 2012).,,., (Jun, 2012).,,,.,, (Jo, 2014).,..,,,,,.,.,,,, (Mun, 2012).,,,,, (M.-S. Cho & Choi, 2007).,,.,...,,., (Gottfredson, 1996), (S.-H. Kim, 2001; S.-J. Lee, 2003),

4 Mi-Kyung Choi 56 (H. H. Park & Seong, 2008). (H. H. Park & Seong, 2008), (S. J. Kwark, 2005).,, (Lamb, 1981)., (K.-H. Lee, 2001),.,.,.,..,. 1? 2? 연구대상 ( : 140, : 120) D.,, (Seol, 2010).,,,.., 86 (33.1%), 84 (32.3%), 66 (25.4%), 72 (27.7%)., 83 (31.9%),, 44 (16.9%), 27 (10.4%). 73 (28.1%),, 54 (20.8%), 36 (13.8%). 51 (19.1%), (17.3%), (10.7%). 조사도구,,.,. 부정적정서 3? Watson, Clark Tellegen (1988) PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Scale) E. J. Lee (2010). 10.,,,

5 57 Negative Affect, Social Support, and Career Maturity. (1 ) (5 ) Likert 5.. Cronbach's α E. J. Lee (2010).84, Cronbach's α.87. 사회적지지 Nolten (1994) Sung (2010),.,, 27.,.,.,.,..,.. (1 ) (5 ) Likert 5. Sung (2010) α.91,.89,.89,.94,.95,.94 Cronbach's α. 진로성숙도 Crites Savickas (1996) CMI (Career Maturity Inventory) Lee Han (1998) S.-K. Lee (2002).,.,..,.... KMO (Kaiser Meyer Olkin) Bartlett.91 p < ,.40, (9 ; ), (6 ; ), (5 ; ), (4 ; ) (p <.001) (r <.80; Berry & Feldman, 1985).,.,.,.,.,.,,.,.,.. (1 ) (5 ) Likert 5.. S.-K. Lee (2002) Cronbach's α.89,.87,.81.75,.85,.83, Cronbach's α. 조사절차및자료분석 , D D, 1,..,,.

6 Mi-Kyung Choi ( : 98.3%),, 35, 260. SPSS 20.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY).,, Cronbach's α., t.,, Pearson.,,,,. 청소년의부정적정서및사회적지지와진로성숙도의성차 t.,,, (Table 1).,,,., (t = -3.65, p <.001), (t = 2.66, p <.01), (t = -2.12, p <.05). 남녀청소년의부정적정서및사회적지지와진로성숙도간의관계, ( : r = -.20, p <.05, : r = -.18, p <.05)., ( : r =.32, p <.001, : r =.25, p <.01, : r =.17, p <.05), ( : r =.19, p <.05) ( : r =.29, p <.001, : r =.23, p <.01, : r =.30, p <.001). Table 2 ( : r = -.39, p <.001, : r = -.21, p <.05, : r = -.20, p <.05).,,., Table 1 Comparison of Male and Female Students' Negative Affect, Social Support, and Career Maturity Male (n = 140) Female (n = 120) Variables M (SD) M (SD) t Negative affect 1.96 (.55) 2.23 (.65) -3.65*** Social Parent 3.36 (.61) 3.21 (.65) 1.83 Teacher 2.96 (.77) 2.71 (.73) 2.66** Friend 2.95 (.72) 3.03 (.65) Career maturity Career confidence 2.85 (.65) 2.77 (.58) 1.02 Career readiness 3.06 (.64) 3.22 (.52) -2.12* Career determinacy 3.37 (.60) 3.45 (.46) Career independence 3.20 (.60) 3.26 (.41) -.82 Note. N = 260. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

