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1 대한진단검사의학회지제 29 권제 2 호 2009 Korean J Lab Med 2009;29:110-5 DOI /kjlm Original Article Clinical Chemistry 임신성당뇨병선별검사시점및 HbA1c 농도와신생아의예후와의관계 최윤정 1 강지민 2 빈중현 1 이현승 1 이정현 1 김소영 1 성인경 1 이원배 1 전정식 1 가톨릭대학교의과대학소아과학교실 1, 진단검사의학교실 2 The Relationship between the Timing of Gestational Diabetes Screening and HbA1c Level and Neonatal Outcome Yun Jung Choi, M.D. 1, Jimin Kahng, M.D. 2, Joong Hyun Bin, M.D. 1, Hyun Seung Lee, M.D. 1, Jung Hyun Lee, M.D. 1, So Young Kim, M.D. 1, In Kyung Sung, M.D. 1, Won Bae Lee, M.D. 1, and Chung Sik Chun, M.D. 1 Departments of Pediatrics 1 and Laboratory Medicine 2, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Background : The aim of this study was to observe clinical outcomes of the mother and her infant who were possibly exposed to high blood glucose at least 2-3 months in the early and midterm pregnancy by checking gestational weeks (GW) and the first HbA1c level at initial diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM). Methods : A total of 107 GDM patients and their newborns were subject of this study. GDM patients were newly diagnosed at the Holy Family Hospital of Catholic University from January 2003 until December 2007 and continuously managed in the diabetes center. Patients medical records were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate GW and HbA1c level at the time of diagnosis, and clinical outcomes of mother and newborn baby. Results : The proportion of subjects who had been diagnosed of having GDM according to GW was 7.5%, in less than 24th week of pregnancy; 55.1% in the 24-28th week; 28.0% in the 29-32nd week; and 9.4% 33rd week or more. There were 39 out of 107 subjects (36.4%) with HbA1c levels 6.5% and 26 out of 39 subjects (24.3%) with HbA1c levels 7.0%. In clinical outcomes of newborn by HbA1c levels, the frequency of delivery of large for gestational age (LGA) infant was higher in mothers diagnosed with GDM after 29th week of pregnancy or with HbA1c levels 7.0% or more (P<0.001). Conclusions : If the screening test for gestational DM was delayed, HbA1c level and the risk for LGA seemed to be higher, so it may be necessary to screen GDM no later than 24th week of pregnancy. (Korean J