09-072

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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Journal of Breast Cancer J Breast Cancer 1 June; 13(): DOI: 1.8/jbc 유방종양환자에서수술전진단적종양크기와수술후병리학적종양크기에대한비교연구 황기태ㆍ김혜영ㆍ정중기ㆍ정인목ㆍ허승철ㆍ안영준ㆍ안혜성ㆍ차주희 1 ㆍ정세영 1 ㆍ장미수 ㆍ노동영 3 서울대학교보라매병원외과, 1 영상의학과, 병리과, 3 서울대학교의과대학암연구소및외과학교실 A Comparative Study between the Preoperative Diagnostic Tumor Size and the Postoperative Pathologic Tumor Size in Patients with Breast Tumors Ki-Tae Hwang, Hyeyoung Kim, Jung Kee Chung, In Mok Jung, Seung Chul Heo, Young Joon Ahn, Hye Seong Ahn, Joo Hee Cha 1, Se-Yeong Chung 1, Mee Soo Chang, Dong-Young Noh 3 Departments of Surgery, 1 Radiology and Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul; 3 Cancer Research Institute and Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: This comparative study analyzed the relationship between the preoperative diagnostic tumor size and the postoperative pathologic tumor size for breast cancer patients and benign breast tumor patients. Methods: We analyzed the clinicopathological information of 191 breast cancer patients and 187 benign breast tumor patients by conducting a retrospective chart review. The preoperative diagnostic tumor sizes were measured using physical examination, mammography and sonography in the benign breast tumor patients and they were additionally measured by computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the breast cancer patients. Body mass index (BMI) was defined as the ratio of the body weight in kilograms to the square of height in meters. Results: The tumor sizes measured by mammography (r=.66) and physical examination (r=.87) were highly correlated to the pathologic tumor size in the breast cancer patients and benign the breast tumor patients, respectively. Physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging had a tendency to overestimate the tumor size and sonography underestimated the pathologic tumor size in the breast cancer patients. The correlation coefficient for the physical examination was increased when the patient age was less than 5 years and the BMI was less than 5. Multiple regression analysis revealed that assessing the tumor size according to physical examination, mammography and sonography were effective for determining estimation of pathologic tumor size in the benign breast tumor patients, but assessing the tumor size by physical examination and sonography was not effective for determining the tumor size in breast cancer patients. Conclusion: Mammography and physical examination can be useful to estimate the pathologic tumor size in breast cancer patients and benign breast tumor patients, respectively. Physical examination can be useful to estimate the size when a breast tumor is palpable, the age of a patient is less than 5, and the BMI is less than 5. Key Words: Breast neoplasms, Comparative study, Tumor burden 중심단어 : 유방신생물, 비교연구, 종양크기 서 론 책임저자 : 노동영 11-7 서울시종로구연건동 8, 서울대학교병원외과 Tel: -7-91, Fax: dynoh@plaza.snu.ac.kr 접수일 : 9년 8월 19 일게재승인일 : 1년 1월 1일본논문의요지는 9년추계한국유방암학회에서구연발표되었음. 수술전에유방종양의크기를측정하기위해다양한방법들이사용되고있다. 임상진찰소견상으로도종양의크기를측정해볼수있으며, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파검사상으로도종양의크기를측정할수있다. 유방암의진단과관련하여치밀유방을가진여성의경우에서유방초음파검사의유용성에대한보고들이있 187

