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1 대한수혈학회지 : 제 23 권제 3 호, 2012 The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion Vol. 23, No. 3, , December 2012 ISSN Original Article 국내헌혈혈액에서의 HIV-1 Subtype 분석 조연정 1 ㆍ김명한 1 ㆍ권소영 2 ㆍ조남선 2 ㆍ윤경원 1 ㆍ지용훈 1 ㆍ최경영 1 대한적십자사혈액수혈연구원 1, 혈액관리본부 2 Analysis for Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Subtype in Korean Blood Donors Youn Jung Cho 1, Myung-Han Kim 1, So-Yong Kwon 2, Nam-Sun Cho 2, Kyoung Won Yoon 1, Yong-Hun Jee 1, Kyoung Young Choi 1 Blood Transfusion Research Institute 1, Blood Service Heaquaters 2, Korean Red Cross, Seoul, Korea Background: Genetic variants of virus appear to differ depending on the country, race, infection route, and so on. To characterize the main HIV subtype in infected blood donors and inquire about the route of HIV infection, we analyzed HIV subtype for samples that showed reactive results on the anti-hiv 1/2 and HIV-1 NAT test from September 2007 to February Methods: To identify the HIV-1 subtype of the 90 samples that showed reactive results on the anti-hiv test and HIV-1 NAT, we performed HIV 1/2 Western blot assay, HIV RNA quantitative assay, HIV-1 nested PCR, and HIV-1 RNA sequencing. Results: A total of 85 samples (94.4%) were confirmed to be HIV-1 subtypes. Among them, 82 samples (96.5%) were subtype B; and subtype A, C, and G was confirmed for one case each (1.2% for each case). We could not identify the subtype of the other five samples. One of them was amplified by nested PCR, but was not confirmed of the subtype, and four samples were not amplified even by nested PCR. Conclusion: The main HIV-1 subtype among the HIV-infected blood donors was confirmed to be subtype B. In addition, we identified one case each of HIV-1 subtype A, C, and G, which was not detected in blood donors in the past. It appeared that the route of HIV infection in Korea had become complicated. Therefore, we concluded that continuous research for HIV subtype analysis and efficient management of blood donors is needed. (Korean J Blood Transfus 2012;23: ) Key words: Blood donor, HIV-1 subtype, Infection route Received on November 29, Revised on December 11, Accepted on December 12, 2012 Correspondence to: Myung-Han Kim Blood Transfusion Research Institute, Korean Red Cross, 764 Sanggye 6-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , esachan@hanmail.net 본연구는대한적십자사생명윤리심의지침에의거하여생명윤리를준수하였습니다. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright C 2012 The Korean Society of Blood Transfusion