Lab Med 2009;29:110-5) Key Words : Gestational diabetes mellitus; Neonatal outcome; Screening test; HbA1c 서 론 임신성당뇨병 (gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM) 은정 Received : November 19, 2008 Manuscript No : KJLM2194 Revision received : January 16, 2009 Accepted : February 3, 2009 Corresponding author : So-Young Kim, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, St. Mary s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 62 Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel : , Fax : sykimped@catholic.ac.kr 도와무관하게임신기간중에발생하였거나, 발견된내당능장애 (impaired glucose intolerance) 를의미한다. 임신이진행되면태아성장에필요한호르몬 ( 프로게스테론, 태반락토겐등 ) 분비가증가하며, 이러한호르몬들이체내인슐린작용을방해하여고혈당을초래하기쉽다 [1-3]. 정상적산모는이때췌장에서인슐린을더많이분비해적정혈당을유지하지만일부산모들은혈당조절에실패하여임신성당뇨병이된다 [1-3]. 임신성당뇨병으로인하여야기되는태아와신생아의이상은임신중모체의대사장애가발생한시기와밀접하게연관되어있다 [4]. 또 110

2 Gestational Diabetes and Newborn Outcome 111 한임신성당뇨병산모는임신중의당뇨합병증외에도분만후약 50% 이상의당뇨병유병률을보이며이는특히임신 24주이전의혈당농도와관련이있는것으로보고되어있다 [5, 6]. 따라서임신성당뇨병을미리예측하고조기에발견하는것은매우중요하다 [4-6]. 현재대한산부인과학회에서는모든산모에서임신 24-28주에 50 g 경구당부하검사로임신성당뇨병을선별하도록권장하고있으며, 대부분의산과는이지침을따르고있다. 따라서임신 24주전에당뇨병이발병된산모의경우태아의중요기관이발생, 발달하는시기에고혈당에노출된상태로임신이진행되는위험이따른다 [5-7]. 산모의혈중 HbA1c 농도증가는적어도 2-3개월간산모나태아가고혈당농도에노출되었음을의미한다 [1, 8, 9]. 정상적으로임산부의혈중 HbA1c 농도는임신 1기에는 5% 이하의낮은농도를보이며임신 3기에도 6% 이하의값을나타낸다 [10]. 저자들은단일병원에서임신성당뇨병으로진단받은산모를대상으로처음진단시의임신주수및혈중 HbA1c 농도를확인하여임신성당뇨병에대한집중관리를받기전고혈당농도에노출되었을가능성이있는산모및태아의수및노출시기를알고이들의임상결과를알아보기위하여본연구를시행하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상본연구는 2003년 1월부터 2007년 12 월까지가톨릭대학교성가병원에서처음임신성당뇨병으로진단받았고, 당뇨병센터에서지속적인관리후분만한 107명의산모와 107명의신생아를대상으로하였다. 2. 임신성당뇨병의선별검사임신성당뇨병의선별검사는대한당뇨병학회의권고안에따랐다. 임신성당뇨병의위험인자 ( 비만, 당뇨병환자의직계가족, 임신성당뇨병 / 공복혈당장애나내당능장애의병력, 거대아출산력, 요당 ) 가없는경우임신 24-28주사이산과를내원한당일에, 식사나시간에상관없이 50 g 경구당부하 1시간후혈당 140 mg/dl 이상이면선별검사양성으로판정하였다. 선별검사양성인산모는 2주일이내에확진검사로 100 g 경구당부하검사를실시하며당부하직전과, 1시간, 2시간, 3시간후의정맥혈을채혈하여혈장포도당농도를측정하였다. 4회의포도당측정치중 2회이상한계치를상회하는경우임신성당뇨병으로확진하 였다 [10, 11]. HbA1c 농도는 HLC-723 G7 (Tosoh Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) 을이용하여확진검사시공복시혈당검사와동시에 ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 방법으로측정하였다. 3. 경과기록관찰대상산모와그의신생아들의경과기록지를후향적으로검토하여산모의기록에서임신성당뇨병진단시연령, 임신주수, HbA1c 농도, 당뇨병의가족력, 유산및사산의과거력, 유산, 사산, 전자간증및미숙아분만등을알아보았으며신생아의재태주령, 1분및 5분아프가점수, 출생체중, 과체중아 (large for gestational age, LGA), 저출생체중아, 기형, 출생시헤모글로빈농도, 저혈당증, 저칼슘혈증, 신생아황달및호흡곤란증의발생등을관찰하였다. 