2 188 Ki-Tae Hwang, et al. 으며,(1-3) 특히우리나라를포함하는아시아지역의여성의경우에는미국이나유럽국가들의여성에비해치밀유방을가진여성이많아서유방초음파검사가임상에서흔히사용되고있다.(-6) 유방암환자의경우에는수술전정확한병기파악을위해최근에전산화단층촬영, 유방자기공명영상및양전자방출단층촬영술등의검사를시행하는경우가늘어나고있으며,(7-9) 이들검사상으로도유방암의크기를측정해볼수있다. 수술전에유방종양의크기를정확히측정하는것은여러가지중요한의미가있다. 특히유방암의경우에는수술전유방암의병기설정, 수술전항암요법시행여부에대한결정, 감시림프절생검의시행여부에대한결정, 유방암수술방법의선택, 수술후방사선치료여부에대한예측그리고유방암의예후에대한예측등의다양한방면에서중요한역할을하게된다. 양성유방종양의경우에도종양의크기요소가조직검사시행여부에대한결정, 조직검사방법, 수술을시행하는경우에는수술의방법에대한결정, 추적검사시행기간의간격등을결정하는데중요한역할을하게된다. 일반적으로유방종양의크기는수술후병리결과상의크기를기준으로하게된다. 특히유방암의경우, 수술후최종병리결과상의종양의크기가실제적으로유방암의진단및치료방침의결정에가장중요한자료로사용되고있다. 수술전에유방종양의크기를정확히측정하는것은임상적으로중요한의미를가지고있으며, 수술전의진찰이나영상학적검사결과상의종양의크기가수술후의최종병리결과상의크기와유사한경우도많지만, 때로는두결과상의크기사이에상당한불일치를보이는경우를실제임상에서드물지경험하게된다. 이러한경우임상에서상당한당혹감을느끼게되는경우가많으나, 문헌상에서이러한상관관계에대해자세히연구하여그결과를보고한예는많지않다. 본연구는양성유방종양환자및유방암환자에대해수술전진찰또는영상학적검사결과상의종양의크기와수술후최종병리결과상의크기를비교분석하고자하였으며, 특히상관분석을통해수술전과수술후의종양의크기에대한상관성을분석하고자하였다. 또한수술전의종양의크기측정은종양의촉진여부, 환자의연령, 체질량지수, 조직학적진단명등의다양한요인에의해영향을받을수있으므로이러한요인들에대한분석도추가로시행하였다. 방법대상환자본연구는 6년 3월 1일부터 9년 3월 31 일까지서울대학교보라매병원에서유방종양으로수술을시행한환자를대상으로하였다. 전체대상환자는모두 51 명이었고, 이중유방암 환자는 31 명이었고, 양성유방종양환자는 7 명이었다. 이환자들중에서수술전유방촬영술검사및유방초음파검사에서종양의크기에대한기술이없는경우, 진찰이나유방초음파검사상에서종양소견이없이유방촬영술검사에서확인된미세석회화로수술을시행한경우, 이미외부병원에서절제생검을시행하여종양의크기를알수없는경우및수술전항암요법을시행한유방암환자의경우등은분석대상에서제외하였다. 최종적으로 378 명의환자에대해분석하였으며, 이중유방암으로수술받은환자수는 191 명이었고, 양성유방종양환자는 187 명이었으며, 3명의경계성엽상종양환자는양성유방종양환자에포함하여분석하였다. 환자의나이는진단당시의나이로정의하였고, 유방암의수술방법은크게유방전체절제술과유방부분절제술의두군으로분류하였다. 유방암의병기는 년에출판된 AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) 6번째판을따랐다. 분석방법유방암환자의경우에는유방종양에대해, 수술전진찰소견상의크기, 유방초음파검사상의크기, 유방촬영술검사상의크기, 컴퓨터단층촬영검사상의크기, 유방자기공명영상검사상의크기, 수술후병리보고서상의크기등의 6가지항목을포함하는임상병리학적자료를정리하였으며, 양성유방종양환자의경우에는수술전진찰소견상의크기, 유방초음파검사상의크기, 유방촬영술검사상의크기, 그리고수술후병리보고서상의크기등의 가지항목을포함하는임상병리학적자료를정리하였다. 종양의크기와관련하여기술된수치중에서제일큰수치를기준으로하였으며, 다발성종양이있는경우에는제일큰크기의종양을기준으로하였다. 임상진찰의경우종양의촉진정도를 점에서 1 점사이로표시하였으며, 1 점으로갈수록종양이잘촉진되는경우이며 점으로갈수록종양이잘촉진되지않는경우로약속하였다. 종양의촉진여부가애매한경우에는 5점으로표시하였고, 8점이상의경우는종양이비교적잘촉진되는경우이며, 점이하는종양이거의촉진되지않는경우로간주할수있다. 모든임상진찰은 1명의유방전문의에의해진찰되었다. 하위집단에대한분석시에는대상집단에속한환자수가 3명보다큰경우에분석결과가유의한것으로간주하였다. 조직학적진단명의분류는세계보건기구 (World Health Organization, WHO) 의유방종양의조직학적분류방법을사용하였다. 체질량지수는몸무게 (kg) 를키 (m) 의제곱으로나눈값으로정의하였다. 통계학적분석종양의크기에대한상관분석을위해 Pearson 상관계수를이용한이변량단순상관분석을시행하였으며, 모두양측검정을시

3 Comparison of Preoperative and Postoperative Size of Breast Tumors 189 행하였다. 상관분석에서수술후최종병리결과상의종양의크기를기준으로하여임상진찰상의크기, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파, 전산화단층촬영, 유방자기공명영상검사상의크기등에대한 Pearson 상관계수, 유의확률및대상환자수등을표시하였다. 병리결과상의종양의크기를기준으로각종방법의종양크기에대한선형회귀분석을시행하여단순산점도방식의그래프로표시하였으며, 이그래프에등직선 (line of equation) 및선형회귀직선 (line of linear regression) 을동시에표시하였다. 또한임상진찰상의크기, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파, 전산화단층촬영, 유방자기공명영상검사상의크기등의요소로병리결과상의크기를평가하는방법으로다중회귀분석을시행하였으며, 독립 Table 1. Clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients (n=191) Characteristics No. of patients (%) Mean age (yr): 5.53±11.75, range 9-83 T stage T 5 (13.1) T1 8 (1.9) T 67 (35.1) T3 11 (5.8) T 6 (3.1) N stage N 16 (66.) N1 31 (16.) N (1.5) N3 13 (6.8) Stage 5 (13.1) I 61 (31.9) IIA 7 (.6) IIB 16 (8.) IIIA 1 (11.) IIIB (.1) IIIC 13 (6.8) IV 1 (.5) Operation TM 18 (67.) BCS 63 (33.) Histology IDC 13 (7.9) DCIS 3 (1.) ILC 5 (.6) IMC 5 (.6) IPC 3 (1.6) BMI <5 19 (57.1) 5 77 (.3) TM=total mastectomy; BCS=breast conserving surgery; IDC=invasive ductal carcinoma; DCIS=ductal carcinoma is situ; ILC=invasive lobular carcinoma; IMC=invasive mucinous carcinoma; IPC=invasive papillary carcinoma; BMI=body mass index. 