06김용표(59~74)ok

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1 Analysis of the trend of atmospheric PM10 concentration over the Seoul Metropolitan Area between 1999 and 2008 Yong Pyo Kim Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University (Manuscript received 6 November 2009; accepted 1 February 2010) Abstract The trend of the PM10 concentrations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) is reviewed and relative contributions of major contributors (paved road emissions and long-range transport from outside the SMA) are discussed. It was shown that the PM10 concentrations in the SMA have generally decreased except Incheon between 1999 and Further, it was identified that the difference of the PM10 mass concentration between the roadside stations and urban ambient stations has decreased between 2004 and Based on the emission estimates, it was suggested that the reduction of resuspension of aerosols on the road is the major reason for that. Based on the modeling results, it was identified that outside effects be about 30% of the ambient PM10 concentration in the SMA. Further research and policy issues to identify major sources of PM10 in the SMA are discussed. Keywords : Seoul Metropolitan Area, PM10, vehicular emission, paved road emissions, longrange transport Corresponding Author: Yong Pyo Kim, Department of ENvironmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans Univeristy, 11-1 Daehyundong, Seodaemungu, Seoul Korea Tel: Fax: yong@ewha.ac.kr

m m Fig. 1. Trend of the ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, TSP, and lead in Seoul Fig. 3. Trend of visibility and the ambient PM10 concentration in Seoul Table 1.

2 m m Fig. 1. Trend of the ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, TSP, and lead in Seoul Fig. 3. Trend of visibility and the ambient PM10 concentration in Seoul Table 1. Comparison of the PM10 mass concentrations among the megacities in the world (unit: mg/m 3 ) (, 2005a, 2008; AIRPARIF, 2009) Fig. 2. Trend of the ambient concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and ozone, and number of vehicles Year Seoul London Paris Tokyo New York ( 00) 28 ( 97) ( 03) 16 ( 06)

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4 Fig. 4. Temporal trend of ambient PM10 concentrations in the SMA between (, 2007b) m m m m m m m Table 3. Trend of yearly average ambient PM10 concentration accounting for monthly, weekly, daily average temperature, relative humidity, surface pressure (unit: mg/m 3 ) (, 2007b) Year Seoul Incheon Kyunggi Table 2. Number of days of the high (over 100 mg/m 3 ) and low (under 20, 50 mg/m 3 ) PM10 concentration event in Seoul (, 2009) Classification No. days over 100 mg/m No. days under 50 mg/m No. days under 20 mg/m

5 Fig. 6. Trend of the ambient PM10 concentrations of each cluster shown in Figure 5 (, 2008) Fig. 5. Location of the measurement stations according to clusters (, 2008)

6 Fig. 7. Schematic horizontal profile of the ambient PM10 concentration (based on Lenschow et al. 2001) m

7 Fig. 8. Trend of the PM10 concentration difference between the roadside stations average and urban ambient stations average in Seoul (, 2008b) Table 4. Trend of the difference of the ambient PM10 concentration between the roadside stations average and urban ambient stations average in Seoul (unit: mg/m 3 ) (, 2009) Year Urban Roadside Difference (Roadside-Urban) Table 5. Concentrations of particulate PAHs and EC in the tunnels and ambient air in Seoul (, 2009) Namsan 3rd tunnel Hongjimoon tunnel Yangjae ambient air PAHs (ng/m 3 ) Difference (%) EC (mg/m 3 ) Difference (%)

8 E : k (sl/2) 0.65 (W/3) 1.5 (1 _ P ) (1) E : (g/km) k : (PM10; 4.6) sl : silt (%) W : (ton) P : 0.254mm : AP-42, 2006, Paved road Table 6. Variation of the paved road silt loading values in some roads in Incheon and Seoul (unit: g/m 2 ) (, 2008a) Dec Feb Early May 2007Late May 2007 Jul Jan Sukbawi Incheon Bupyong Sinchon Sinsadong Yeondungpo Seoul Sinchon Cheongryanri