미숙아는재태주령 37주미만인경우, 거대아는해당재태주령을기준으로체중이 90% 이상인경우, 저출생체중아는체중이 10% 이하인경우로정의하였다. 총빌리루빈검사는진찰소견상황달이의심된즉시시행하여호전될때까지적어도하루에 1회이상측정하였으며, 혈당검사는출생직후, 30분, 2시간, 4시간후혈당이안정될때까지정맥혈또는모세혈관혈에서측정하였고, 저혈당의정의는출생체중 2,500 gm 미만의경우 25 mg/dl 미만, 2,500 gm 이상의경우 35 mg/dl 미만, 72시간이후에는체중에관계없이 45 mg/dl 미만으로하였다. 저칼슘혈증은혈청칼슘이 8 mg/dl 이하인경우로정의하였다. 4. 통계통계프로그램 SPSS버전 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하였다. 분율의비교에는 Pearson 카이제곱검정을시행하여유의확률을구하였으며평균값의비교에는 Student t- 검정및일원배치분산분석 (ANOVA) 을시행하였다. ANOVA 분석후에는 Scheffe의사후검정을하였다. P값이 0.05 미만인경우통계적인유의성이있다고판단하였다. 결과 1. 대상산모들과신생아의임상적특징대상산모들의임신성당뇨병진단시평균나이는 32.5세였고, 임신주수는평균 28.5주이었으며임신성당뇨병진단시

3 112 최윤정 강지민 빈중현외 6 인 측정한 HbA1c가 6.5% 이상인산모는전체 107명중 39명으로 36.4% 이었다. 이들의진단시평균 HbA1c 농도는 6.1% 이었고임신성당뇨병집중치료후추적측정한 HbA1c 농도는평균 6.0% 이었다. 자연유산의기왕력은 7명 (6.5%), 사산의기왕력은 5명 (4.7%) 에서있었다. 13명 (12.2%) 이조기분만을하였고 4명 (3.7%) 은전자간증이동반되었다 (Table 1). 출생시신생아들의평균재태주령은 38.4주이었으며, 1분 / 5분평균아프가점수는 7.5/8.6점, 과체중아 17명 (15.9%), 저출생체중아 3명 (2.8%), 기형아 3명 (2.8%) 이었다, 출생후처음측정한헤모글로빈농도는평균 16.5 g/dl, 초기저혈당증 13명 (12.1%), 신생아호흡곤란증 4명 (3.7%) 이었다 (Table 1). 2. 임신성당뇨병진단시재태주령및 HbA1c 농도의분포임신성당뇨병으로진단된시기는임신 24주이전에 8명 (7.5 %), 24-28주에 59명 (55.1%), 29-32주에 30명 (28.0%), 주에 8명 (7.5%), 36주이후에 2명 (1.9%) 이었다. 임신성당뇨병진단시혈중 HbA1c 농도가 6.5% 이하였던산모는 68명 (63.6 %), 6.5-7% 이었던산모는 13명 (12.2%), 7% 이상이었던산모는 26명 (24.3%) 이었다 (Table 2). 3. 진단시혈중 HbA1c 농도에따른신생아의결과진단시혈중 HbA1c 농도를기준으로 6.5% 이하, %, 7.0% 이상의 3군으로나누어비교한결과재태주령, 가족력, 미숙아분만, 전자간증발생, 1분및 5분아프가점수, 저출생체중아분만, 기형아, 혈색소농도, 저혈당증의빈도에는각군간유의한차이가없었다. 그러나거대아분만의빈도에는유의한차이가있었다 (P<0.001). 24주이전에발견된임신성당뇨병산모 8명중당뇨의기왕력이나가족력, 비만, 이전과체중아의출산력은없었으며자연유산의기왕력이 2예사산의기왕력이 1예있었다 (Table 1). Table 1. Neonatal outcomes according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration of Gestational Diabetes HbA1c HbA1c HbA1c Items All subjects P <6.5% (n=68) 6.5-7% (n=13) 7% (n=26) Gestational age at diagnosis (weeks)* 28.5± ± ± ±1.5 NS No of family history, n (%) 11 (10.3) 7 (10.3) 2 (15.4) 2 (7.7) NS No of Preterm delivery <37 weeks, n (%) 13 (12.2) 4 (5.9) 4 (30.8) 5 (19.2) NS No of Preeclampsia, n (%) 4 (3.7) 1 (1.5) 1 (7.7) 2 (7.7) NS Gestational age at birth (weeks)* 38.4± ± ± ±2.2 NS Apgar score 1 min* 7.5± ± ± ±2.0 NS 5 min* 8.6± ± ± ±1.8 NS Large for gestational