변수는입력방법으로대입하였으며, 이들의관계는정규확률곡선을이용하여시각적으로표시하였다. 모든통계분석은 SPSS version 16. (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) 을이용하였으며, p 값이.5 미만인경우를통계적으로유의한것으로간주하였다. 임상병리학적특성 결 유방암환자의수는모두 191 명이었으며, 명의남성을제외하고나머지 189 명은모두여성이었다. 평균연령은 5.53 (±11.75, 9-83) 세이었다. T1인경우가 1.9% 로가장많았으며, T는 13.1% 을차지하였고, N가 66.% 로가장많은비율을차지하였다. 전체병기로는 I기가 31.9% 으로가장많았으며, 67.% 에서유방전체절제술을시행받았다 (Table 1). 조직학적진단명은침윤성유관암이 13 명 (7.9%) 로가장많았으며, 상피내암은 5명으로전체의 13.1% 를차지하였다. 전체 191 명의유방암환자중에서, 임상진찰소견, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파, 전산화단층촬영, 유방자기공명영상, 그리고병리결과상에서종양의크기가기술되어있는환자의수는각각 13명 (69.1%), 66명 (3.6%), 175명 (91.6.1%), 1명 (11.%), 6명 (.1%), 그리고 191명 (1.%) 이었다. 분석대상이되었던양성유방종양환자의수는모두 187 명이었으며, 명의남성을제외하고나머지 185 명은모두여성이었다. 평균연령은 35.7 (±11.886, 1-71) 세이었다. 수술후병리결과상의조직학적진단명은섬유선종이 1 예로가장많았고, 그외에도관내유두종 13 예, 연소기섬유선종 6예, 엽상종양 6예 Table. Results of correlation analysis between pathologic tumor size and other tumor sizes measured using physical examination, mammography, ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer and benign breast tumor patients Measuring modality No. of cases 과 Pearson coefficient p-value Cancer PE <.1 MMG <.1 USG <.1 CT NS MRI 7.58 <.1 Benign PE <.1 MMG 36.7 <.1 USG 1.79 <.1 PE=physical examination; MMG=mammography; USG=ultrasonography; CT=computerized tomography; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; NS=not significant.

4 19 Ki-Tae Hwang, et al. 등의빈도수를보였으며, 섬유낭종성변화는이번연구의분석대상에서제외하였다. 전체 187 명의양성유방종양환자중에서, 임상진찰소견, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파, 그리고병리결과상에서종양의크기가기술되어있는환자의수는각각 1 명 (77.%), 명 (.5%), 175명 (93.6%), 그리고 17명 (78.6%) 이었다. 유방암환자의경우, 15명 (8.6%) 의환자에서종양에대한촉진이가능하였고, 양성유방종양환자의경우에는 175 명 (76.1%) 에서촉진이가능하였다. 유방암의경우, 병리결과상의평균크기는.81 (±.55, -17) cm였고, 임상진찰상의크기, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파, 전산화단층촬영, 자기공명영상검사상의평균크기는각각.16 (±.133, -1),.6 (±1.85, -9),.33 (±1.973, -),.5 (±1.587, -8),.61 (±1.735, -8) cm였다. 양성유방종양의경우, 병리결과상의평균크기는.6 (±.118,.-16) cm였고, 임상진찰상의크기, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파검사상의평균크기는각각 1.66 (±1.397, -1), 1.97 (±.865, 1-5), 1.73 (±1.31, -7) cm였다. 종양의크기에대한분석유방암환자의경우, 수술후병리결과상의종양의크기와비교해볼때, 유방촬영술검사상의크기가가장상관관계가높았으며 (r=.66), 그다음으로유방자기공명영상검사상의크기 (r=.58), 임상진찰상의크기 (r=.55) 및유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.3) 순으로상관관계가높았다 (Table, Figure 1). 양성유방종양환자의경우에는임상진찰상의크기 (r=.87), 유방초 Tumor size on physical examination (cm) Tumor size by mammography (cm) Tumor size by sonography (cm) Tumor size by breast MRI (cm) Figure 1. A linear regression scatter plot between the pathologic tumor size and tumor sizes measured using physical examination, mammography, sonography and breast magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer patients. The Pearson correlation coefficients were.55,.66,.3 and.58 for the size based on physical examination, mammography, sonography and breast magnetic resonance imaging respectively compared to pathologic tumor size in breast cancer patients. =line of linear regression; =line of equation.