7 59 Negative Affect, Social Support, and Career Maturity., ( : r = -.27, p <.01, : r = -.38, p <.001)., ( : r =.45, p <.01, : r =.19, p <.05, : r =.25, p <.01, : r =.36, p <.001), ( : r =.40, p <.001, : r =.43, p <.001, : r =.21, p <.05, : r =.37, p <.001) ( : r =.28, p <.01). Table 2 ( : r = -.27, p <.01, : r = -.38, p <.001).,,.,. 청소년의진로성숙도에대한부정적정서와사회적지지간의상호작용,,,, Aiken West (1991). (Hong, 2005),., Table 3, 4 Baron Kenny (1986), 1, 2 Table 2 Corelation Between Male and Female Adolescents' Negative Affect, Social Support, and Career Maturity Variable M (SD) 1. Negative affect ** *** * 2.23 (.65) 2. Parent -.39*** -.49***.39***.45**.19*.25**.36*** 3.21 (.65) 3. Teacher -.21*.51*** ***.43***.21*.37*** 2.71 (.73) 4. Friend -.19*.42***.53*** -.28** (.65) 5. Career confidence -.20*.32***.16.29*** -.59***.45***.41*** 2.77 (.58) 6. Career readiness **.15.23**.66*** -.38***.48*** 3.22 (.52) 7. Career determinacy -.18* ***.42*** -.47*** 3.45 (.46) 8. Career independence *.19*.30***.50***.67***.37*** (.41) M (SD) 1.96 (.55) 3.36 (.61) 2.95 (.72) 2.95 (.72) 2.85 (.65) 3.06 (.64) 3.37 (.60) 3.20 (.60) Note. N = 260. bottom is male students/above is female students. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Table 3 Male Students' Interaction Effects of Parent Support in the Relationship Between Negative Affect and Career Maturity (Career Determinacy/ Career Independence) Dependent variables Step Independent variables B (SE) β F R 2 Career determinacy 1 (A) Negative affect -.17 (.10) *.04 (B) Parent.06 (.09).07 2 (A) (B) -.37 (.15) -1.13* 3.64**.08 Career independence 1 (A) Negative affect.04 (.10) (B) Parent.18 (.09).18* (A) (B) -.32 (.15) -.10* 2.92*.06 Note. N = 140. *p <.05. **p <.01.

8 Mi-Kyung Choi 60., (tolerance) (variance inflation factor), 0.1 ( : ; : ) 10 ( : ; : ). ( :, ; :,,, ),. 남학생의진로성숙도 ( 진로결정, 진로독립 ) 에대한부정적정서와사회적지지 ( 부모지지 ) 의위계적회귀분석, ( ) ( ). Table 3, (β = -1.13, p <.05)., 1 4% 2 8%., Aiken West (1991)., 1, /., Figure 1,.,.,. ( ) ( ). Table 3, (β = -.10, p <.05)., 1 3% 2 6%., Aiken West (1991) (Figure 1).,,.,.,,. (, ).,. 3 3 Career determinacy 2 1 Low parent High parent Career independence 2 1 Low parent High parent 0 Low High Negative affect 0 Low High Negative affect Figure 1. Male students' interaction effects of parent in the relationship between negative affect and career maturity (career determinacy/career independence).

9 61 Negative Affect, Social Support, and Career Maturity 여학생의진로성숙도 ( 진로확신, 진로준비, 진로결정, 진로독립 ) 에대한부정적정서와사회적지지 ( 친구지지 ) 의위계적회귀분석, ( ) ( ). Table 4, (β = -.96, p <.05)., 1 8% 2 12%., Aiken West (1991). Figure 2, Table 4 Female Students' Interaction Effects of Friend Support in the Relationship Between Negative Affect and Career Maturity (Career Confidence/ Career Readiness/Career Determinacy/Career Independence) Dependent variables Step Independent variables B (SE) β F R 2 Career confidence 1 (A) Negative affect -.04 (.09) **.08 (B) Friend.23 (.09).26** 5.04**.08 2 (A) (B) -.27 (.11) -.96* 5.42**.12 Career readiness 1 (A) Negative affect.08 (.08) (B) Friend.04 (.09) (A) (B) -.21 (.10) -.86* 4.17*.05 Career determinacy 1 (A) Negative affect -.06 (.07) (B) Friend.04 (.07) (A) (B) -.19 (.09) -.84* Career independence 1 (A) Negative affect -.01 (.06) (B) Friend.07 (.06) (A) (B) -.28 (.08) -1.44*** 4.74**.11 Note. N = 120. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p < Career determinacy 2 Low friend High friend Career confidence 2 Low friend High friend 0 4 Low High Negative affect 0 4 Low High Negative affect Career readiness 2 Low friend High friend Career independence 2 Low friend High friend 0 Low High Negative affect 0 Low High Negative affect Figure 2. Female students' interaction effects of friend in the relationship between negative affect and career maturity (career determinacy/career confidence/career readiness/career independence).

10 Mi-Kyung Choi 62.,.,. ( ) ( ). Table 4, (β = -.86, p <.05)., 1 1% 2 5%., Figure 2,.,. ( ) ( ). Table 4 (β = -.84, p <.05)., 1 2% 2 5%., Figure 2,,. ( ) ( ). Table 4, (β = -1.44, p <.001)., 1 2% 2 11%., Figure 2,.,.,,...,,,..,,,,.,,,. (Shin, 2011) (M. H. Kim, 2015).,,.,,, (M.-K. Choi, 2013). (Y.