age ( 90th centile), n (%) 17 (15.9) 3 (4.4) 3 (23.1) 11 (42.3) <0.001 Small for gestational age ( 10th centile), n (%) 3 (2.8) 0 (0) 2 (15.4) 1 (3.9) NS Malformation, n (%) 3 (2.8) 2 (2.9) 1 (7.7) 0 (0) NS Hemoglobin (mg/dl)* 16.5± ± ± ±2.0 NS Neonatal hypoglycemia, n (%) 13 (12.2) 5 (7.4) 5 (38.5) 3 (11.5) NS *, mean±sd;, HbA1c <6.5% vs HbA1c 6.5-7%, P=0.02;, HbA1c <6.5% vs HbA1c >7%, P< Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; NS, not significant; n, number. Table 2. The number of gestational diabetes according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration and gestational weeks at the time of diagnosis Gestational age (weeks) HbA1c <6.5% (n=68) HbA1c 6.5-7% (n=13) HbA1c >7% (n=26) <24 (n=8) 6/8 0/8 2/ (n=59) 43/59 7/59* 9/ (n=30) 16/30 5/30 9/ (n=8) 3/8 1/8 4/8 >37 (n=2) 0/2 0/2 2/2 P value *, HbA1c <6.5% vs HbA1c 6.5-7%, P<0.05;, HbA1c <6.5% vs HbA1c >7%, P<0.05. Table 3. The frequency of large for gestational age neonates according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration and gestational age at diagnosis of gestational diabetes Gestational age (weeks) HbA1c <6.5% HbA1c 6.5-7% HbA1c 7% <23 (n=1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (5.9) (n=2) 1 (5.9) 1 (5.9) 0 (0.0) (n=6) 1 (5.9) 0 (0.0) 5 (29.4) (n=6) 1 (5.9) 2 (11.8) 3 (17.7) >37 (n=2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (11.8) Total 3 (17.6) 3 (17.6) 11 (64.7)* Data are expressed as n (%), *, HbA1c <6.5% vs HbA1c 7%, P<0.01;, HbA1c 6.5-7% vs HbA1c >7%, P<0.01.

4 Gestational Diabetes and Newborn Outcome 임신성당뇨병진단시기와산모의 HbA1c 농도, 과체중아출산빈도와의관계임신성당뇨병의진단은임신 24주에서 28주사이에선별검사를시행하여진단하는것으로프로그램되어있으나 24주에서 33주까지넓은범위에서진단이이루어졌다. HbA1c 농도 6.5% 이상인산모는대부분 24주이후에진단받은경우였으며과체중아는 HbA1c 농도 7.0% 이상인산모와, 29주이후발견된산모에서빈도가높았다 (P<0.001) (Table 3). 고찰임신성당뇨병의유병률은국가나인종에따라많은차이를보여 1-14% 까지다양하다 [1, 2, 11]. 한국의임신성당뇨병유병률은 1.7-6% 정도로알려져있으며이수치는계속늘고있다 [11, 12]. 35세이상의고령산모 10명가운데 1명은임신성당뇨병증상을보여 20대젊은산모에비해발병률이 2배이상높다 [1-3]. 임신성당뇨병환자는잠재적인당뇨병발병의고위험군으로 50-60% 가출산후당뇨병으로이행된다 [5, 6]. 대한산부인과학회에서는모든산모에서임신 24-28주에 50 g 경구당부하검사로임신성당뇨병을선별하도록권장하고있으며, 국내대부분의산과는이지침을따르고있다. 그러나임신 24-28주에국한된선별검사로는많은수의산모가적절한시기에임신성당뇨병진단을받거나치료를시작하지못한채로임신초기및중기에고혈당환경에노출될수있다는보고들이있다 [13, 14]. 당화혈색소는 HbA1의 N-terminal에포도당이결합된것으로현재당뇨환자의혈당조절의지표로널리사용되고있다. 일반적으로 HbA1c 6.0% 는최근 2-3개월간혈당이 115 mg/ dl 전후이었음을의미하고 HbA1c 7.0% 는 150 mg/dl이었음을의미한다 [15, 16]. 혈중 HbA1c 농도측정치는임신성당뇨병선별검사에단독사용하기에는충분하지않은것으로보고되고있으나 [17], 임신성당뇨병산모의혈당조절감시에유용하게사용되고있다 [4, 18]. 임신성당뇨병때문에태아와신생아에게발생하는합병증은임신중산모의대사장애가발생한시기와밀접하게연관되어있다. 임신초기에산모의고혈당이지속될경우태아의뇌, 심장, 신장, 장, 근, 골격계등에선천성기형이발생할확률이정상의산모에비해 4배이상높으며태아의성장지연에도영향을미친다 [4, 19]. 고혈당으로인한태아의구조적이상은주로임신 1기기관이형성되는시기에발생하는데, 이중 50% 이상이중추신경계와심장의기형이며, 근골격계및신장과위장관 계의기형도보고되어있다 [19]. 또한임신 2기와 3기에임산부의고혈당이지속되면태아의고혈당과고인슐린혈증으로인해과체중아, 간및비종대, 심비대의발생빈도가증가하며저혈당, 저칼슘혈증, 저마그네슘혈증, 적혈구증가증과철결핍성빈혈, 신생아황달이외에도출산시의분만손상과신생아의호흡장애의빈도도높게발생한다 [4, 20]. 장기적으로는임신성당뇨병산모에서출생한아이는성장과정중지적발달및신경학적발달에장애가발생할수있으며, 사춘기비만의발생률이높고, 성인이되면당뇨병이나내당능장애의발생빈도가높다 [21, 22]. 임신성당뇨병으로진단받은산모들중 40-66% 가임신초기에진단이가능하다는보고들이있으며이미당뇨병을가진산모나임신초기부터혈당이높았으나진단이늦어진산모의경우산모나신생아의예후에더나쁜영향을주는것으로알려져있다 [23-25]. 1형당뇨병산모의신생아출생체중이임신 12 주의 HbA1c 농도와가장관계가있다는보고가있으며, 임신성당뇨병산모의신생아가선천성기형이나거대아가되는것을방지하기위하여임신 1기에는 HbA1c 농도를 5.0% 이하로임신 3기에는 6.0% 이하로유지시켜야한다는주장이있다 [8, 20]. 일본에서는임신중인슐린저항성이주로임신 2기또는그이후에나타나며 2형당뇨병의빈도가세계적으로증가되고되고있다는이유로임신 1기와 2기에모두임신성당뇨병선별검사를하고있다 [26]. 저자들의연구결과에의하면임신성당뇨병으로진단받은산모의평균임신주수는 28.5주이었으며그중 37.4% 가임신 28주이후임신성당뇨병으로진단되었다 (40/107). 이러한결과는일반적으로권장하는임신 24-28주임신성당뇨병선별진단시기보다늦다. 임신성당뇨병진단시 HbA1c가 6.5% 이상인산모는 36.4% (39/107) 이었다. 이산모들에서는태아가적어도 2-3개월간고혈당에노출되었고, 산모들중일부에서는임신초기혹은중기부터임신성당뇨병이진행되었을가능성이있다. 즉, 임신성당뇨병진단시 HbA1c 농도가 6.5% 이상인비율은 28주이전진단받은산모의 23.9% (16/67), 32주이전에진단받은산모의 30.9% (30/97) 로나타났다. 이러한결과는 75 g 경구당부하검사로 2시간후혈당농도가 140 mg/dl 이상이었던산모 86명중 HbA1c 6.0% 이상인산모가 33명으로 38% 였다고보고했던 Balaji 등 [24] 의결과와유사하였다. Maegawa 등 [27] 은임신 1기및 24-28주에모두선별검사를시행한 749명산모중 22 명 (2.9%) 이임신성당뇨병으로진단받았고, 이들중 63.6% (14/22) 가임신 1기에, 36.4% (8/22) 가임신 2기에진단받아조기선별검사의중요성을보고하였다. 이와같이임신성당뇨병선별검사를조기에시행하는것을주장하는논문들은임

5 114 최윤정 강지민 빈중현외 6 인 신초기에선별검사를시행할경우이미당뇨병을가지고있는산모를조기에감별할수있을뿐아니라임신성당뇨병으로진행될가능성이많은산모군들을선별추적관찰할수있다는장점을강조하고있다 [13, 14, 26]. 임신성당뇨병진단이 28주이후로늦어진본연구결과의원인은임신성당뇨병에대한산모들의인식부족과산부인과외래진료상의절차때문으로생각된다. 우선산모가임신성당뇨병에대한경각심부족으로 50 g 경구당부하검사가임신 24주에바로시행되지않고다음추적관찰시시행되었다. 선별검사가 24-28주에양성으로판정되어도확진검사가 28-30주에이루어지고적극적인치료가이루어지는시기도늦어졌다. 이는본기관의경우만해당되는상황은아닐것으로생각되며산부인과외래추적진료시임신성당뇨병선별검사의중요성에대한산모홍보및관련의료인들의자세에따라교정가능한원인으로생각된다. 진단시임신주수에따른 HbA1c 수치또한임신 32주이후진단된산모의경우 70% 이상에서 6.5% 이상이었던것을보아이러한산모들의진단시기를 24-28주로앞당긴다면임신성당뇨병환자의진단과진단시 HbA1c의수치조절에일부영향을미칠수있을것으로생각된다. 