ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(2): Original Article Morphologica

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1 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Commun Sci Disord 2015;20(2): Original Article Morphological Awareness of 1st to 3rd Grade School- Aged Children from Multicultural Families Eun Ha Kim, Kyung Hee Jung Department of Speech Language Rehabilitation, Yongin University, Yongin, Korea Correspondence: Kyung Hee Jung, PhD Department of Speech Language Rehabilitation, Yongin University, 134 Yongindaehak-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin , Korea Tel: Fax: Received: April 2, 2015 Revised: May 12, 2015 Accepted: May 14, 2015 This work is based on a part of the first author s master s thesis from Yongin University. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological awareness of 1st to 3rd grade students from multicultural families and non-multicultural families. Methods: The subjects of this study were 13 students from multicultural families and 13 students from non-multicultural families. The experiments consisted of morphological awareness, decoding, reading fluency, and reading comprehension ability tasks. Frequency of correct answers and frequency of incorrect answers were compared and analyzed for the respective groups. Results: The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, there were significant differences in morphological awareness between the two groups, with students from multicultural families performing worse. Additionally, there were significant differences in the opaque type, derivation type, and combination type of morphological awareness tests, again with children from multicultural families performing below their peers. Second, there were significant differences in double use error types and nontransformation error types. The children from multicultural families showed errors more frequently than those from non-multicultural families. Third, there were significant correlations between morphological awareness and all other reading variables in the two groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that in spite of normal receptive vocabulary development and reading ability, children from multicultural families display lower mean values in morphological awareness than their peers from non-multicultural families. Keywords: Multicultural family, Morphological awareness, School-aged children, Transparency, Derivation 최근우리나라는외국인노동자의유입과국제결혼에의한결혼이주여성의증가로다문화가정의수가늘어났으며, 그에따른다문화가정아동에대한연구도활발히이루어져왔다. 행정안전부자료에따르면다문화가정아동의수는 2014년 1월 20만명을초과하였으며, 미취학아동및초등학생이약 83.9% 에이른다 (Korea Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, 2014). 지금까지의많은연구에서다문화가정아동들은비다문화가정아동들에비해언어전반적인영역에서어려움을경험하는것으로밝혀졌다 (Hwang & Jeong, 2008; Kim, 2011; Kim, 2009). 더욱이학령기로접어들게되면학업및학교적응과관련된언어및읽기능력의중요성이커지게된다. 특히, 학습을위한언어및읽기 쓰기능력은무엇보다학교적응을위해중요하게갖추어야 할능력으로강조되어오고있다. 다문화가정아동들도학령기에접어들게되면이와관련된또다른어려움에직면하게된다. 최근여러연구들을통해음운인식, 낱말재인, 읽기유창성, 읽기이해등을중심으로한읽기능력에서다문화가정아동들의수행력이낮다는보고가이루어져왔다 (Kwon & Seok, 2009; Pae & Kim, 2010; Shim & Jung, 2012). 초등학교아동의초기교육과정은주로읽기를통한정보습득과학습으로이루어진다. 학령기아동에게있어서읽기는중요한발달영역이며, 교과이해를위한중요한능력이다. 인쇄된글자로이루어진텍스트를읽기위해서는무엇보다쓰여진단어를읽을수있는해독능력과텍스트의내용을이해하기위한읽기이해능력이숙달되어야한다. 낱말읽기는자소와음소의대응규칙을적용 Copyright 2015 Korean Academy of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

2 Eun Ha Kim, et al. Morphological Awareness of School-Aged Children from Multicultural Families 하여글자를해독하고, 익숙한낱말을일견단어로읽어내는능력을발달시킴으로써숙달될수있다. 낱말해독능력이숙달되어자동적으로읽기가가능해지면읽은내용을이해하는데더집중할수있게됨으로써궁극적으로이해하기위해읽는단계로나아갈수있게된다. 이때읽은내용을이해하기위해서는텍스트내의어휘를비롯한언어적내용과형식에대한이해능력이기반이되어야한다. 읽기의이러한특성때문에언어장애아동들이학령기가되면읽기의어려움에직면하게되는경우가많다. 읽기능력의발달은또한메타언어능력과관련이있는것으로밝혀져왔다 (Ahn, Heo, & Seo, 2012; Cho, 2003; Jarmulowicz, Taran, & Hay, 2007; Kim, 2014). 특히, 학령기아동에게있어서아동의학습및읽기능력과관련이높고, 학령기아동의메타언어능력부족은아동의읽기와교과과정학습에어려움으로이어질수있다 (Kim, 2014). 이러한메타언어능력에대하여국내외의많은연구에서음운인식에관한연구가활발하게이루어져왔다. 낱말의음운구조를인식하고조작할수있는음운인식능력은낱말해독하는데있어구어와문어를연결하는역할을한다 (Gillon, 2004). 음운인식능력이낱말재인뿐아니라읽기능력전반을예측해주는설명력이높은요인이라는점은많은연구를통해서밝혀져왔다 (Kim, 2014; Nation & Snowling, 2004). Kwon 과 Seok (2010) 은다문화가정아동의경우일반가정아동에비해생략, 합성, 변별검사로이루어진음운인식과제의수행력이낮은것으로나타났으며, 학년이올라갈수록이러한수행점수의차이가근소해진다고하였다. 메타구문능력을평가한 Kim과 Kim (2011) 은지능과언어및학습능력에차이가없음에도불구하고, 다문화가정아동의문법성판단과오류수정능력이낮게나타났다고보고하였다. 이러한연구결과는다문화가정아동이메타음운및메타구문론적인측면에서의상위언어능력면에서일반가정아동에비해어려움을겪을가능성이있으며평가와중재시이를고려해야함을시사해주고있다. 한편최근외국연구를보면읽기발달에영향을미치는요인으로서메타언어능력과관련된변인의하나인형태소인식능력에대한중요성이논의되고있다 (Daecon & Kirby, 2004; Jarmulowicz et al., 2007; Nagy & Anderson, 1995). 형태소란의미를가진최소단위로구어와문어에서단어의기초를이루며, 단어는하나이상의형태소의결합으로이루어져있다. 형태소의결합으로이루어진단어는굴절어, 합성어, 파생어를이룬다. 굴절어는단어범주의변화없이문장내문법적기능을바꾸는조사나어미를포함하고있다. 조사나어미로구성된굴절어사용능력은구문의이해및표현등을포함한구어능력과관련하여많은연구자의관심을받아왔다 (Hwang, 2003; Jung & Pae, 2010). 한편, 하나이상의형태소가모여 단어를이루는데단일어는하나의형태소가하나의단어를이룬것이고, 두개이상의형태소가모여이루어진단어를복합어라고한다. 복합어중어근과어근의결합으로이루어진단어를합성어, 어근과파생접사로이루어진단어를파생어라고한다. 합성어와파생어는기본형태소로부터의미가다르고단어범주가다를수있는새로운단어를생성하는조어과정에관련되어있다. 형태소인식능력은의미를가진최소단위인형태소에대해의식적으로생각하고, 조작하고, 형태소의결합으로이루어진단어형성의규칙을적용하는능력이다 (Jung, 2014). 형태소가새로운단어의의미를표현하기위해조합될수있는방식을이해하는것은복합어로이루어진새로운단어에접근하는데용이하다. 더욱이한자어에서비롯된접두사나접미사가포함된복합어가학령기학업과관련된어휘의다수를차지하고있는한국어에서합성어와파생어조어와관련된형태소의사용능력은학습능력에많은영향을미칠것으로사료된다. Kuo와 Anderson (2006) 은학년이높아지면서아이들은더많은학습적인 (academic) 단어들에대하여노출되고, 이때의단어들은형태학적으로복잡하며, 구어언어에서의사용이적기때문에이시기에형태소인식능력의요구가증가한다고하였다. Berninger, Abbott, Nagy와 Carlisle (2010) 은형태소인식능력은성장곡선분석결과 1-3학년까지가장활발하게발달하고그이후발달이 6학년까지지속적으로이루어진다고하였다. Nagy와 Anderson (1995) 은형태소인식이읽기능력의다양한방면에영향을미치며그영향은문자체계를알수있게해주고, 더정확하고더유창하게복합어를읽고쓰는것을도와주며, 아동이언어환경에의존하는것을줄여주고, 구어와문어어휘의학습과문장분석과읽기이해를촉진시킨다고하였다. 국내에서도형태소인식능력에대한관심이시작되고있는데 Kim (2012) 을형태소의처리는복합어의인지뿐만아니라비단어읽기, 쓰기등에서필수적이며, 음운인식능력못지않게독서능력발달에중요한변인으로작용한다고하였다. 최근 Jung (2014) 은정상발달하는초등 1-3학년의형태소인식능력이단어재인및읽기이해능력을예측해주는주요변인임을밝혔다. 즉, 형태소인식능력은학령기에습득해야할학습관련어휘지식뿐아니라읽기능력과중요한관계가있는상위언어능력이라고할수있다. 굴절형태소는초기에습득되나, 파생과합성형태소의발달은학령기후기까지, 파생형태소의경우초등기이후까지지속적으로발달한다 (Goodwin et al., 2012). 학령기에새로운의미의단어생성에관련된합성및파생어인식능력은잘모르는단어의해석을지원해줌으로써한번도노출된적이없는단어의의미를해석하는데기여하게된다. 이는텍스트내읽기처리속도를증가시켜궁극 320

3 초등 1-3 학년다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력 김은하외 적으로텍스트이해에도움을준다. 학령기교과과정에서다루는텍스트의상당수가형태론적으로복잡한단어로이루어진점을고려할때, 조어관련형태소인식능력은읽기능력전반과관련될수있다. 그런데복합어를이루는과정에서두개의형태소가음운론적, 철자적으로변함이없는단어도있지만 ( 예, 구슬-구슬비 ) 음운이변하거나 ( 예, 과학-과학자 ) 철자가변하는것 ( 바늘-바느질 ) 도있다. 음운철자투명도는형태소구조를인식하는데중요한영향을미친다 (Carlisle & Stone, 2005). Carlisle (1987, 1988) 은정상발달아동과학습장애아동모두음운론적으로투명한단어를더잘인식한다고하였고, Shankweiler 등 (1995) 은읽기우수아동과읽기부진아동들이투명한과제에서는차이가없으나불투명한과제에서는읽기부진아동의수행력이낮다고하였다. 최근읽기부진아동과일반아동의형태소인식능력을비교한 Kim (2014) 은두집단아동모두투명한과제보다불투명한과제가, 합성보다파생이, 분리과제보다결합과제에대한수행력이유의하게높았다고보고하였다. 이처럼형태소인식능력은어휘및읽기능력과관련해서최근많은주목을받아오고있으나국내에서는문법형태소를중심으로굴절어에대한연구가주를이루고있다. 조어관련형태소인식능력에대한연구는최근몇몇연구자들에의해이루어지고있으나일반아동이나학습부진아동에관한연구에한정되어있다 (Jung, 2014; Kim, 2012; Kim, 2015). 더욱이파생과합성의조건이나투명도에따른조건, 결합이나분리과제의특성에따른조건등을고려해서형태소인식능력의특성을깊이있게이해한연구는거의없는실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는다양한과제유형에따른초등저학년기아동들의형태소인식능력의특성을좀더깊이있게이해함으로써평가와중재에관한임상적인기초자료를제시하고자한다. 특히, 학령기에들어선다문화가정아동수가늘어남에따라학령기다문화가정아동의언어및읽기능력에대한관심이늘어나고있다. 지금까지의많은연구에서학령기다문화가정아동의경우언어및읽기능력에제한이있는것으로나타났다 (An, 2007; Kwon & Seok, 2009; Pae & Kim, 2010; Shim & Jung, 2012). 초등학교저학년다문화가정아동들은비다문화가정아동들보다낱말해독과덩이글이해에서낮은수행력을보인다고보고하였으며 (Pae & Kim, 2010), 음운인식능력이비다문화가정아동들보다낮게나타났다 (Kwon & Seok, 2009). 또한초등학교 1, 2학년다문화가정아동의읽기속도는비다문화가정아동보다더낮은것으로나타났다 (Shim & Jung, 2012). 한편다문화가정아동을대상으로한형태소인식능력을살펴본연구는아직까지없으며, 조사나어미를중심으로한문법형태소 사용능력과관련된선행연구가있어왔다. Lee (2012) 는취학전다문화가정아동이비다문화가정아동보다문법형태소산출빈도가더낮았으며오류율은더높은것으로나타났다. Kim (2009) 의연구결과는문법형태소오류율, 오류유형에유의한차이를통해학령기다문화가정아동의문법형태소사용에제한점을시사했다. Kim과 Kim (2011) 은다문화가정아동의주양육자인모의언어가문법형태소와같은통사영역을충분히지원하지못하며, 이에따라비다문화가정아동과문법형태소사용능력에차이가있을수있음을논의하였다. 이는국내의다문화가정아동들이주언어로한국어를사용하지만주양육자인모의언어에영향으로언어발달에제한이있음이나타났고, 학령기로성장하여서도읽기능력및문법형태소사용의제한을보이는것으로밝혀졌다. 학령기저학년다문화가정아동의경우학습관련어휘및읽기능력을습득해나가는시기에겪게되는어려움들에음운인식이나형태소인식능력과같은메타언어인식능력이영향을미치는것으로보인다 (Kwon & Seok, 2009). 이중언어사용자를대상으로형태소인식과읽기에연관성을연구한 Marinova-Todd, Siegel과 Mazabel (2013) 은두언어가다른형태학적특징을갖고쓰기체계가다르면형태소인식은제1언어가제2외국어에영향을줄수있으며, 연구결과모국어의형태학적구조에따라영어에형태소인식과음운인식점수가낮게나타났다고보고하였다. 지금까지다문화가정아동들의문법형태소사용능력에대해서는많은관심을받아오고있는데반해, 이들의조어관련형태소인식능력에대한연구는아직까지국내연구에서는다루어지지않고있다. 더욱이학령기에들어서학업과관련된고급한언어및읽기능력이요구되는시기에문법형태소및메타언어능력의제한점은읽기능력에영향을미칠것으로사료된다. 이에본연구는초등저학년에재학중인다문화가정아동이비다문화가정아동과비교했을때형태소인식능력에차이가있는지를살펴보고, 단어조건 ( 합성과파생, 투명과불투명, 결합과분리 ) 에따라두집단이어떤특성을보이는지살펴보고자하였다. 또한집단별형태소인식능력과읽기과제와의상관관계도알아볼것이다. 연구방법연구대상이연구는 1-3학년의다문화가정아동 13명과비다문화가정아동 13명, 총 26명을대상으로하였다. 다문화가정아동은모두어머니가국외에서이주하고한국인아버지를둔아동으로, 어머니의결혼전국적은몽골 (1명 ), 중국 (12명 ) 이었다. 모든아동은한국에 321

4 Eun Ha Kim, et al. Morphological Awareness of School-Aged Children from Multicultural Families Table 1. Participants characteristics No. Grade family Gender Nationality of mother 서태어나고서울, 경기에거주하며, 주언어로한국어를습득하고 있었다. 아동은수용 표현어휘력검사 (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 2009) 에서 10%ile 이상에해당하고, 기초학력검사읽기 (Park, Kim, Song, Jung, & Jung, 2008) 에서 25%ile 이상에속하는아동이 었다. 기초학력검사에서의선별기준은저성취모델 (low achievement model) 에서의저성취기준을따랐다 (Shaywitz, Fletcher, Holahan, & Shaywitz, 1992). 또한아동들은어머니및교육기관의교사로부 터시각적, 청각적, 정서적, 신체적문제가없다고보고된아동이었다. 비다문화가정아동은양부모가모두한국인인아동으로해당 학년에속하는다문화가정아동과성별이일치된아동이었다. 아 동은수용 표현어휘력검사 (Kim et al., 2009) 에서 10%ile 이상에해 당하고, 기초학력검사 - 읽기 (Park et al., 2008) 에서 25%ile 이상에 속하는아동이었다. 또한아동들은어머니및교육기관의교사로 부터시각적, 청각적, 정서적, 신체적문제가없다고보고된아동이 었다. 아동의정보는 Table 1 과같다. Use of mother language family Grade Gender 1 1 M China None 1 M 2 1 F Mongolia None 1 F 3 1 F China None 1 F 4 1 F China None 1 F 5 1 F China None 1 F 6 1 F China None 1 F 7 2 M China None 2 M 8 2 F China None 2 F 9 2 F China None 2 F 10 3 M China None 3 M 11 3 F China Very little 3 F 12 3 F China None 3 F 13 3 F China None 3 F 두집단의선별검사수행력의차이와대상아동의연령에대한 기술통계및독립표본 t- 검정결과는 Table 2 와같다. t- 검정결과두 집단은연령 (t = , p>.05), 수용어휘능력 (t = , p>.05), 기 초학력검사 - 읽기 (t = -.543, p>.05) 에서차이가유의하지않았다. Table 2. Descriptive statistics Variable 검사에참여한모든검사자는사전에각검사의검사절차및실시 방법, 채점방법에대한훈련을받았으며, 실제검사과정을연습한 후본검사를실시하도록하였다. 본검사는아동의집을개별방문 하여조용한방에서실시하며한명의검사자가한명의아동을개 별적으로실시하였다. 과제순서에의한효과를최소화하기위해 어휘와형태소인식과제를먼저하고, 기초학력검사를나중에하거 나그반대의순서로실시하였다. 형태소인식과제는합성어결합과 제, 파생어결합과제, 합성어분리과제, 파생어분리과제의순서대 로제시하였다. 각과제가시작될때마다과제실시방법에대한지 시문과예문을제시하여, 아동이과제를이해하는지확인한후본 과제를실시하였다. 예를들어파생어분리과제의경우 이제부터 선생님이랑낱말나누기놀이를할거에요. 주어진낱말을조금바 꿔서 ( ) 를채우세요. 괄호안에들어갈낱말은주어진낱말을이용 해서생각해야해요. 라고지시한후 마당쇠. 우리집 ( ) 에예쁜꽃 이피어있다. 의예문을주고, ( ) 안에낱말을적어넣을수있도록 연습하였다. 연구도구 아동선별검사도구 수용 표현어휘력검사 (REVT): 두집단아동의어휘이해능력이 정상발달범주임을확인하기위해수용 표현어휘력검사 (Kim et al., 2009) 중수용어휘력검사를실시하였다. 기초학력검사 (KISE-BAAT): 두집단아동의읽기능력이정상 발달범주임을확인하기위해기초학력검사 (Park et al., 2009) 중읽 기검사를실시하였다. Multicultural t (p-value) Age (yr) 7.91 (0.76) 8.34 (0.97) (.223) REVT-raw score 99.3 (15.8) (20.9) (.072) KISE-BAAT (reading score) 82.9 (9.0) 85.3 (13.0) (.592) Values are presented as mean (SD). REVT = receptive & expressive vocabulary test (Kim, Hong, Kim, Jang, & Lee, 2009); KISE-BAAT = Korean Institute for Special Education-Basic Academic Achievement Test (Park, Kim, Song, Jung, & Jung, 2008). 실험방법연구절차본연구에서다문화가정집단의모든검사는연구자에의하여실시하였으며, 비다문화가정집단의검사는연구자를포함하여전공교수 1명과, 언어병리학과대학원석사생 1명에의해실시되었다. 본검사도구형태소인식능력검사 : 형태소인식능력측정을위한검사는선행연구 (Apel, Diehm, & Apel, 2013) 의합성및파생어과제를참고하여 Jung (2014) 가개발한과제를사용하였다. Jung (2014) 는형태소인식과제에사용된문항은초등학교 1-6학년읽기교과서에고빈 322

5 초등 1-3 학년다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력 김은하외 도로나타난합성어와파생어단어를분석하여사용하였고, 특히 저학년부터고빈도로나타난단어를중심으로구성하였다. 합성어 항목은두개의어근을합성하여새로운단어를만드는과제 20 문 항 ( 예 : 종이로만든컵을종이컵이라고하지요. 고무로만든컵은 뭐라고할까요? ) 과합성어를분리하여주어진문장의빈칸에알 맞은단어를삽입하는과제 20 문항 ( 예 : 눈물. ( ) 이나빠서글씨 가잘안보인다. ) 으로구성되어있다. 파생어항목은어근을포함 한단어를주고주어진문장의괄호안에적절한접사를붙여파생 어를만들어넣는과제로어근과접사를결합하는과제 20 문항 ( 예 : 과학. 지성이의꿈은커서 ( ) 가되는것이다 ), 파생어를분리하 여주어진문장의빈칸을채우는과제 20 문항 ( 예 : 하느님. 비가개 고나니 ( ) 이아주맑다 ) 으로구성되었다. 또한네가지유형의 과제 20 문항중에서 10 문항은음운론적또는형태론적투명도가 높은단어로기본단어의발음이나형태가변하지않는문항 ( 예 : 지 우다 를 지우개 로바꾸는문항 ) 으로구성되며, 나머지 10 문항은 음운론적또는형태론적투명도가낮은단어로기본단어의발음 이나철자가변하는문항 ( 예 : 바늘 을바느질 로바꾸게되며이때 ㄹ 탈락규칙을적용하는문항 ) 으로구성되었다. 형태소인식과제 는언어치료전공교수 1 인, 언어치료전공박사수료자 2 인총세명 의언어치료전문가에의해내용타당도를검증받았다. 타당도는 1-5 점척도 ( 매우부적절, 부적절, 보통, 적절, 매우적절 ) 로평가하였 으며, 평가결과 4.69 로나타났다. 한국언어기반읽기검사 (KOLRA): 읽기능력을측정하기위해 한국언어기반읽기검사 (Korea Language-based Reading Assessent; Pae, Kim, Yoon, & Jahang, 2015) 의하위항목중해독, 읽기 유창성, 읽기이해검사를실시하였다. 자료분석 형태소인식능력평가에대한채점기준은한문항당 1 점씩총 80 점을만점으로하여채점되었으며, 과제유형에따라분리과제, 산 출과제, 투명과제, 불투명과제로나누어자료를분석하였다. 또한 오류유형을살펴보기위하여오류유형을 8 가지 ( 첨가, 탈락규칙미 적용, 생략, 대치, 무관한답, 제시어반복, 철자, 기타 ) 로분류하여오 Table 3. t-test of total morphological awareness scores by group Variable Morphological awareness Multicultural family (N= 13) Values are presented as mean (SD). *p <.05. t (p-value) (7.44) (6.63) * (.025) 류율을분석하였다. 오류율은오류유형별오류수 / 총오류수로계 산하였다. 오류유형의예는 Appendix 1 에제시되어있다. 자료처리 검사에서수집된데이터는 SPSS 18.0 을사용하여분석했다. 다 문화가정아동과비다문화가정아동의선별검사과제의차이, 형 태소인식능력의차이, 과제유형에따른형태소인식능력의차이, 오 류유형의차이를알아보기위해 t- 검정을실시하였다. 또한, 다문화 아동과비다문화아동의형태소인식능력과읽기과제와의상관관 계를알아보기위해피어슨상관분석을실시하였다. 연구결과 다문화가정아동과일반아동의형태소인식능력 집단에따른형태소인식능력을알아보기위한기술통계및독립 표본 t- 검정을실시한결과는 Table 3 과같다. 독립표본 t- 검정결과 다문화가정집단과비다문화가정집단간의형태소인식능력은통 계적으로유의한차이가나타났으며 (t = , p<.05), 다문화가 정아동이비다문화가정아동보다형태소인식능력점수가낮은것 으로나타났다. 투명 불투명과제별형태소인식능력 집단과과제유형별형태소인식능력을알아보기위한기술통계 및독립표본 t- 검정을실시한결과는 Table 4 와같다. 독립표본 t- 검 정결과투명과제에대한두집단간과제수행력은통계적으로유 의한차이가나타나지않았으나 (t = , p>.05), 불투명과제에 대한두집단간의과제수행력은통계적으로유의한차이가나타 났다 (t = , p<.05). 합성 파생과제별형태소인식능력 집단과과제유형별형태소인식능력을알아보기위한기술통계 및독립표본 t- 검정을실시한결과는 Table 5 와같다. 독립표본 t- 검 정결과합성과제에대한두집단간과제수행력에서는통계적으 Table 4. Comparison of morphological awareness in transparent and opaque type tasks Variable Multicultural family (N= 13) t (p-value) Transparent type (3.38) (2.66) (.058) Opaque type (4.46) (4.18) * (.024) Values are presented as mean (SD). *p <

6 Eun Ha Kim, et al. Morphological Awareness of School-Aged Children from Multicultural Families Table 5. Comparison of morphological awareness in compound and derivative type tasks Variable Multicultural family (N= 13) 로유의한차이가나타나지않았으나 (t = , p>.05), 파생과제 에대한두집단간의과제수행력에서는통계적으로유의한차이 가나타났다 (t = , p<.05). t (p-value) Compound type (3.70) (4.16) (.078) Derivative type (3.93) (3.82) * (.026) Values are presented as mean (SD). *p <.05. Table 6. Comparison of morphological awareness in combination type separation type tasks Variable Multicultural family (N= 13) t (p-value) Combination type (4.74) (4.38) * (.022) Separation type (4.00) (3.67) (.181) Values are presented as mean (SD). *p <.05. Table 7. Comparison of error types Multicultural t (p-value) Addition (4.827) (10.304) * (.011) Non-transformation error (5.852) (5.318) (.879) Ellipsis (5.658) (5.934) (.831) Replacement (7.771) (18.102) * (.020) Unrelated answer (11.173) (7.131) (.238) Double use error (10.985) (12.353) (.216) Spelling (5.581) (5.292).168 (.983) No response (11.907) (17.151) (.173) Others.498 (1.219).384 (1.386).222 (.743) Values are presented as mean (SD). *p <.05. Table 8. Correlations between the RA scores and MA RA Decoding RF RC Multicultural family MA.58*.72**.64* family MA.76**.56*.73** MA= morphological awareness; RA= reading ability; RF= reading fluency; RC= reading comprehension. *p <.05, **p <.01. 결합 분리과제별형태소인식능력 집단과과제유형별형태소인식능력을알아보기위한기술통계및독립표본 t-검정을실시한결과는 Table 6과같다. 독립표본 t-검정결과결합과제에대한두집단간과제수행력은통계적으로유의한차이가나타났다 (t = , p<.05). 그러나분리과제에대한두집단간의과제수행력은통계적으로유의한차이가나타나지않았다 (t = , p>.05). 형태소인식능력과제의오류유형두집단의형태소인식능력평가의오류유형에따른오류율의차이를알아보기위한기술통계및독립표본 t-검정을실시한결과는 Table 7과같다. 기술통계결과다문화가정집단은제시어반복오류 > 대치오류 > 무응답오류순으로오류율이높았으며, 비다문화가정집단은대치오류 > 제시어반복오류 > 무응답오류순으로오류율이높았다. 두집단모두오류율이가장낮은오류유형은기타오류였다. 두집단의오류유형별차이를알아보기위해독립표본 t-검정을실시한결과, 두집단은오류유형중첨가 (t = , p<.05) 와대치오류 (t = , p<.05) 에서통계적으로유의한차이가나타났다. 그러나그밖에오류유형인생략, 탈락규칙미적용, 반복, 무관한답, 철자, 무응답, 기타에서는두집단간의유의한차이가나타나지않았다. 형태소인식능력과읽기능력다문화가정아동집단과비다문화가정아동집단의형태소인식능력과읽기과제간의상관분석결과는 Table 8과같다. 상관관계분석결과두집단아동모두의형태소인식능력은모든읽기관련변인과유의미한상관관계가나타났다. 논의및결론본연구에서는초등학교 1-3학년다문화가정아동과비다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력에차이를알아보고자하였다. 연구결과두집단간의형태소인식능력과제수행력에는통계적으로유의미한차이가있었으며 (t = , p<.05), 다문화가정아동이비다문화가정아동에비하여형태소인식능력과제의수행력이더낮은것으로나타났다. 이러한연구결과는다문화가정아동의문법형태소사용능력에대한 Kim (2009), Kim과 Kim (2011) 의연구결과와연관지어해석해볼수있다. Kim (2009) 은초등학교저학년다문화가정아동의문법형태소연구결과다문화가정아동이비다문화가정아동에비하여문법형태소사용에있어서제한이있음을보고하였다. 또한 Kim과 Kim (2011) 은비다문화가정아동과언어와지능, 학습능력을일치시킨다문화가정아동이문법 324

7 초등 1-3 학년다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력 김은하외 성판단과제에서수행력이낮다고하였다. 이와관련하여본연구결과는다문화가정아동이문법형태소사용및문법적적절성을판단하는메타언어인식능력과마찬가지로형태소인식능력에서도비다문화가정아동에비하여제한이있음을시사한다. 특히본연구에서는다문화가정아동이비다문화가정아동과수용어휘및읽기능력에능력에차이가없었음에도불구하고비다문화가정아동보다수행력이낮은것으로나타났다. 이는수용어휘를일치시킨학령기다문화가정아동의동음이의어습득이비다문화가정아동들과차이가난다는연구결과와도관련지어해석해볼수있다 (Kwak, 2012). 즉, 표준화된검사로이루어진언어능력의양적인측정에서는차이가나지않더라도메타언어적차원이나질적인측면에서의언어능력을습득하는데있어다문화가정아동들이제한점이있을수있음을시사해준다. 형태소인식능력과제유형에따른두집단간차이를살펴본결과다문화가정아동이불투명한과제에서는통계적으로유의미하게비다문화가정아동보다수행력이낮은것으로나타났으나, 투명한과제에서는차이가나지않았다. 이러한결과는아동과성인집단모두음운적, 철자적으로불투명한단어보다투명도가높은단어를읽을때, 정확도와속도면에서수행력이더높다고보고한선행연구 (Carlisle, 1995; Weismer et al., 2000) 를지지한다. 본연구에서도두집단모두투명한과제에서수행력이더높았고, 투명과제에서는집단간차이가나지않았다. 하지만불투명한과제에서는다문화가정아동의수행력이더낮게나타났다. 이러한연구결과는다문화가정아동들이표준화된읽기검사에서차이가없어도불투명한단어나파생어에서형태소를조작하는데는어려움이있다는것을말해준다. 이는다문화가정아동의읽기능력을평가하고중재할때, 과제의난이도를고려한접근이필요함을시사해준다. 이러한연구결과는형태적으로불투명한문항이형태적으로투명한문항에비해형태소인식에주요변수임을밝힌 McCutchen, Green과 Abbott (2008) 의연구를뒷받침한다. 아동이불투명한단어를읽기위해서는다음절단어에대한음운적인식, 단어를이루고있는잠재적인구성단위의인식, 그리고단어가음운적, 철자적으로변화하는것을맵핑하는능력이요구된다. 예를들어 signature라는단어를읽을때아동은 sign이라는단어를연상하게되고이때그두단어가갖는형태에대한반응경쟁 (response competition) 이발생하게되어어려움을겪게된다 (McCutchen et al., 2008). 또한불투명과제의경우음운변화에있어형태론과음운론적요소에대한동시적처리가요구된다. 다형태소가결합된고급단어노출은제한된환경에있는다문화가정아동이투명한단어를처리하는것에어려움이없지만불투명한단어를처리하는과정에서 발생하는반응경쟁에대하여어려움이있는것으로판단된다. 이는학령기다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력평가에있어투명한과제보다불투명한과제가더변별력이높은유형임을시사한다. 다음으로합성어 파생어에따른수행력차이를살펴본결과다문화가정아동과비다문화가정아동은두과제유형중파생어과제유형에서통계적으로유의미한차이가있었으며, 합성어과제에서는차이가없었다. 본연구결과두집단의아동들이파생어과제에서더수행력이낮았던것은아동들이형태소인식에있어서단어의어원에서파생되어진형태가요구되는과제를더어려워한다는 McCutchen 등 (2008) 의연구와일치하는것으로나타났다. 선행연구에따르면학년이낮은아동들의경우익숙한단어로이루어진어근의결합보다는어근에노출빈도가낮은접사를분리하거나결합시키는파생어인식이더어렵고늦게까지발달하는능력이라고한다 (Goodwin et al., 2012). 이과제를수행하기위해서는제시어를보고문맥에맞게형태소에알맞은접사를결합하거나분리하여정답을예측하는처리능력이필요한데, 이과정에서접사의의미를파악해서처리해야하는부담이합성어에비해더크기때문이다. 이연구에서는두집단아동모두합성어과제보다파생어과제수행력이더낮은것으로나타나선행연구의결과를지지해주고있다. 그런데다문화가정아동이비다문화가정아동과합성어에서는수행력차이가없었음에도파생어과제에있어서비다문화가정아동들보다수행력이낮았다. 이연구결과는다문화가정아동이비교적익숙한단어로이루어진어근의결합보다접사의의미를인식하고활용해야하는어휘습득에제한이있을수있음을시사해준다. 따라서본연구결과에서학령기가되었음에도불구하고다문화가정아동이비다문화가정의아동보다파생어에대한수행력낮았다는것은다문화가정아동이비다문화가정아동에비하여파생어를인식하는능력에발달이더느리며, 이로인한한국어의활용능력과언어를학습하는것에대하여어려움이있을수있음을시사한다. 또한이는, 향후후속연구를통해다문화가정아동에파생어능력과언어학습에관한관계를좀더면밀히연구될필요가있다. 결합 분리과제에따른수행력차이를살펴본결과다문화가정아동과비다문화가정아동은두과제유형중결합과제유형에서통계적으로유의미한차이가있었으며, 분리과제에서는차이가없었다. 본연구에서사용한결합과제는제시어에서목표형태소를인식하여문항에맞게형태소에새로운형태소를결합하거나변형시켜정답을산출하는과제였다. 반면분리과제는제시어에서목표형태소를분리해내어문맥에맞게단어를변형시키는과제였다. 예를들어결합과제는제시어 지우다 를보고문맥에맞는단어로 325

8 Eun Ha Kim, et al. Morphological Awareness of School-Aged Children from Multicultural Families 만들기위해 개 를결합한 지우개 로정답을산출한다. 반면분리과제는제시어 운동장 을보고문맥에맞는단어로만들기위해 장 을분리하여 운동 을산출한다. 즉, 분리과제는제시어에형태소를분리하여정답을작성하지만반면결합과제는제시어에형태소를분리한뒤분리된형태소에새로운형태소를첨가하여결합해야하는좀더복잡한처리과정이요구된다. 이는어근에접사를붙여파생어를만드는것보다파생어에서어근을산출하는것이더쉽다고한 Fowler와 Liberman (1995) 을지지해준다. 다문화가정아동이형태소간결합규칙을더정교하게적용하고, 복잡한처리가필요한과제에서어려움이있을수있다는점을시사해준다. 다문화가정아동과비다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력과제의오류유형에대한연구결과, 오류유형들중첨가와대치오류에서두집단간통계적으로유의미한차이가나타났으며다문화가정아동의오류빈도가더높았다. 두집단의오류유형에따른빈도는다문화가정집단이제시어반복오류 > 대치오류 > 무응답오류순으로오류빈도가높은것으로나타났으며, 비다문화가정집단의오류유형에따른빈도는대치오류 > 제시어반복오류 > 무응답오류순으로나타났다. 즉, 다문화가정아동과비다문화가정아동의오류유형은유사하지만그순서의차이가있었다. 다문화가정아동과비다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력및읽기변인들간의상관분석결과두집단모두읽기과제에서상관이있는것으로나타났다. 형태소인식능력은해독, 읽기유창성, 읽기이해와유의한상관관계가있었다고보고한초등학교저학년비다문화가정아동들을대상으로한 Jung (2014) 의선행연구결과를지지해준다. 또한본연구에서는다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력이모든읽기과제와유의미한상관관계가있는것으로나타났다. 이는비다문화가정아동과마찬가지로다문화가정아동들에게도형태소인식능력이읽기능력과관련하여중요한변인임을시사해주는결과이다. 본연구결과다문화가정아동은비다문화가정아동에비해투명도가낮고, 파생어과제등의인식능력에어려움이있는것으로나타났다. 또한비다문화가정아동과마찬가지로읽기능력과의상관이높은것으로나타났다. 이는다문화가정아동의읽기및형태소능력과관련해서투명도나파생형태소등의과제유형등을평가및중재시고려해서적용해야함을시사해준다. 하지만본연구의결과는합성어와파생어형성과관련된형태소인식과제에초점을맞춘연구이므로형태소인식능력전반에대한것으로확대해석하지않도록유의해야한다. 또한연구대상아동이소수인점과형태소인식능력발달초기인초등 1학년아동의결과가다수포함됨으로해서초등저학년전체의형태소인식능력의특성을설명하는 데는다소제한점이있음을고려해서해석해야할것이다. REFERENCES Ahn, S. W., Heo, M. J., & Seo, J. H. (2012). A study on a phonological awareness of preschoolers in South Korea: exploring the effects of letter knowledge, letter-sound correspondence, ages, and working memory on the phonological awareness. Journal of Speech-Language and Hearing Disorders, 21, An, W. S. (2007). Study on the expressive skills of children from international marriages (Master s thesis). Korean National University of Education, Cheongju, Korea. Apel, K., Diehm, E., & Apel, L. (2013) Using multiple measures of morphological awareness to assess its relation to reading. Topics in Language Disorders, 33, Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R. D., Nagy, W., & Carlisle, J. (2010). Growth in phonological, orthographic, and morphological awareness in grades 1 to 6. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 39, Carlisle, J. F. (1987). The use of morphological knowledge in spelling derived forms by learning-disabled and normal students. Annals of Dyslexia, 37, Carlisle, J. F. (1988). Knowledge of derivational morphology and spelling ability in fourth, sixth, and eighth graders. Applied Psycholinguistics, 9, Carlisle, J. F. (1995). Morphological awareness and early reading achievement. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological aspects of language processing (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Carlisle, J. F., & Stone, C. (2005). Exploring the role of morphemes in word reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 40, Cho, M. (2003). Psychology of language. Seoul: Hakjisa. Deacon, S. H., & Kirby, J. R. (2004). Morphological awareness: just more phonological? The roles of morphological and phonological awareness in reading development. Applied Psycholinguistics, 25, Fowler, A. E., & Liberman, I. Y. (1995). The role of phonology and orthography in morphological awareness. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological aspects of language processing (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gillon, G. T. (2004). Phonological awareness: from research to practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Goodwin, A. P., Huggins, A. C., Carlo, M., Malabonga, V., Kenyon, D., Louguit, M., & August, D. (2012). Development and validation of extract the 326

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11 초등 1-3 학년다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력 김은하외 Appendix 1. 오류유형에대한조작적정의 오류유형조작적정의검사문항의예반응의예 첨가 목표형태소의음소또는음절일부에다른형태소를첨가하여작성한경우 돌로만든담을돌담이라고합니다. 풀로담을만들면뭐라고할까요? 풀담이 ( 풀담 ) 탈락규칙미적용 목표형태소의탈락규칙을적용하지않고작성한경우밀고닫는것을미닫이라고합니다. 열고닫는것은뭐라고할까요? 열닫이 ( 여닫이 ) 생략 목표형태소의음소또는음절일부를생략한경우 장난전화에새벽부터경찰들이 ( ) 했다. 고생 ( 헛고생 ) 대치 목표형태소의음소또는음절일부를다른형태소로바꾸어작성한경우 이숙제를다하려면 ( ) 이 ( 가 ) 걸린다. 이튿 ( 이틀 ) 무관한답 목표형태소와전혀관련이없는어휘로작성한경우 엄마의잔소리는참기가 ( ). 막히다 ( 고통스럽다 ) 제시어반복오류제시된어휘와동일하게작성하는경우 철자 목표형태소의음소또는음절일부의철자를틀리게작성한경우 지성이는글씨가틀려서 ( )( 으 ) 로지웠다. 지우게 ( 지우개 ) 무응답 정답을작성하지않은경우 기타 위의내용에포함되지않는경우 옷이얇아서 ( ) 를견디기가힘들다. 문밖으로나가면 춥다 ( 추위 ) 329

12 Eun Ha Kim, et al. Morphological Awareness of School-Aged Children from Multicultural Families 국문초록 초등 1-3 학년다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력 김은하 정경희 용인대학교재활복지대학원언어재활학과 배경및목적 : 본연구는학령기 1-3학년다문화가정아동과비다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력의차이를밝히는것을목적으로하였다. 방법 : 본연구에서는다문화가정아동 13명과비다문화가정아동 13명을대상으로형태소인식능력을평가하고정반응의빈도와오류에따른특성을비교분석하였다. 또한형태소인식능력과읽기과제 ( 해독, 읽기유창성, 읽기이해 ) 와의상관관계를알아보았다. 결과 : 본연구결과첫째, 다문화가정아동은비다문화가정아동과형태소인식능력에유의한차이가있었으며수행력이더낮았다. 둘째, 다문화가정아동과비다문화가정아동은형태소인식능력평가에서오류유형에따른차이가나타났다. 두집단은첨가와대치오류유형에서통계적으로유의한차이가나타났으며다문화가정아동이더많은오류를보였다. 셋째, 다문화가정아동의형태소인식능력은모든읽기능력과상관이있는것으로나타났다. 논의및결론 : 다문화가정아동은수용어휘력과기초학습능력- 읽기에서정상발달수준임에도불구하고비다문화가정아동에비해형태소인식과제수행력에제한이있는것으로나타났다. 핵심어 : 다문화가정, 형태소인식능력, 학령기아동, 투명도, 파생어본연구는제1저자의석사학위논문 (2015) 을수정, 발췌한것임. 참고문헌 곽신실 (2012). 초등학교 3, 4학년다문화가정아동의동음이의어이해력연구. 용인대학교대학원석사학위논문. 권미지, 석동일 (2009). 다문화가정아동의메타언어특성. 언어치료연구, 18, 권미지, 석동일 (2010). 다문화가정아동과일반아동간음운처리에관한메타언어능력의비교분석. 언어치료연구, 19, 김기예 (2012). 유치원아동의형태소인식능력과문식성간의관계. 경남대학교대학원석사학위논문. 김나영 (2009). 초등학교저학년다문화가정아동의문법형태소사용특성. 한림대학교대학원석사학위논문. 김미배 (2014). 의미, 문법영역에서상위언어능력에대한국내문헌연구. 언어치료연구, 23, 김순호 (2014). 학령기읽기부진아동과일반아동의형태소인식능력비교. 용인대학교대학원석사학위논문. 김영란 (2011). 취학전저소득층다문화가정아동의언어능력. 언어치료연구, 20, 김영태, 홍경훈, 김경희, 장혜성, 이주연 (2009). 수용 표현어휘력검사 (REVT). 서울 : 서울장애인종합복지관. 김은정, 김화수 (2011). 다문화가정아동과일반아동의문법성판단및오류수정비교연구. 특수교육재활과학연구, 50, 박경숙, 김계옥, 송영준, 정동영, 정인숙 (2008). 기초학력검사. 안산 : 국립특수교육원. 배소영, 김미배 (2010). 초등저학년다문화가정아동의읽기와언어. 언어청각장애연구, 15, 배소영, 김미배, 윤효진, 장승민 (2015). 언어기반읽기평가. 서울 : 학지사. 심고우니, 정경희 (2012). 초등학교 1-2학년다문화가정아동의읽기유창성특성. 언어치료연구, 21, 안성우, 허민정, 서중현 (2012). 학령전기유아의음운인식능력에관한연구. 언어치료연구, 21, 안원석 (2007). 다문화가정자녀의표현실태분석. 한국교원대학교대학원석사학위논문. 이금주 (2012). 취학전다문화아동의문법형태소산출연구. 남부대학교대학원석사학위논문. 정경희, 배소영 (2010). 초등저학년단순언어장애아동의문법형태소판단능력, 언어청각장애연구, 15, 정경희 (2014). 1-3 학년학령기아동의형태소인식과읽기능력. 언어청각장애연구, 19, 조명한 (2003). 언어심리학. 서울 : 학지사행정자치부 (2014). 외국인주민현황조사 &nttId= 황민아 (2003). 언어발달장애아동의문법형태소산출. 음성과학, 10, 황상심, 정옥란 (2008). 경상도농촌지역다문화가정아동들의언어특성. 언어청각장애연구, 13,

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