5 Comparison of Preoperative and Postoperative Size of Breast Tumors 191 음파검사상의크기 (r=.79), 유방촬영술검사상의크기 (r=.7) 의순서로상관관계가높았으며, 특히임상진찰상의크기는병리결과상의크기와의상관계수가매우높았다 (Table, Figure ). 촉진여부에대한분석유방암환자에서, 임상진찰상촉진이가능한경우에는유방촬영술 (r=6), 임상진찰상의크기 (r=.59), 유방자기공명영상검사상의크기 (r=.55) 및유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.5) 순으로상관관계가높았으며, 촉진되지않는종양의경우에는유방초음파검사상의크기만이유일하게병리결과상의크기와상관관계가있는것으로분석되었다 (r=.39). 특히임상진찰상에서촉진되는정도가 8점이상인경우에는임상진찰상의크기에대한상관성이매우높았으며 (r=.89), 유방초음파검사도상관관계가있었다 (r=.38). 임상진찰상촉진되는정도가 8점미만인경우에는다른검사방법에비해상대적으로유방촬영술검사상의크기 (r=.81) 및초음파검사상의크기 (r=.51) 가상관관계 가높은것으로분석되었다 (Table 3). 촉진되는양성유방종양의경우에는임상진찰상의크기 (r=.89), 유방초음파 (r=.78), 유방촬영술검사상의크기 (r=.7) 순으로상관관계가높았다. 촉진되지않는양성유방종양환자의경우에는해당환자숫자가너무적은관계로통계적분석이의미가없었다. 전체양성유방종양환자와비교하여볼때, 촉진정도가 8점이상인경우에는임상진찰상의크기 (r=.93) 에대한상관관계가매우높았으며, 유방촬영술 (r=.78) 및유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.76) 도상관관계가높은것으로분석되었다 (Table ). 연령에대한분석전체유방암환자와비교하여 5 세이상의유방암환자의경우에는유방촬영술 (r=.71) 및유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.6) 가더욱상관관계가높은것으로분석된반면, 임상진찰상의크기는상관관계가다소감소된것으로분석되었다 (r=.53). 5세미만의유방암환자의경우에는임상진찰상의크기에서상관관 Tumor size on physical examination (cm) Tumor size by mammography (cm) Tumor size by sonography (cm) Figure. A linear regression scatter plot between the pathologic tumor size and tumor sizes measured using physical examination, mammography and sonography in benign breast tumor patients. The Pearson correlation coefficients were.87,.7 and.79 for the size based on physical examination, mammography and sonography, respectively compared to the pathologic tumor size in benign breast tumor patients. =line of linear regression; =line of equation.

6 19 Ki-Tae Hwang, et al. Table 3. Resutls of correlation analysis between pathologic tumor size and other tumor sizes measured using physical examination, mammography, sonography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer patients (n=191) according to various clinicopathological features Clinicopathologic features Measuring modality No. of cases Pearson coefficient p-value Palpable Yes PE <.1 MMG 59.6 <.1 USG 11.5 <.1 CT NS MRI.55 <.1 No PE 33.7 NS MMG 1.56 NS USG CT NA* NA* MRI 7.8 NS Palpable grade 8 PE 5.89 <.1 MMG NS USG CT 9.97 <.1 MRI 1.1 NS <8 PE 59.1 NS MMG.81 <.1 USG <.1 CT NS MRI 1.6 NS Age 5 PE <.1 MMG 6.71 <.1 USG 96.6 <.1 CT NS MRI Clinicopathologic features Measuring modality No. of cases Pearson coefficient p-value Age <5 PE 7.57 <.1 MMG 3.69 <.1 USG CT 7.8 NS MRI BMI <5 PE 1.7 <.1 MMG <.1 USG 97.7 <.1 CT NS MRI PE MMG 3.67 <.1 USG <.1 CT NS MRI IDC Yes PE 16.7 <.1 MMG <.1 USG <.1 CT NS MRI <.1 No PE 3.3. MMG USG CT.99.1 MRI PE=physical examination; MMG=mammography; USG=ultrasonography; CT=computerized tomography; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; NS= not significant; NA=not applicable; BMI=body mass index; IDC=invasive ductal carcinoma. *Pearson s coefficient and p-value cannot be calculated because the number of cases is. 계가약간증가한반면 (r=.57), 유방초음파의크기 (r=.3) 에대한상관관계는감소하였다 (Table 3). 전체양성유방종양환자와비교하여 5 세이상의환자의경우에는유방촬영술 (r=.99) 및유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.97) 가더욱상관관계가높은것으로분석되었다. 5 세미만의양성유방종양환자의경우에는 5 세이상의경우와비교하여볼때, 임상진찰상의크기는상관관계는거의차이가없는반면 (r=.87), 유방촬영술 (r=.67) 및유방초음파의크기 (r=.79) 에대한상관관계는감소하였다 (Table ). 체질량지수에대한분석유방암환자에서체질량지수가 5 이하의경우에는, 임상진찰상의크기와병리결과상의크기의상관관계가증가된반면 (r=.7) 유방촬영술 (r=.66) 및유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.7) 에대한상관관계는변화가없는것으로분석되었으며, 체질량지수가 5 보다큰경우에는임상진찰상의크기에대한상관관계가크게감소된반면 (r=.35), 유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.56) 에대한상관관계는증가하는것으로분석되었다 (Table 3). 양성유방종양환자에서체질량지수가 5 이하의경우에는, 임상진찰상의크기 (r=.86), 유방촬영술 (r=.76), 유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.7) 순으로상관관계가높았으며, 체질량지수가 5 보다큰경우에는유방초음파검사상의크기에대한상관관계가크게증가하였고 (r=.9), 임상진찰상의크기 (r=.89) 에대한상관관계가큰변화가없었다 (Table ). 조직학적진단명의분류에대한분석전체유방암환자와비교하여침윤성유관암의경우에는임상진찰상의크기 (r=.7) 및유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.51) 에