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10 m m m m Table 7. Estimate contribution from outside to the PM10 concentration in SMA based on 3-dimensional air quality models Chemical transport model Meteorological model Outside effect (%) Reference CMAQ v4.3 MM5 v3.6 40~50 (2004) CMAQ-MADRID MM5 v3 Jan.: ~15, Jul.: ~30 (2006b) CMAQ v4.6 WRF v < (2008) Table 8. Estimate contribution from outside to the PM10 concentration in SMA based on receptor models Model Used species Outside effect (%) Reference CMB PM2.5 chemical composition Spring: ~33, Fall: ~10 (2005) PMF PM2.5, PM10 chemical composition PM10>25, PM2.5>30 (2006b) PMF PM2.5 chemical composition Summer: >35, Winter: >25 (2005b) CMB PAHs in TSP >40%, dominant in winter Lee and Kim (2007) CMB, PMF PM10 chemical composition <48% (including SOA), ~25% (2008)

11 m Fig. 9. Trend of the PM10 concentration difference between the urban ambient stations average in Seoul and Seogmori National background station (, 2008b)

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15 AIRPARIF, 2009, pdf/evoconst.pdf Chang, Y.-M., C.-M. Chou, K.-T. Su, and C.-H. Tseng, 2005, Effectiveness of street sweeping and washing for controlling ambient TSP, Atmospheric Environment, 39, Galloway, J. N. and D. M. Whelpdale, 1980, An atmospheric sulfur budget for eastern north America, Atmospheric Environment, 14, Kanakidou, M., J. H. Seinfeld, S. N. Pandis, I. Barnes, F. J. Dentener, M. C. Facchini, R. van Dingenen, B. Ervens, A. Nenes, C. J. Nielsen, et al., 2005, Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: A review. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5, Kim, N. K., H.-J. Park, Y. P. Kim, and C.-H. Kang, 2009, Chemical composition change in TSP due to dust storm at Gosan, Korea: Do the concentrations of anthropogenic species increase due to dust storm?, in press, Water, Soil & Air Pollution. 204, , doi /s , Laden, F., L. M. Neas, D. W. Dockery and J. Schwartz, 2000, Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six US cities. Environ. Health Perspect., 108, Lee, J. Y. and Y. P. Kim, 2007, Source apportionment of the particulate PAHs at Seoul, Korea: Impact of long range transport to a megacity, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7, Lee, J. Y., Y. P. Kim, N. Kaneyasu, H. Kumata and C. H. Kang, 2008, Particulate PAHs levels at Mt. Halla site in Jeju Island, Korea: Regional background levels in northeast Asia, Atmospheric Research, 90, Lee, S. H., Y. S. Ghim, Y.P. Kim and J. Y. Kim, 2006, Estimation of the seasonal variation of particulate nitrate and sensitivity to the emission changes in the greater Seoul area, Atmospheric Environment, 40, Lenschow, P., H.-J. Abraham, K. Kutzner, M., Lutz, J.-D., Preuß, and W. Reichenbächer, 2001, Some ideas about the sources of PM10, Atmospheric Environment, 35, S23- S33. Na, K., K.-C. Moon, and Y. P. Kim, 2002, Determination of non-methane hydrocarbon emission factors from vehicles in a tunnel in Seoul in May Korean J. Chem. Eng., 19, , Na, K. and Y. P. Kim, 2007, Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model applied to ambient C2-C9 VOC concentration in Seoul, Korea: Effect of chemical reaction losses, Atmospheric Environment, 41, Park, M. H., Y. P Kim, C.-H. Kang, and S.-G. Shim, 2004, Aerosol composition change between 1992 and 2002 at Gosan, Korea, J. Geophysical Research, 109, D19S13, doi: /2003jd Pueshel, R. F., J. F. Boatman, and R. S. Arts, 1988, Aerosols over the western Atlantic: Scale height, concentrations and fluxes, Atmospheric Environment,

16 22, SEPA (State Environmental Protection Administration, China), 2008, 2006 Report on the State of the Environmental in China ( standards_reports/soe/soe2006/200711/t _ htm), as in September 16, Seinfeld, J. H. and S. N. Pandis, 2006, Atmospheric chemistry and physics, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, USA. UNEP (United Nations Environment Promgramme), 2003, DPR Korea: State of the environment, UNEP RRC.AP, Thailand.

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