2 조연정외 : 국내헌혈혈액의 HIV 유형분석 서론 바이러스의유전적변이형은국가별, 지역별, 인종및감염경로에따라유전자형이다르게나타나는특징을가지고있다. 2011년 UNIDS/WHO 보고서에따르면현재전세계적으로 HIV (Human immunodeficiency Virus) 감염자는 3천 4백만명에이르는것으로보고되었고, 질병관리본부자료에따르면 2011년까지국내 HIV 감염자는 7,656명에이르며감염자의 99% 는동성또는이성간의성적접촉으로인한감염으로보고되고있다. 1,2) 그러므로바이러스의유전자형을분석하는것은헌혈자의바이러스감염경로를파악하여헌혈자관리에활용함으로써안전한혈액제제의원료를확보하는데매우중요한자료로활용될수있다. 대한적십자사에서는 1987년부터헌혈혈액에대하여 HIV 항체검사를적용하였고, 2005년 2월부터헌혈혈액에대해 HIV-1 핵산증폭검사 (nucleic acid amplification test, NAT) 를실시하여 2007년 Lee 등이 2005년 2월부터 2006년 7월까지 HIV-1 NAT 양성으로검출된 80예의혈액에대해 HIV-1 subtype을분석한결과 78예가분석되었고, 78예모두 HIV-1 subtype B형으로밝혀졌다. 3) 이에본연구에서는 2007년의연구이후헌혈혈액에서 HIV 유전자형의특성을파악하여헌혈자에서의 HIV 감염경로와특징및변화양상을연구하여헌혈자관리에대한자료로활용하고자하였다. 1. 연구대상 재료및방법 2007 년 9 월부터 2010 년 2 월까지이기간동안 anti-hiv 1/2 선별 (EIA) 검사와 HIV-1 NAT 검사에서모두양성을보이고연구동의서가첨부된 90예를대상으로분석하였다. 효소면역검사 (Enzyme Immuno Assay, EIA) 인 anti-hiv 1/2 선별검사와및 HIV-1 NAT 검사에서모두양성결과를보인 90예를대상으로하였다. 이때 anti-hiv 1/2 선별검사는 LG anti-hiv 1/2 plus (LG Life sciences, Daejeon, Korea) 와 GENSCREEN HIV-1/2 v2.0 (BIO-RAD, Coquette, France) 2종의시약을사용하여검사하였다. HIV-1 NAT 검사는 Roche system (Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ) 과 Chiron system (Chiron/Gen Probe, CA, USA) 2 종의시약을사용하여검사하였다. EIA 및 NAT 선별검사는각기관과검사기간에따라각 1종의검사시약만으로검사하였다. 2. 연구방법 1) HIV-1 NAT 양성검체의 anti-hiv 1/2 선별검사의 s/co ratio 분석연구대상 90개혈장검체에대한 anti-hiv 1/2 선별검사의 s/co ratio 분포는검사당시실시간으로 BeFree System 검사장비와 interface 되어결과가입력된대한적십자사혈액정보시스템 (blood information management system, BIMS) data를이용하여결과를분석하였다. 2) HIV-1/2 Western blot 확인검사모든검체에대하여 HIV 항체확인검사로 HIV Western blot 검사를실시하였다. HIV BLOT2.2 (MP Diagnostics, Ingbert, Germany) 시약을사용하여확인검사를실시하고결과를판정하였다. 3) HIV-1 RNA 정량검사모든검체에대하여 Amplicor Cobas HIV monitor test (Roche, Molecular System Inc., Branchburg, USA) 시약을사용하여 HIV-1 RNA 정량검사를실시하였다

3 Korean J Blood Transfus Vol. 23, No. 3, , Dec ) HIV-1 nested PCR HIV-1 nested PCR은다음의방법으로시행되었다. 혈장 200 ul를 MPLC total nucleic acid isolation kit (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) 를이용하여 MagnaPure LC (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) 에장착하여 HIV RNA를추출하였다. HIV-1 env 유전자의 V3 domain 부위의 RNA를역전사반응을거쳐증폭하기위해 Lee 및 Oh 등의방법에따라 PTC-200 (BIO-RAD, USA) system을사용하여 nested PCR 을실시하였다. 3,4) HIV-1 nested PCR에는 HIV-F1 (5'-CACAGTACAATGTACACATG-3'), HIV-R1 (5'- CAGTAGAAAAATTCCCCTC-3') 와 HIV-F2 (5'- GCTGTTRAATGGCAGTCTAGCAGAAG-3'), HIV- R2 (=3'C2V3) (5'-ATTTCTGGGTCCCCTCCTGA- GG-3') 를사용하였고, LabChip system (Caliper Lifesciences, USA) 을이용하여 HIV-1 RNA의증폭산물인 336 bp를확인하였다. 5) HIV-1 subtype 분석 Individual nested PCR 결과증폭이확인된 PCR Fig. 1. Phylogenetic analysis of the C2 to V3 regions of the HIV-1 env gene in Korean blood donors and 27 representative reference sequences [4] from nine known subtypes (A through J) and O groups. The tree was constructed using the UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) in ClustalW2.1 (European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI). The 85 samples of the study was presented on 82 B subtype, 1 A subtype, 1 C subtype and 1 G subtype

4 조연정외 : 국내헌혈혈액의 HIV 유형분석 산물 5 ul에 ExoSAP-IT enzyme (USB Products, Affymetrix, Inc., Cleveland, USA) 1 unit을처리하여 37 o C에서 15분간반응시켜잔여 dntp와 primers를제거한후, 80 o C에서 15분간반응하여 ExoSAP-IT를불활성화시켜 sequencing PCR의 template로사용하였다. Sequencing PCR 반응액은정제된 PCR 증폭산물을 template로하여 BigDye Ready Reaction Mix (ABI) 8 ul와 3.2 pmole primer 0.2 ul와 nuclease free water를첨가하여총부피가 20 ul가되도록하였다. Sequencing PCR의반응조건은 96 o C 10초, 50 o C 5초, 60 o C 4분으로하여 25 cycles을반복하였다. Sequencing PCR이완료된반응산물은 BigDye XTerminator Purification Kit (ABI, CA, USA) 를사용하여정제하였으며, 최종정제산물 10 ul에대한염기서열분석은 Genetic Analyzer 3130 (ABI, CA, USA) 에서실시하였다. Direct sequencing 결과산출된 nucleotide sequence를 NCBI에서 BLAST search하여 HIV 유전자의증폭을확인하였다. HIV-1 유전자형분석은 DDBJ/GenBank ( html) 의 CLUSTALW v1.83을이용하였다. HIV 유전자증폭이확인된검체는이미알려진 subtypes 의염기서열 [A: 97CDKS10, Q23-17, 94CY017.41, SE7253, 97CDKTB48 (AF ), B: WEAU1.60, K (HXB2), 92US657.1 (U ), JRFL (U ), HAT-3 (M ), C: 96BW05.04 (AF ), 92BR025 (U ), ETH2220 (U ), D: 84ZR085, ELI (K ), F: VI850 (AF ), G: HH8793 (AF ), AF , 92RU (U ), 92NG083 (U ), H: VI991 (AF ), VI997 (AF ), 90CR (AF ), J: SE9280 (AF ), SE (AF ), O: MVP5180 (E )] 과계통발생학적으로비교하여본연구대상의 subtypes을결정하였다. 분석은 European Bioinformatics Institute ( ac.uk/) 의공개프로그램인 ClustalW2.1을이용하였고 clustering 방법은 UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) 를사용하였다 (Fig. 1). 결과 2007년 9월부터 2010년 2월까지총헌혈자는 5,750,691명이었으며이중 HIV-1 NAT 양성은총 110예 (0.002%) 이었고, HIV-1 NAT 양성사례중 HIV-1 잠복기 (window period) 를보인혈액은 2예 (1:2,875,345) 로나타났다. 이들의 anti-hiv 1/2 선별검사결과의평균 s/co ratio 값은 17.6±8.0 (mean±2sd) 로나타났다. HIV 1/2 Western blot 검사결과총 90예중 86 예 (95.6%) 에서양성결과를보였고, 4예 (4.4%) 에서보류 (indeterminate, ID) 결과를보였다. HIV-1 RNA의평균정량값은 ± (mean ±2SD) copies/ml이었다. HIV-1 nested PCR 결과총 90예중 86예 (95.6%) 에서핵산이증폭되었으며, 4예 (4.4%) 는핵산증폭이일어나지않았다. 4예에대한 HIV-1 RNA 정량값은 copies/ml로낮았다. HIV-1 nested PCR에서증폭이확인된 86예검체에대하여염기서열분석을실시하고 DDBJ/ GenBank에서 CLUSTALW v1.83으로 alignment 하여 CLUSTALX tree로확인한결과 85예 (98.8%) 에서 HIV subtype을확인하였다. 나머지 1예 (1.2%) 의검체는 HIV-1 nested PCR에서증폭되었으나 subtype이확인되지않았다. 확인된 HIV-1 subtype은 B형 82예 (95.2%), A형 1예 (1.2%), C형 1예 (1.2%) 그리고 G형 1예 (1.2%) 로확인되었다. 국내헌혈에서 HIV-1 A, C 그리고 G형이확인된것은처음이다 (Table 1, Fig. 1)

5 Korean J Blood Transfus Vol. 23, No. 3, , Dec Table 1. Results of HIV-1 subtype for HIV-1 NAT positive donors HIV-1 subtype Number of cases Anti-HIV 1/2 EIA s/co ratio Western blot results HIV RNA quantitation (copies/ml) HIV-1 nested PCR A Indeterminate* B Indeterminate Positive Positive Indeterminate Positive Indeterminate Positive C Positive G Positive Unknown Positive Positive Not amplified Total 90 *HIV Western blot band pattern p24 & gp160. p24 & gp160, p24 & gp160, p17, 24, 31 & p160. 고찰 바이러스유전자형은나라별, 지역별, 인종그리고감염경로에따라유행하는 subtype이다르다. HIV는유전학적으로매우다양하며 M (main), N (non-m/non-o), O (Outlier) 3 가지의 group으로구분된다. M그룹에속하는 HIV-1은다시 9개의 subtype으로구분되고, 일부 subtype은다시 subsubtype으로구분된다. 5,6) 따라서특정지역에서유행하는 subtype을분석하면 HIV 감염이유행하게된경로를추정할수있다. 국내 HIV 감염자의 HIV subtype은 B형으로 % 를차지한다. 2007년 Lee 등이연구한헌혈자에서의 HIV-1 subtype은모두 B형으로분석되었다. 3) 1999년국립보건원에서국내 HIV-1 감염자 78예를대상으로 HIV-1 subtype 특성을분석한결과, HIV subtype A, B, C, D, E, G가발견되었고이중 subtype B형 50예 (64.1%), A형 12예 (15.4%), C형 3예 (3.8%), D형 2예 (2.6%), E형 8예 (10.3%), G형 3예 (3.8%) 로주로 subtype B형이유행하고있었다. 이때 HIV-1 subtype A형으로확인된 12예중 9예는외항선원으로유럽이나아프리카에서성경험이있었으며, 1예는아프리카에서수혈로인해감염되었고, 2 예는외국에서감염된남편에의해감염된여성으로모두외국에서유입된감염자였다. 나머지 66예는대부분국내에서동성또는이성간의성적접촉으로감염된것으로밝혀졌다. 7-9) 본연구를통해국내헌혈자에서의 HIV-1 subtype을분석한결과연구대상의 95.2% 가 HIV-1 subtype B형으로가장흔한유전자형으로나타났고이들의감염경로는이전연구결과를비추어볼때성적접촉에의한것으로사료된다. 또한그동안헌혈자에서확인되지않았던 HIV-1 subtype A, C, G 형이각 1예씩확인되어헌혈자의감염경로가다양화되고있음을시사한다. 특히, 본연구를통해 HIV-1 subtype A형으로확인된

6 조연정외 : 국내헌혈혈액의 HIV 유형분석 예는 anti-hiv 1/2 선별검사결과 s/co ratio가 2.31 로낮은결과값을보였고, HIV-1/2 Western blot 확인검사에서도 p24와 gp160 항원밴드에서만반응을보여초기감염자로추측되며, 국립보건원연구결과 HIV-1 subtype A형이모두외국에서유입되어감염된것을고려해본다면헌혈자에서발견된 A형 1예도외국감염후국내에유입되었을가능성이있다. 일반적으로국내에서사용되는 HIV 검사시약은외국에서제조되어판매ㆍ사용되는시약이대부분이며이들제품개발시대부분이외국에서분리된 HIV 표준주를사용하고있다. 본연구에서는이전연구와달리헌혈혈액에서 3종의 non-b strain이밝혀졌으며최근여러원인에의한유전적변이로인해새로운 subtype 이출현하고 recombinant들이발견되는등지역에따라다른 HIV-1이보고되고있기때문에헌혈자선별검사시약으로사용하는진단제제개발시우리의실정에맞는적합한표준주의선정및특성이규명이더욱중요하리라사료된다. 10) 또한, HIV-1 항체확인검사인 Western blot 검사에서보류결과를보인 4예중 HIV subtype이 A형으로밝혀진 1예를포함하여 2예는 anti-hiv 1/2 선별검사결과 S/CO ratio가 5.0 이하로낮은결과를보였고, 2예는 S/CO ratio가 으로비교적높은결과를보이면서 HIV-1 subtype이모두 B형으로밝혀져동일한아형에서도감염경로에따라혈청학적, 면역학적으로다른양상을보여추후 HIV Western blot 검사결과에서보류결과를보이는혈액에대하여지속적으로추적조사를할필요가있다고사료된다. 본연구결과를토대로지속적으로 HIV-1 NAT 검사에서양성결과를보이는헌혈자에대한유전자형을분석함으로써헌혈자의 HIV 감염경로의다양성과그에따른헌혈자관리를할수있는기초자료로활용할수있을것으로사료된다. 요약 배경 : 바이러스의유전적변이형은국가별, 지역별, 인종, 감염경로등에따라유전자형이다르게나타나는특성을가지고있다. 본연구는 2007년 9월부터 2010년 2월까지 HIV-1 NAT 선별검사와 anti-hiv 1/2 선별검사에서모두양성결과를보인검체에대하여 HIV-1 subtype 을분석하고국내헌혈자에서의유행주의특성과감염경로를파악하여헌혈자관리를위한기초자료로활용하고자하였다. 방법 : HIV-1 NAT 선별검사와 anti-hiv 1/2 선별검사에서모두양성인검체 90예를대상으로 HIV 1/2 Western blot 항체확인검사, HIV-1 RNA 정량검사, HIV-1 nested PCR 및 HIV-1 sequencing 분석을통해 HIV-1 subtype을확인하였다. 결과 : HIV-1 subtype은 85예 (94.4%) 에서확인되었으며 subtype B형이 82예 (95.2%), A형 1예 (1.2%), C형 1예 (1.2%) 그리고 G형 1예 (1.2%) 였다. 나머지 5예는 HIV-1 subtype이확인되지않았다. 결론 : 헌혈자에서의 HIV-1 subtype은 B형이우세함을확인하였다. 그외에도과거헌혈혈액에서는발견되지않았던 HIV-1 subtype A, C, G 형이각각 1예씩발견된것으로보아국내헌혈자의 HIV 감염경로가다양해진것으로예상되며, 이에따라국내헌혈자에대해 HIV-1 subtype 분석을위한지속적인연구와헌혈자관리가필요할것으로사료된다. 참고문헌 1. UNAIDS. AIDS epidemic update. who.int/hiv/data/tuapr2011_annex8_web.xls [Online] (last visited on 3 August 2012) 2. KCDC. AIDS

7 Korean J Blood Transfus Vol. 23, No. 3, , Dec info/cdckrinfo0302.jsp?menuids=home001- MNU0003-MNU0739-MNU0038] [Online] (last visited on 11 November 2012) 3. Lee JS, Yoon MJ, Kang JW, Kim JY, Seo DH, Park Q, et al. Characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reactive blood donors following nucleic acid amplification test screening. Korean J Blood Transfus 2007; 18: Oh MD, Park SW, Kim U, Kim HB, Choe YJ, Kim E, et al. Determination of genetic subtypes of HIV type 1 isolated from Korean AIDS patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002;18: Kim NJ, Lee SH, Park SW, Choi HJ, Kim T, Choi JY, et al. Identification of new subtype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a Korean patient. Korean J Infect Dis 2001;33: Shin SY, Choi JY, Kim YK, Park YS, Kim YA, Kim MS, et al. Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in East Asia. Infect Chemother 2007;39: Kim SS, Kang C, Park KY, Nam JG, Choi BS, Ki MK, et al. Characterization of HIV subtypes and env V1-V5 gene variation of Korean isolates. The Report of National Institute of Health 1999;36: Lee JS, Nam JG, Kim SS, Kang C, Choi BS, Kim OJ, et al. Distribution of HIV-1 subtypes by transmission routes in Korea. Korean J Infect Dis 2001;33: Kim JW, Shin DH, Kim HB, Park SW, Park KH, Oh MD, et al. Determination of genetic subtypes of HIV- 1 isolated from Korean patients. Korean J Infect Dis 1998;30: Lee JS, Kim SS, Nam JG, Kim GJ, Choi BS, Shin HS, et al. Development of Korean AIDS reagent program and HIV/AIDS resources. The Report of National Institute of Health 2002;39:

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