7 Comparison of Preoperative and Postoperative Size of Breast Tumors 193 Table. Results of correlation analysis between pathologic tumor size and other tumor sizes measured using physical examination, mammography, and sonography in benign breast tumor patients (n=187) according to various clinicopathological features Clinicopathologic features Measuring modality No. of cases Pearson coefficient p-value Palpable Yes PE <.1 MMG 3.7 <.1 USG <.1 No PE 13 - <.1 MMG.9.83 USG Palpable grade 8 PE <.1 MMG.78 <.1 USG <.1 <8 PE MMG USG.71 <.1 Age 5 PE MMG.99.5 USG <.1 Clinicopathologic features Measuring modality No. of cases Pearson coefficient p-value Age <5 PE <.1 MMG 3.67 <.1 USG <.1 BMI <5 PE 1.86 <.1 MMG 8.76 <.1 USG <.1 5 PE 3.89 <.1 MMG 7.5 NS USG.9 <.1 Fibroadenoma Yes PE 1.8 <.1 MMG 7.69 <.1 USG <.1 No PE 3.93 <.1 MMG USG <.1 PE=physical examination; MMG=mammography; USG=ultrasonography; BMI=body mass index; NS =not significant. Expected cumulative probability Observed cumulative probability Figure 3. A Normal probability plot of regression standardized residual by linear regression analysis in benign breast tumor patients. The pathologic tumor size can be calculated using the following equation; Pathologic tumor size=.1+.9 [tumor size on physical examination]-.9 [tumor size by mammography] [tumor size by sonography]. 대한상관성이높은것으로분석된반면, 유방촬영술 (r=.68) 이나유방자기공명영상검사상의크기 (r=.59) 에대한상관관계는변화가없었다. 침윤성유관암이아닌경우에는임상진찰 (r=.3) 및유방초음파검사결과 (r=.36) 에대한상관성이감소하는것으로분석되었다 (Table 3). 조직학적진단명이섬유선종 인경우에는유방초음파검사상의크기가가장상관관계가높았고 (r=.86), 임상진찰상의크기 (r=.8) 및유방촬영술검사상의크기 (r=.69) 도상관관계가있었다. 섬유선종이아닌경우에는임상진찰상의크기가가장상관관계가높은것으로분석되었고 (r=.93), 그다음으로유방촬영술 (r=.8) 및유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.76) 순으로상관관계가높은것으로분석되었다 (Table ). 종양의크기에대한회귀분석병리결과상의종양의크기를기준으로각종방법의종양크기에대한선형회귀분석을시행하여단순산점도방식의그래프로표시하였다. 유방암환자의경우, 병리결과상의크기를기준으로임상진찰상의크기, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파그리고유방자기공명영상에대한결정계수 (R ) 는각각.98,.36,.181,.331 이었다 (Figure 1). 양성유방종양환자의경우, 병리결과상의크기를기준으로임상진찰상의크기, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파대한결정계수 (R ) 는각각.755,.5,.631이었다 (Figure ). 유방암환자의경우, 병리결과상의크기에대한임상진찰상의크기, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파, 전산화단층촬영, 유방자기공명영상검사상의크기등에대한다중회귀분석결과는다음과같았다. 병리결과상의크기 = [ 유방촬영술검사상의크기 ]-.85 [ 전산화단층촬영검사상의크기 ]+1.8 [ 유방자

8 19 Ki-Tae Hwang, et al. 기공명영상검사상의크기 ] 한편, 양성유방종양환자에서병리결과상의크기에대한임상진찰상의크기, 유방촬영술, 유방초음파검사상의크기등과의관련성을확인하기위해다중회귀분석을시행한결과는다음과같다 (Figure 3). 병리결과상의크기 =.1+.9 [ 임상진찰상의크기 ]-.9 [ 유방촬영술검사상의크기 ] [ 유방초음파검사상의크기 ] 고찰본연구는 191 명의유방암환자와 187 명의양성유방종양환자에대해수술전진찰이나영상학적검사상의종양의크기와수술후최종병리결과상의종양의크기사이의상관관계에대해서비교분석하였다. 유방암환자의경우수술후병리결과상의크기에대한임상진찰상의크기 (r=.55, p<.1) 및유방촬영술 (r=.66, p<.1), 유방초음파 (r=.3, p<.1), 유방자기공명영상검사 (r=.58, p<.1) 상의크기가모두상관관계가있는것으로분석되었으며, 또한양성유방종양환자에서도임상진찰상의크기 (r=.87, p<.1) 및유방촬영술 (r=.7, p<.1), 유방초음파검사 (r=.79, p<.1) 상의크기가모두상관관계가있는것으로분석되었다 (Table ). 수술전에다양한방법에의해측정된종양의크기와수술후의병리결과상의종양의크기에대한상관성을분석한이전의여러논문에서는다양한결과들을보고하고있다. Lee 등 (1) 은유방암환자에서병리결과상의크기에대한임상진찰상의크기, 유방촬영술및유방초음파상의크기의상관계수는각각.759,.633 및.99로서, 임상진찰상의크기가가장상관성이높은것으로보고하고있으며, Herrada 등 (11) 도 1 명의국소진행유방암환자를대상으로분석한결과, 임상진찰상의크기가실제크기를가장잘예측할수있었다고보고하였다 (p<.1). 반면, Fornage 등 (1) 은 31 명의 T1, T 유방암환자에서임상진찰, 유방촬영술및유방초음파검사상의크기가수술후병리결과상의크기와상관성이있었으며, 이중에서유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.8) 가가장상관관계가높았다고보고하였으며, Bosch 등 (13) 도유방초음파검사상의크기 (r=.68) 가가장상관관계가높았다고보고하고있다. Forouhi 등 (1) 은 35 명의수술전항암요법을시행받은유방암환자에대해분석한결과유방초음파에대한상관관계가가장높았으며 (r =.89), 그다음으로유방촬영술 (r =.8) 및임상진찰 (r =.68) 순이었다고보고하고있다. 본연구에서는유방암의경우유방촬영술의결과가수술후병리결과상의크기와가 장상관관계가높은것으로분석되었으며, 양성유방종양의경우에는임상진찰상의크기가가장상관관계가높은것으로분석되었다. Jiang 등 (15) 은유방종양의크기측정에있어서일반초음파검사에대한조영증강초음파검사의유용성을보고하기도하였다. 한편, Cheung 등 (16) 은35명의유방암환자에대한분석결과유방자기공명영상에대한상관계수가.88로서유방초음파에대한상관계수인.657보다훨씬높은상관성을보였음을보고하였고, Weatherall 등 (17) 도수술전항암요법을시행한 명의유방암환자에서수술전검사에서유방자기공명영상에대한상관계수가.93으로서임상진찰상의크기및유방촬영술검사상의크기에대한상관계수인.7 및.63보다크다고보고한바있다. Davis 등 (18) 도 13 명의유방암환자에대해분석한결과유방자기공명영상의상관계수가.98로서유방초음파및유방촬영술의상관계수인.5 및.6보다높았다고보고한바있다. 선형회귀분석결과에서유방암의경우임상진찰상의크기및유방자기공명영상검사상의크기는병리결과상의크기에비해과대측정되는경향이있었고, 유방초음파의경우는과소측정되는경향이관찰되었다 (Figure 1). 양성유방종양의경우에는임상진찰상의크기및유방촬영술및유방초음파상의크기에대해과대또는과소측정되는경향이관찰되지는않았다 (Figure ). 이에대한이전의보고들을살펴보면, 대부분의보고에서임상진찰상의크기는실제종양의크기보다과대측정하는경향이있고, 유방촬영술이나유방초음파검사상의크기는실제크기보다과소측정하는경향이있는것으로보고되고있다.(1,13,19,) Pain 등 (1) 은 명의유방암환자들에대해임상진찰, 유방촬영술및유방초음파검사상의크기를병리결과상의크기와비교한결과, 임상진찰의경우, 종양의크기가작을때는과대측정되는경향이있고, 종양의크기가클때는과소측정되는경향이있으며, 유방촬영술의경우는크기가큰종양에대해과소측정하는경향이있으며, 유방초음파의경우는모든크기의종양에대해과소측정하는경향이있음을보고한바있다. 한편 Cheung 등 (16) 은유방초음파검사에서과소측정되는경향이있는반면, 유방자기공명영상에서는과대측정되는경향이있음을제시하여, 본연구의결과와유사한결과를보고한바있다. 임상진찰상촉진이가능한종양의경우에유방암및양성유방종양에서모두임상진찰상의크기에대한상관성이증가하는경향이있었으며, 촉진이되지않는종양의경우에는유방초음파검사가유용한검사방법으로사료된다. 특히촉진정도가 8점이상인경우에는임상진찰상의크기에대한상관성이크게증가하였다 (Tables 3, ). 하지만, 앞서기술한바와같이임상진찰상의크기는실제종양의크기보다과대측정하는경향이있다는것에

9 Comparison of Preoperative and Postoperative Size of Breast Tumors 195 주의할필요가있다. 유방암환자에서연령및체질량지수가종양의크기에대한비교분석에서유의한결과를보여주고있다 (Tables 3, ). 임상진찰상의크기에대한상관관계는 5 세이상의유방암환자의경우에는병리결과와의상관관계가감소하는반면, 5 세이하의유방암환자에서는상관관계가증가하는소견을보여주고있다. 또한임상진찰상의크기에대한상관관계는체질량지수가 5 보다큰경우에는상관관계가감소하지만, 5 보다작은경우에는상관관계가증가하는것으로분석되었다. 연령과체질량지수에대한상관관계를다시분석한결과, Pearson 상관계수가.161 (p=.8) 로서연령이증가할수록통계적으로유의하게체질량지수가증가는것으로조사되었으며, 이는연령이증가함에따라일반적으로체질량지수도비례하여증가하고, 이에따라유방조직에서지방층이차지하는비율이증가하여임상진찰을어렵게하는것으로사료된다. 또한연령과유방의밀도에대한상관관계분석에서는 Pearson 상관계수가 -.57 (p<.1) 로서연령이증가할수록유방의밀도가작아짐을보였고, 유방의밀도와체질량지수에대한상관관계분석에서는 Pearson 상관계수가 (p<.1) 로서체질량지수가높아질수록유방의밀도는작아지는것으로분석되었다. 연령이많은경우나체질량지수가높은경우는유방초음파검사결과가더욱병리검사결과와상관성이높은것으로분석되었으며, 이는초음파검사의경우, 지방층에증가에대해서영향을적게받기때문으로사료된다. 양성유방종양환자의경우에는임상진찰상의크기에대한상관성에있어서이러한연령및체질량지수에대한영향이관찰되지않는데, 이것은양성유방종양의경우에는임상진찰에서촉진이잘되는경우에수술을시행하는경우가많기때문에이러한효과가두드러지게나타나지않는것으로사료된다. Devolli-Disha 등 () 은 5 세미만의젊은여성인경우및치밀유방인경우에서그렇지않은경우보다유방초음파검사의민감도가유방촬영술보다더높다고보고하고있으며, Fasching 등 (3) 은유방의밀도가유방촬영술의검사결과에는유의한영향을미치지만, 유방초음파의검사결과에는유의한영향을미치지않으며, 고령의여성에서치밀유방의빈도가감소함을보고하였다. Saarenmaa 등 () 은연령이증가하고유방의밀도가감소할수록유방촬영술의민감도는증가하며, 유방초음파의경우에는연령이증가할수록민감도는떨어지지만유방의밀도가적은경우에는높은민감도를보였음을보고한바있다. 유방암환자의경우침윤성유관암의경우다른암종에비해임상진찰상의크기에대한상관성이높은것으로분석되었으며, 양성유방종양환자의경우에는섬유선종여부에따른임상진찰상의크기에대한상관성이차이가크지않는것으로분석되었다. 섬유선종의경우에는유방초음파검사상의크기가특히상관성이높은것으로분석되었다 (Tables 3, ). 유방암환자의경우에서침윤성유관암이아닌경우는각종방법에의한종양의크기에대한상관관계가저하되는소견을보였다. Watermann 등 (5) 다른유방암에비해침윤성소엽암에서특징적인초음파소견을보고하기도하였으며, Evans와 Lyons(6) 은 1 mm 미만크기의침윤성소엽암의진단에도유방초음파검사가유용하게사용될수있음을보고한바있다. 유방암환자에비해양성유방종양환자의경우임상진찰상의크기, 유방초음파검사상의크기및유방촬영술검사상의크기에대한상관도가높게나왔으며, 특히양성유방종양환자에서임상진찰상의크기및유방초음파검사상의크기의경우는유방암환자의경우에비해상관도가매우높은것으로분석되었으며, 유방촬영술의경우는큰차이를보이지않았다 (Table ). T1 및 T 유방암의경우에는유방자기공명영상검사결과및유방촬영술검사상의크기가수술후병리결과상의종양의크기와가장상관관계가높았으며, 그다음으로상관관계가높은것은임상진찰상의크기였다. 유방초음파검사결과는상관관계가낮았으며, 전산화단층촬영검사상의크기는병리결과상의종양의크기와는상관관계가없었다. T 유방암의경우에는유방자기공명영상검사상의크기가유일하게병리결과상의크기와상관관계가있는것으로분석되었다. Fornage 등 (1) 은T1, T 유방암환자에서임상진찰, 유방촬영술및유방초음파검사상의크기가수술후병리결과상의크기와상관성이있었으며, 이중에서유방초음파검사상의크기가가장상관관계가높았다고보고하고있어, 본연구의결과와는다소상이한결과를제시하고있었다. Kim 등 (7) 은7명의 T 유방암환자를분석한결과병리결과상의크기에대해유방자기공명영상검사상의크기에대한상관계수가.786으로서유방촬영술에대한상관계수인.633 보다높은것으로보고하고있으며, 유방촬영술의경우과대측정및과소측정이 % 및 35% 에서관찰된반면, 유방자기공명영상의경우에는 11% 및 17% 로서유방촬영술보다정확도가높은검사임을보고한바있다. 한편, 침윤성유방암에대한분석에서동반된상피내암에의한영향을분석하기위해상피내암이동반된군과상피내암이동반되지않은군으로나누어비교해보았을때, 상피내암이동반된침윤성유방암군에서상피내암이동반되지않은침윤성유방암군에비해서유방자기공명영상검사 (r=.87 vs. r=-.5) 및유방촬영술검사 (r=.85 vs. r=.6) 의상관성이크게증가하는결과를보였다. 종양의크기에대한다중회귀분석결과양성유방종양의경우에는임상진찰상의크기, 유방촬영술검사상의크기및유방초음파검사상의크기가모두수술후병리결과상의크기에영향을

10 196 Ki-Tae Hwang, et al. 미치는요소로작용을하고있지만, 유방암의경우에는유방촬영술검사상의크기, 전산화단층촬영검사상의크기및유방자기공명영상검사상의크기만이수술후병리결과상의크기에영향을미치는요소로작용을하고있으며, 임상진찰상의크기및유방초음파상의크기는영향을미치는요소가되지못하였다. 본연구에서는전체 378 명의유방종양환자에대한분석을시행하였으나, 이를다시유방암및양성유방종양으로분류하였고, 다시각각의다양한하위집단으로분류하여분석을시행한관계로, 분석방법에따라여러하위집단에서는환자들의표본숫자가충분하지않은경우가있었으며, 이에따라통계적분석력이저하되는경우가있었다. 특히전산화단층촬영의경우표본숫자가적어분석에서제외되는경우가많았다. 대부분의이전에보고된논문들에서도대상환자수가통계적으로높은신뢰성을보일수있는정도의충분히많은환자수를대상으로하지않아서각각의보고들에서서로상이한결과들이보고되는면이관찰되었다. 한편, 동일한환자에대해수술전진찰소견상의크기, 유방초음파검사상의크기, 유방촬영술검사상의크기, 컴퓨터단층촬영검사상의크기, 유방자기공명영상검사상의크기, 수술후병리보고서상의크기등의 6가지항목이모두기술되어있지못한경우가많다는점도이번연구에서종양크기의측정방법별로분석하는과정에서제약사항이되었다. 이러한문제점들에대한보완을위해향후에는정확한정보를가진대규모의환자에대한보다정밀하고신뢰성있는추가분석이필요할것으로사료된다. 결론수술전의종양의크기에대한정확한평가는진단, 치료및예후예측에있어중요한의미를지닌다. 유방촬영술검사상의크기및임상진찰상의크기가각각유방암및양성유방종양에서종양의크기를측정하는데유용하게사용될수있으며, 유방암의경우임상진찰상의크기및유방자기공명영상검사상의크기는과대측정되는경향이있으며, 유방초음파의경우는과소측정되는경향이있음을유의하는것이필요하다. 임상진찰상의크기는촉진가능한유방종양의경우에유용하게사용될수있으며, 특히 5 세이하의유방암환자및체질량지수가 5 보다작은유방암환자의경우에는유용하였다. 이러한수술전후의종양크기사이의상관관계분석에대하여향후대규모의환자에대한추가연구및검증이필요할것으로사료된다. 참고문헌 1. Greene T, Cocilovo C, Estabrook A, Chinitz L, Giuliano C, Rosenbaum Smith S, et al. A single institution review of new breast malignancies identified solely by sonography. J Am Coll Surg 6;3: Buchberger W, DeKoekkoek-Doll P, Springer P, Obrist P, Dünser M. Incidental findings on sonography of the breast: clinical significance and diagnostic workup. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999;173: Gordon PB, Goldenberg SL. Malignant breast masses detected only by ultrasound. A retrospective review. Cancer 1995;76: Tohno E, Ueno E, Watanabe H. Ultrasound screening of breast cancer. Breast Cancer 9;16: Uchida K, Yamashita A, Kawase K, Kamiya K. Screening ultrasonography revealed 15% of mammographically occult breast cancers. Breast Cancer 8;15: Honjo S, Ando J, Tsukioka T, Morikubo H, Ichimura M, Sunagawa M, et al. Relative and combined performance of mammography and ultrasonography for breast cancer screening in the general population: a pilot study in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol 7;37: Uematsu T, Yuen S, Kasami M, Uchida Y. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, multidetector row computed tomography, ultrasonography, and mammography for tumor extension of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 8;11: Price J, Chen SW. Screening for breast cancer with MRI: recent experience from the Australian Capital Territory. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 9;53: Almubarak M, Osman S, Marano G, Abraham J. Role of positronemission tomography scan in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer. Oncology (Williston Park) 9;3: Lee CS, Bong JG, Park JH, Lee YS, Paik SM, Shin MJ, et al. The accuracy of the physical examination, mammography, and ultrasonography in the assessment of tumor size and axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patient. J Korean Breast Cancer Soc 3; 6: Herrada J, Iyer RB, Atkinson EN, Sneige N, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi GN. Relative value of physical examination, mammography, and breast sonography in evaluating the size of the primary tumor and regional lymph node metastases in women receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1997;3: Fornage BD, Toubas O, Morel M. Clinical, mammographic, and sonographic determination of preoperative breast cancer size. Cancer 1987;6:

11 Comparison of Preoperative and Postoperative Size of Breast Tumors Bosch AM, Kessels AG, Beets GL, Rupa JD, Koster D, van Engelshoven JM, et al. Preoperative estimation of the pathological breast tumour size by physical examination, mammography and ultrasound: a prospective study on 15 invasive tumours. Eur J Radiol 3;8: Forouhi P, Walsh JS, Anderson TJ, Chetty U. Ultrasonography as a method of measuring breast tumour size and monitoring response to primary systemic treatment. Br J Surg 199;81: Jiang YX, Liu H, Liu JB, Zhu QL, Sun Q, Chang XY. Breast tumor size assessment: comparison of conventional ultrasound and contrastenhanced ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 7;33: Cheung YC, Wan YL, Lo YF, Leung WM, Chen SC, Hsueh S. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging evaluation for breast cancers after sonographically guided core-needle biopsy: a comparison study. Ann Surg Oncol ;11: Weatherall PT, Evans GF, Metzger GJ, Saborrian MH, Leitch AM. MRI vs. histologic measurement of breast cancer following chemotherapy: comparison with x-ray mammography and palpation. J Magn Reson Imaging 1;13: Davis PL, Staiger MJ, Harris KB, Ganott MA, Klementaviciene J, McCarty KS Jr, et al. Breast cancer measurements with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and mammography. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;37: Choi GH, Bae JW, Lee JB, Koo BH. Clinical, mammographic, and ultrasonographic assessment of breast cancer size. J Korean Surg Soc 3;58: Meden H, Neues KP, Röben-Kämpken S, Kuhn W. A clinical, mammographic, sonographic and histologic evaluation of breast cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995;8: Pain JA, Ebbs SR, Hern RP, Lowe S, Bradbeer JW. Assessment of breast cancer size: a comparison of methods. Eur J Surg Oncol 199; 18:-8.. Devolli-Disha E, Manxhuka-Kërliu S, Ymeri H, Kutllovci A. Comparative accuracy of mammography and ultrasound in women with breast symptoms according to age and breast density. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 9;9: Fasching PA, Heusinger K, Loehberg CR, Wenkel E, Lux MP, Schrauder M, et al. Influence of mammographic density on the diagnostic accuracy of tumor size assessment and association with breast cancer tumor characteristics. Eur J Radiol 6;6: Saarenmaa I, Salminen T, Geiger U, Heikkinen P, Hyvärinen S, Isola J, et al. The effect of age and density of the breast on the sensitivity of breast cancer diagnostic by mammography and ultrasonography. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1;67: Watermann DO, Tempfer C, Hefler LA, Parat C, Stickeler E. Ultrasound morphology of invasive lobular breast cancer is different compared with other types of breast cancer. Ultrasound Med Biol 5; 31: Evans N, Lyons K. The use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast less than 1 mm in size. Clin Radiol ;55: Kim DY, Moon WK, Cho N, Ko ES, Yang SK, Park JS, et al. MRI of the breast for the detection and assessment of the size of ductal carcinoma in situ. Korean J Radiol 7;8:3-9.

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