11 63 Negative Affect, Social Support, and Career Maturity N. Kim, 2009) (H. J. Park & Kim, 2006), (Han, 2013). 1,.,,,,.,,,., (Seol, 2010).,,.,,.,,,.,,,,,,,,,.,.,,,,,,,,,.,., (M. H. Kim, 2015), (Gordon, 2003)., (M.-S. Cho & Choi, 2007).,,,, (E. J. Lee, 2010), (Mun, 2012).,,, (Roh, 2013)., (E. J. Lee, 2010),,. (M. Shin, Jeon, & Yoo, 2012),.,,.,,.,,., (I. Choi, 2012) (Y. N. Kim, 2009).,,,

12 Mi-Kyung Choi 64 (A. S. Kim, 2008)., (Gordon & Cui, 2015; M.-K. Choi, 2013),,.,,.,,.,,,,.,,,.,.,,,,. 1, (E. Y. Kwak, 2011).,,,, (Gordon & Cui, 2015; M.-K. Choi, 2015) (J.-I. Lee, 2015).,. (Lamb, 1981),,.,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,..., (S.-H. Kim, 2001).,,,.,, -,. SNS (S.-Y. Park & Cho, 2015),.

13 65 Negative Affect, Social Support, and Career Maturity,. (Peterson & Crockett, 1985)..,.,,. 2016,.,,,,..,,,,..,,..,.,.,,,.,,, 1,,. 1 3.,,,..,,.,..,,, (Thorndike, 1982),.,..., D 1,..,.,,.

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16 Mi-Kyung Choi 68 Korean adolescents: With specific focusing on elementary and middle school students. Journal of Education & Culture, 12, Ministry of Education. (2015) free semester system for improvement of dreams and talent. Sejong: Ministry of Education. Mun, S. H. (2012). A comparative study of the influence of relationship with parents, peer and teacher on academic self-efficacy and achievement motivation in early and middle adolescence (Unpublished master's thesis). Mokpo National University, Muan, Korea. Nam, H.-K. (2002). The relationship among family relations, ego strength and negative affects in interpersonal relations (Unpublished master's thesis). Catholic University, Seoul, Korea. National Statistical Office. (2013). Social survey. Daejeon: National Statistical Office. Park, H.-H., & Seong, T.-J. (2008). The longitudinal mediation effect of parent-adolescent relationships on career maturity development according to gender. Studies on Korean Youth, 19(1), Park, H. J., & Kim, B. W. (2006). The relationships among psychological independence, career decision level, and career preparation behavior in high school students. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychology, 18(2), Park, S.-Y., & Cho, S.-H.(2015). Formation of social relationship through SNS and adolescents' life satisfaction. Journal of Digital Convergence, 13(2), Park, Y.-S., Kim, Y.-C., & Min, B.-K. (2002). The influence of parental social on self-efficacy and life-satisfaction. The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 16(2), Roh, B. (2013). A longitudinal study of the developmental trajectory of the career maturity of adolescents: The impact of economic instability and leisure. Studies on Korean Youth, 24(3) Seol, C. M. (2010). The relationship between juvenile mental health, attachment to friends and parents and career maturity (Unpublished master's thesis). Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea. Shin, M., Jeon, S. H., & Yoo, M. S. (2012). Analysis of the structural relationship between social relationships, selfesteem, life satisfaction, and school adjustment in early adolescents. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 33(1), Shin, M. J. (2011). Gender differences in depression and anxiety among Korean adolescents: Onset and developmental change (Unpublished master's thesis). Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. Sung, S. J. (2010). Analysis of the causal relationships of the factors related to school adjustment of adolescents (Unpublished master's thesis). Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea. Whang, M. H. (2013). The relationship between middle school student's problematic communication with parents and negative emotion: Regulation effect of positive peer relationship (Unpublished master's thesis). Ajou University, Suwon, Korea. Woo, Y. R., & Nho, C. R. (2014). Mediating effects of sense of community solidarity between emotional and aggressive problems and school adjustments among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 16(2), Youn, J. H. (2015). Influences of the social comparison orientation and the fear of negative evaluation of high school students on their career decisions level and career preparation behaviors (Unpublished master's thesis). Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea. Mi-Kyung Choi ORCID Received February 29, 2016 Revision received June 18, 2016 Accepted June 21, 2016

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster