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1 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 44 권제 1 호 2009 J Korean Orthop Assoc 2009; 44: 추궁판절제술, 측괴나사못고정술및후방유합술을이용한경추척수증의치료 석경수ㆍ김기택ㆍ이정희ㆍ이상훈ㆍ김진수 * ㆍ어재형 경희대학교의과대학정형외과학교실, 서울의료원정형외과학교실 * The Surgical Treatment of the Cervical Myelopathy with Laminectomy and Posterior Fusion by using Lateral Mass Screw Fixation Kyung-Soo Suk, M.D., Ki-Tack Kim, M.D., Jung-Hee Lee, M.D., Sang-Hun Lee, M.D., Jin-Soo Kim, M.D.*, and Jae-Hyung Uh, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul Medical Center*, Seoul, Korea Purpose: This prospective study was designed to investigate the outcomes of laminectomy and fusion with using lateral mass screw (LMS) fixation for the treatment of cervical myeolpathy. Materials and Methods: We studied a series of 26 consecutive patients with cervical myelopathy and who were planned to undergo laminectomy and fusion with using LMS fixation. MRI was done to investigate the high signal intensity lesion (HSIL) in the cord on the T2 weighted sagittal images. The JOA score, the grip and release test, the finger escape sign, and Hoffman's sign were checked. We analyzed the clinical outcomes depending on the high signal intensity lesion in the cord, the preoperative kyphosis, and the preoperative instability. Results: The indications for lateral mass screw fixation was kyphotic deformity, segmental instability or ossification of the ligament flavum (OLF). Patients with HSIL on the T2-weighted sagittal MRI was found in 17 patients. The JOA score, the grip and release test, and the finger escape sign were significantly improved after the operation and at the 2 year follow up. The patients with HSIL on the T2-weighted sagittal MRI or segmental instability had a significantly lower preoperative JOA score and a poor postoperative recovery as assessed by the JOA score. Conclusion: Laminectomy and fusion using lateral mass screw fixation for the surgical treatment of cervical myelopathy, which is associated with kyphotic deformity, instability or OLF, is considered a safe and effective treatment option to prevent postoperative kyphosis. Key Words: Cervical spine, Laminectomy, Lateral mass screw fixation, Myelopathy, Posterior fusion 서론다분절의척수압박으로인한경추척수증의수술적치료는전방감압술보다는후방감압술이선호된다. 후방에서경추부의감압을하는방법으로는후궁절제술, 후궁성형술및후궁절제술후유합술이있다. 후궁절제술 의경우술후후만변형이발생할위험성이높아후궁절제술보다는후궁성형술을많이시행한다. 후궁성형술의장점은감압을시행하며운동분절을유합하지않음으로써경추운동범위를보존할수있으며후궁절제술에비하여후만변형의발생위험성이적은점이다. 후궁성 통신저자 : 이정희서울시동대문구회기동 1 번지경희대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 TEL: ㆍ FAX: sks111@khmc.or.kr Address reprint requests to Jung-Hee Lee, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, 1, Heogi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: sks111@khmc.or.kr 123

2 124 석경수ㆍ김기택ㆍ이정희외 3 인 형술은후방에서감압을시행하므로충분한감압의효과를얻기위해서는경추부의전만이유지되어야한다. 이는후궁성형술후척수가후방으로이동하여 (posterior migration) 충분한감압의효과를얻기위한것이다. 따라서후궁성형술시행의전제조건은술전경추부의전만이유지되어야하는것이며이러한전만은술후에도유지되어야척수의충분한감압을얻을수있다. 저자등은후궁성형술후후만변형이발생할위험인자를보고한바있다 10). 본연구의목적은경추척수증의수술적치료로서후방감압술및측괴나사못고정술을이용한후방유합술이예정되었던환자를대상으로한연구로서적응증및치료결과를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법경추척수증으로후궁절제술및측괴나사못고정술을이용한후방유합술이예정되었던 26명의환자를대상으로연구를시행하였다. 남자 18명, 여자 8명이었으며이들의평균연령은 57.1 세 (35-76) 였다. 술전진단으로경추증성척수증 16예, 후종인대골화증 6예, 황색인대골화증 4예였다. 측괴나사못고정술의적응증, 술전 T2 강조시상면자기공명영상검사상척수내고신호강도병변이있는지를조사하였다. 그리고경추부중립위-굴곡-신전측면단순방사선검사상 Cobb 의방법으로제3 경추에서제 7경추까지경추부의전만각또는후만각을측정하였으며술전, 술후및 2년추시시 JOA 점수, 수지굴신검사 (Grip and Release test), 수지도피징후 (Finger escape sign), Hoffman 반사에대하여조사하여 Paired sample T-test 로검정하였다. 술전 T2 강조시상면자기공명영상검사상척수내고신호강도유무에따른술전, 술후, 2년추시시임상결과를분석하였으며또한술전후만변형유무및분절간불안정성유무에따른임상결과를분석하였다. 전예에서 2년추시를하였으며추시중탈락자는없었다. 통계분석은 independent sample T-test로하였다. 분절간불안정성은굴곡- 신전측면방사선사진에서 3.5 mm 이상의전위가있거나 11도이상의각형성이있는경우로정의하였다. 그리고술후합병증에대한분석을하였다. 경추전만각또는후만각의측정은 2명의연구자가각각 1주일간격으로 2회씩측정하여관찰자내및관찰자간신뢰도는 Pearson's correlation analysis로검 정하였다. 결과 1. 전반적결과측괴나사못고정술을시행한적응증은후만변형의발생위험성이높은경우 8예 (Fig. 1), 후만변형 8예 (Fig. 2), 분절불안정성 6예, 황색인대골화증 4예였다. T2 강조시상면자기공명영상검사상척수내고신호강도가있는경우는 17예 (65.4%) 였다. 술전평균경추부전만각은 3.2 o 였으며 2년추시시평균전만각은 9.5 o 로유의하게증가하였다 (p=0.000). 술전, 술후, 2년추시시평균 JOA 점수는 10.8, 13.0, 15.4점으로통계적으로유의하게증가하였으며 ( 술전-술후 p=0.000, 술후 -2년추시시 p=0.000, 술전-2년추시시 p=0.001) 수지굴신검사도평균 14.5, 17.5, 19.0회로유의하게증가하였다 ( 술전- 술후 p=0.000, 술후-2년추시시 p=0.000, 술전-2년추시시 p=0.002). 수지도피징후양성은 19 예, 12예, 4예로유의하게감소하였다. Hoffman 반사는술전 17예에서양성이었으며이는술후및 2년추시시에도변화가없었다. 2. 술전시상면자기공명영상검사에따른임상결과술전 T2 강조시상면자기공명영상검사상척수내고신호강도가없는경우술전, 술후및 2년추시시평균 JOA 점수는 12.9, 14.2, 16.0점이였으며, 술전 T2 강조시상면자기공명영상검사상척수내고신호강도가있는경우술전, 술후및 2년추시시평균 JOA 점수는 9.4, 12.1, 14.8 점으로모든시기에통계적으로유의하게고신호강도가있는경우에 JOA 점수가낮았다 (p= ). 술전 T2 강조시상면자기공명영상검사상척수내고신호강도가없는경우술전, 술후및 2년추시시수지굴신검사는평균 16.6, 19.1, 19.9회였으며, 술전 T2 강조시상면자기공명영상검사상척수내고신호강도가있는경우술전, 술후및 2년추시시수지굴신검사는평균 13.5, 16.6, 18.5회로술전수지굴신검사에는유의한차이가없었으나 (p=0.166), 술후및 2년추시시에는유의한차이가있었다 (p=0.035, 0.028)(Table 1). 술전 T2 강조자기공명영상검사상척수내고신호강도가없는경우술전, 술후및 2년추시시수지도피징후는 55.6% (5/9), 22.2% (2/9), 0.0% (0/9) 에서양성이었으며, 술전 T2 강조시상면자기공

3 추궁판절제술, 측괴나사못고정술및후방유합술을이용한경추척수증의치료 125 Fig. 1. A 60-year-old man who had cervical myelopathy. Preoperative cervical spine lateral radiographs show 5.4 o hypolordosis in neutral postion (A), 22.5 o kyphosis in flexion (B), and 8.9 o lordosis in extension (C). Preoperative MR image (D). Postoperative and 2-year follow up cervical spine lateral radiograph shows recovery of lordosis. 명영상검사상척수내고신호강도가있는경우술전, 술후및 2년추시시수지도피징후는 82.4% (14/17), 58.8% (10/17), 23.5% (4/17) 에서양성으로모든시기에서고신호강도가있는경우수지도피징후의양성이높게나왔다. 술전 T2 강조시상면자기공명영상검사상척수내고신호강도가없는경우 Hoffman 징후는 44.4% (4/9) 에서양성이었으며술전 T2 강조시상면자기공명영상소견상척수내고신호강도가있는 Hoffman 반사는 76.5% (13/17) 에서양성으로척수내고신호강도가있는경우 Hoffman 반사의양성이높게나왔다. T2 강조시상면자기공명영상소견상척수내고신호 강도가있는경우술후증상의호전은있었으나척수내고신호강도가없는경우에비하여술전증상도심하였고술후임상결과도좋지않았다. 3. 술전후만변형에따른임상결과술전후만변형이없는경우술전, 술후및 2년추시시평균 JOA 점수는 9.6, 12.1, 14.6 점이었고, 술전후만변형이있는경우술전, 술후및 2년추시시평균 JOA 점수는 11.1, 13.3, 15.6점으로술전후만변형에따른 JOA 점수에유의한차이는없었다. 술전후만변형이없는경우술전, 술후및 2년추시

4 126 석경수ㆍ김기택ㆍ이정희외 3 인 Fig. 2. A 59-year-old man who had cervical myelopathy caused by cervical spondylotic myelopathy with kyphosis. Preoperative cervical spine lateral radiograph shows 10.9 o kyphosis in neutral position (A), 24.2 o kyphosis in flexion (B), and 0.5 o kyphosis in extension (C). Preoperative MR image (D). Postoperative and 2-year follow up cervical spine lateral radiograph shows recovery of lordosis. Table 1. Clinical Features and Surgical Outcomes with or without High Signal Intensity Lesion (HSIL) on T2-weighted MR Image Without HSIL With HSIL p-value Preop JOA score <0.05 Postop JOA score < year JOA score <0.05 Preop Grip and release test >0.05 Postop Grip and release test > year Grip and release test >0.05 시수지굴신검사는평균 15.2, 18.5, 19.4회로통계적으로유의한차이는없었다. 술전후만변형이있었던경우에는후만변형이없던경우에비하여술전및술후임상결과에유의한차이가없었다. 4. 술전분절간불안정성에따른임상결과분절간불안정성이없는경우술전, 술후및 2년추시시 JOA 점수는 11.4, 13.6, 15.6점이고분절불안정성이있는경우 7.8, 10.5, 14.0점으로통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p= ). 수지굴신검사는불안정성이없는경우는술전, 술후및 2년추시시평균

5 추궁판절제술, 측괴나사못고정술및후방유합술을이용한경추척수증의치료 , 18.7, 19.5회였고, 불안정성이있는경우는평균 9.7, 13.5, 17.3회로두군간에유의한차이가있었다 (p= ). 술전분절간불안정성이있었던경우술후증상의호전은있었으나분절간불안정성이없는경우에비하여술전증상도심하였고술후임상결과도좋지않았다. 5. 술후합병증술후합병증으로는제 5 경추신경근마비에의한삼각근마비가 4예에서발생하였으며술후 2일부터 5일사이에발생하였다. 이들은술후 2개월 2주, 4개월, 6개월, 7개월에모두자연회복되었으며평균회복기간은술후평균 4.9개월이었다. 수술중측괴나사못삽입으로인한신경근손상이나척추동맥의손상은없었다. 후관절의매우심한퇴행성변화가있었던환자에서정상해부학과는매우달라보이는하나의측괴에두개의나사못을삽입하였던예가 1예있었다. 6. 관자자내및관찰자간일치도경추부전만각및후만각측정에있어관찰자내 Pearson 상관계수는 로매우높은일치도를보였으며관찰자간상관계수는 로역시매우높은일치도를보였다. 고찰 Matsunaga 등 3) 은후궁절제술환자의 33% 에서후만변형이발생하였고, 후궁성형술환자의 6% 에서후만변형이발생하여후궁성형술의결과가더좋음을보고하였다. 후궁성형술시행의전제조건은경추부의전만이유지되어야한다는점이며또한술후에도전만이유지되어야감압의효과를충분히얻을수있다. 이는감압술후척수가후방으로이동하여충분한감압의효과를얻기위한것이다. Suda 등 9) 은술전후만변형이있던례에서후궁성형술을시행하여후만변형이악화되었음을보고한바있으며또다른 Suda 등 8) 은국소후만변형이있는경우후궁성형술의결과가좋지않음을보고하였다. Kawaguchi 등 2) 은후만변형이술후 6.3% 에서발생하였으며후만변형이있는경우회복정도가좋지않음을보고하였다. Ratliff 와 Cooper 5) 는후궁성형술후 35% 의환자에서경추부의시상면정렬이악화되며 10% 의환 자에서는후만변형이발생하였다고보고하였다. Iwasaki 등 1) 은후종인대골화증환자의 8% 에서, Shimamura 등 7) 은 6% 에서후궁성형술후후만변형이발생하였다고보고하였다. 상기한바와같이많은연구자들이후궁성형술후후만변형의발생을보고하였으며후만변형이발생하는경우후궁성형술의결과가좋지않음을보고하였다. 또한본저자등은후궁성형술후후만변형이발생할술전위험인자로술전진단이경추증성척수증, 술전경추부의전만이 10 o 이하, 술전굴곡시후만각이신전시의전만각보다큰경우 (Fig. 2) 를보고하였다 10). 따라서본연구에서는술전후만변형이있었던 8예 (Fig. 2) 뿐만아니라상기한세가지위험인자를동시에가지고있는 8예도후궁절제술및측괴나사못고정술의적응증으로하였다. 또한분절간불안정성이있는경우도후궁성형술후불안정성이악화될수있으므로후궁절제술및측괴나사못고정술을시행하였다. 후궁절제술및측괴나사못고정술의또다른적응증은황색인대골화증이였다. 황색인대골화증의경우골화된황색인대가경막과유착되어있는경우를드물지않게관찰할수있었다. 이러한황색인대골화증에서후궁성형술을시행할경우경막파열또는척수의견인으로인한척수손상의위험성이높아후궁절제술및측괴나사못고정술을이용한유합술을시행하였다. 측괴나사못고정은일측피질골고정술과양측피질골고정술에대하여논란이있다 4). 본연구에서는전예에서가능한한양측피질골고정술을시행하였다. 대부분의환자가고령으로골다공증또는골감소증이있어일측피질골고정으로는견고한고정을할수없었기때문이었다. 제 7 경추및제 1 흉추에는측괴나사못보다는척추경나사못고정술을시행하였다. 이는제 7 경추의경우측괴가상위경추에비하여작고얇아충분한고정력을얻을수없기때문이었으며또한제 7 경추의척추공 (vertebral foramen) 은흔적만있는경우가대부분으로척추동맥이통과하지않기때문에비교적안전하게척추경나사못의삽입이가능하기때문이었다. 그러나젊은환자에서비교적골질이단단하고측괴가두꺼운경우에는선택적으로제 7 경추에도측괴나사못고정술을시행할수있을것으로사료된다. 측괴나사못삽입시가장주의하여야할점은척추동맥의손상을주지않도록외측을향하여삽입하는것이

6 128 석경수ㆍ김기택ㆍ이정희외 3 인 다. 본저자등 11) 이보고한바와같이외측을향하여약 25 o 의각도로삽입하면척추동맥의손상을주지않을것으로생각한다. 그러나삽입각도는나사못삽입의시작점에따라변하여야한다. 즉, 시작점이측괴의중심에서외측이면삽입각을줄여야하며내측이면삽입각을크게하여야한다. 본저자등은측괴의중심에서내측 2 mm 지점을삽입시작점으로하여측괴나사못을삽입하였다. 본연구에서는유합을위하여자가장골을채취하여사용하였다. 후궁절제술시얻은국소골도있었으나보다높은유합율을위하여질이좋은자가장골을사용하였다. 후궁절제술을시행하고측괴나사못을삽입한후에는골이식을시행할면적이매우좁아측괴의일부및후관절에골이식을시행할수밖에없어가능한질이좋은자가장골을사용하였다. 술전후만변형이있는경우측괴나사못및강봉을이용한즉, 기기를이용한후만변형의교정은거의불가능하였다. 그이유는강봉의직경이 3.2 mm 로매우가늘어강봉의회전을통한전만의복원이어려웠기때문이였다. 따라서술전경추부신전시얻어지는시상면정렬보다더이상의교정을얻는것은어려울것으로생각되어수술시체위를이용하여최대한경추부신전을통하여어느정도의교정을하였다. 술전후만변형이있는경우측괴나사못고정술을시행하는경우신전시얻을수있는시상면정렬이술후얻을수있는교정이라할수있으며술후후만변형의발생의예방및악화의방지에그의의가있다고하겠다. 향후좀더굵고튼튼한강봉이개발된다면기기를이용한후만변형의교정도가능할것으로사료된다. 또한심한후만변형으로신전시에도후만이남아있어후만변형의교정을필요로한다면전방도달법을이용한수술을시행하거나전, 후방도달법을이용한수술을동시에시행하여야할것으로생각되었다. 후관절의심한퇴행성변화및측괴의비후, 골극의형성이있는경우정상해부학적구조를알기힘들다. 본연구에서는측괴의심한변형으로제 3 경추에서제 1 흉추까지측괴나사못및척추경나사못고정술을시행하려던환자에서좌측제 3 경추에두개의측괴나사못을삽입하고우측제 5 경추에두개의측괴나사못을삽입한후제 6 경추를제 7 경추로착각하여척추경나사못을삽입하였던예가있었다. 따라서심한퇴행성변화가있는경우에는각별한주의를하여야할것으로생각되었다. 다른합병증으로는술후제 5 경추신경근의마비에의한삼각근마비가 4예에서있었으며이들은수술당일에는아무이상이없었으나술후 2일에서 5일사이에삼각근마비가발생하였다. 이들은술후 2개월 2주에서 7개월까지평균 4.9개월에모두자연회복되었다. 제 5 경추신경근마비의원인은아직명확하게밝혀지지는않았으나술전근전도검사를통하여술전이미잠재적증상이있었다는보고도있으며술후척수의후방이동으로신경근이견인되어발생된다는보고도있다 6,12). 이에대한근거로제 5 경추신경근이가장길이가짧으며또한경추부전만의첨부에존재하여척수의후방이동시가장많이견인되는신경근이제 5 경추신경근이라는사실이다. 본저자도상기한이론이타당하다고생각한다. 삼각근마비가수술직후발생한다면수술시신경손상을의심할수있으나술후 2-5 일경에발생하였다는사실은상기한이론과관계된마비로생각할수있다. 전예에서자연회복되었으며평균회복기간은 4.9개월이었다. 결론후만변형, 분절간불안정성및황색인대골화증을동반한경추척수증의수술적치료로서측괴나사못을이용한경추부후방감압술및유합술은후방감압술후후만변형을방지하고척수를감압할수있는안전하고효과적인술식으로생각되었다. 술전 MRI 상척수내고신호강도가있거나술전분절불안정성이있던경우는술후척수증의호전은있었으나술전척수증의증상도심하였으며술후임상결과도상대적으로좋지않았다. 참고문헌 1. Iwasaki M, Kawaguchi Y, Kimura T, Yonenobu K: Long-term results of expansive laminoplasty for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine: more than 10 years follow up. J Neurosurg, 96(Suppl 2): S180-S189, Kawaguchi Y, Kanamori M, Ishihara H, Ohmori K, Nakamura H, Kimura T: Minimum 10-year follow up after en bloc cervical laminoplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 411: , Matsunaga S, Sakou T, Nakanisi K: Analysis of the cervical spine alignment following laminoplasty and

7 추궁판절제술, 측괴나사못고정술및후방유합술을이용한경추척수증의치료 129 laminectomy. Spinal Cord, 37: 20-24, Muffoletto AJ, Yang J, Vadhva M, Hadjipavlou AG: Cervical stability with lateral mass plating: unicortical versus bicortical screw purchase. Spine, 28: , Ratliff JK, Cooper PR: Cervical laminoplasty: a critical review. J Neurosurg, 98: , Satomi K, Ogawa J, Ishii Y, Hirabayashi K: Short-term complications and lon-term results of expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical stenotic myelopathy. Spine J, 1: 26-30, Shimamura T, Kato S, Toba T, Yamazaki K, Ehara S: Sagittal splitting laminoplasty for spinal canal enlargement for ossification of the spinal ligaments (OPLL and OLF). Semin Musculoskelet Radiol, 5: , Suda K, Abumi K, Ito M, Shono Y, Kaneda K, Fujiya M: Local kyphosis reduces surgical outcomes of expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine, 28: , Suda Y, Saitou M, Shioda M, Kohno H, Shibasaki K: Cervical laminoplasty for subaxial lesion in rheumatoid arthritis. J Spinal Disord Tech, 17: , Suk KS, Kim KT, Lee JH, Lee SH, Lim YJ, Kim JS: Sagittal alignment of the cervical spine after the laminoplaty. Spine, 32: E656-E660, Suk KS, Kim KT, Lee SH, Ryu KN: Measurements of lateral mass of cervical spine using MRI for lateral mass screw fixation. J Korean Soc Spine Surg, 9: , Yonenobu K, Hosono N, Iwasaki M, Asano M, Ono K: Neurologic complications of surgery for cervical compression myelopathy. Spine, 16: , = 국문초록 = 목적 : 경추척수증의추궁판절제술및측괴나사못고정술을이용한후방유합술의치료결과를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 경추척수증환자로추궁판절제술및측괴나사못고정술을이용한후방유합술이계획되었던 26 명의환자를대상으로연구를시행하였다. 측괴나사못고정술의적응증, 술전 MRI 상척수내고신호강도병변의유무를조사하였다. JOA 점수, 수지굴신검사, 수지도피징후, Hoffman 반사에대하여조사하였다. 술전 T2 강조시상면 MRI 상척수내고신호강도유무, 술전후만변형유무및분절간불안정성유무에따른임상결과를분석하였다. 결과 : 측괴나사못고정술의적응증은후만변형, 분절간불안정성, 또는황색인대골화증이었다. MRI 상척수내고신호강도병변이있는경우는 17 예였다. 술후및 2 년추시시 JOA 점수, 수지굴신검사및수지도피징후는통계적으로유의하게향상되었다. Hoffman 반사는술전 17 예에서양성이였으며, 술후및추시시에도변화가없었다. MRI 상척수내고신호강도병변이있는경우와분절간불안정성이있는경우그렇지않은경우에비하여상대적으로임상결과가유의하게불량하였다. 결론 : 후만변형, 분절불안정성및황색인대골화증을동반한경추척수증의수술적치료로서측괴나사못을이용한경추부후방감압술및유합술은후방감압술후후만변형을방지하고척수를감압할수있는안전하고효과적인술식으로생각되었다. 색인단어 : 경추, 척수증, 추궁판절제술, 측괴나사못고정술, 후방유합술

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