본원에서는임신성당뇨병으로확진된산모는당뇨병센터에서내분비내과와산과의사및영양사의집중진료와교육을통하여식이요법, 운동요법및인슐린투여로임신중정상혈중포도당농도를유지하도록관리되며, 분만후에도지속적인치료와추적관찰이이루어지고있다. 저자들의연구결과유산이나사산, 미숙아분만전자간증의빈도는진단시 HbA1c 농도에영향을받지않은것으로나타났다 (Table 1). 기형아발생은심실중격결손, 소장협착, 편측다낭포성신이형성각 1예가있었으나임신성당뇨병진단시기나 HbA1c 농도와는관계가없었다. 그러나과체중아분만은 29주이후진단된산모에서빈도가높았으며, HbA1c 6.5% 이하산모에서 4.4% 의빈도에비하여 HbA1c 6.5% 이상산모의 35.9%, 특히 HbA1c 7.0% 이상산모의 42.3% 가과체중아를분만한것을보아진단시기및 HbA1c 농도가과체중아분만에유의한영향을미치는것으로생각된다 (Table 3) (P<0.001). 조기선별검사의장점과필요성에도불구하고여러나라에서 24-28주사이에 1차선별검사시행을권장하는것은선별검사의비용을국가적차원에서제한하기위한것이하나의요인으로알려져있다 [13]. 즉, 전체산모에게임신초에당뇨병선별검사를실시했더라도추후재검을요하기때문에이에따른경제적수익성을고려한방침이다. 그러나비록임신 24주이전에발병한임신성당뇨병산모수가전체산모에서차지하는비율은 낮지만, 당뇨병의유병률이점차로증가하는환경에서임신초기및중기에태아에발생할수있는합병증을최소화하고, 분만후산모의당뇨병유병률을낮추기위해서는, 임신초기및중기에도임신성당뇨병진단이이루어지고치료가시작될수있는방법을모색하여야한다. 또한현재시행중인선별검사를더엄격하게적용하여 24주에바로선별검사를시작하고확진과치료시작시기를앞당기는것도매우유용할것으로생각된다. 요약배경 : 본연구의목적은임신성당뇨병의처음진단시임신주수및처음측정한혈중 HbA1c 농도를확인하여임신초기적어도 2-3개월간고혈당농도에노출되었을가능성이있는산모및신생아를선택하고, 이들의임상결과를관찰하는것이다. 방법 : 2003년 1월부터 2007년 12 월까지가톨릭대학교성가병원에서임신성당뇨병으로처음진단받고당뇨병센터에서지속적인관리를받은후, 분만한 107명의산모와그의신생아들을대상으로하였다. 산모와신생아의경과기록지를후향적으로검토하여임신성당뇨병진단시의임신주수, 임신중처음측정한혈중 HbA1c 농도및산모와신생아의임상결과를알아보았다. 결과 : 대상산모들의임신성당뇨병진단시기는임신 24주이전에 8명 (7.5%), 24-28주에 59명 (55.1%), 29-32주에 30명 (28.0%), 33 주이후에 10 명 (9.4%) 이었다. 진단시측정한 HbA1c 농도가 6.5% 이하였던산모는 107명중 68 명 (63.6%) 이었으며 39명 (36.4%) 은 6.5% 이상이었고그중 26명 (24.3%) 은 7.0% 이상이었다. HbA1c 농도차이에따른산모와신생아의임상결과상과체중아분만비율은 29주이후에진단된산모및 HbA1c 7.0% 이상산모에서빈도가높았다 (P<0.001). 결론 : 임신성당뇨병진단이늦게이루어지는경우에 HbA1c 치가높고, 과체중아분만의확률이높아지는것으로보이므로, 이의선별검사시기를 24주보다늦게하지않는노력이필요할것이다. 참고문헌 1. Buchanan TA and Xiang AH. Gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 2005;115: Galerneau F and Inzucchi SE. Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2004;31: Metzger BE. Long-term outcomes in mothers diagnosed with ges-

6 Gestational Diabetes and Newborn Outcome 115 tational diabetes mellitus and their offspring. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2007;50: Nold JL and Georgieff MK. Infants of diabetic mothers. Pediatr Clin North Am 2004;51: Damm P, Ku_hl C, Bertelsen A, MOlsted-Pedersen L. Predictive factors for the development of diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167: Metzger BE, Cho NH, Roston SM, Radvany R. Prepregnancy weight and antepartum insulin secretion predict glucose tolerance five years after gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1993;16: O Brien K and Carpenter M. Testing for gestational diabetes. Clin Lab Med 2003;23: Radder JK and van Roosmalen J. HbA1c in healthy pregnant women. Neth J Med 2005;63: Choi YS, Yoon YH, Chung WS, Choi TY, Kim CW. A study on the usefulness of HbA1c for diagnosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. Korean J Clin Pathol 1991;11:31-9. ( 최영식, 윤영호, 정화순, 최태열, 김춘원. 당뇨병환자진단에있어서 HbA1c의유용성에관한연구. 대한임상병리학회지 1991;11:31-9.) 10. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. National Diabetes Data Group. Diabetes 1979; 28: Byun YJ and Kim HS. Recent advances in gestational diabetes mellitus. Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2007;50: ( 변영지및김행수. 임신성당뇨병의최신지견. 대한산부인과학회지 2007;50: ) 12. Park JH, Song HJ, Choun JK, Cho JJ, Paek YJ, Park KH, et al. Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus. Korean J Obes 2005;14: ( 박지회, 송홍지, 천정기, 조정진, 백유진, 박경희등. 임신성당뇨병의위험인자. 대한비만학회지 2005;14: ) 13. Nahum GG and Huffaker BJ. Correlation between first and early third trimester glucose screening test results. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: Bhattacharya SM. Glucose screening test results in first and early third trimester of pregnancy: is there any correlation? J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2002;28: Nathan DM, Singer DE, Hurxthal K, Goodson JD. The clinical information value of the glycosylated hemoglobin assay. N Engl J Med 1984;310: Agarwal MM, Dhatt GS, Punnose J, Koster G. Gestational diabetes: a reappraisal of HBA1c as a screening test. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005;84: Yogev Y and Hod M. Use of new technologies for monitoring and treating diabetes in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007; 34: Gandhi RA, Brown J, Simm A, Page RC, Idris I. HbA1c during pregnancy: its relationship to meal related glycaemia and neonatal birth weight in patients with diabetes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;138: Kalhan SC, Parimi PS, et al. Pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus. In: Fanaroff AA and Martin RJ, eds. Neonatal perinatal medicine: diseases of fetus and infant, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2002; Petry CD, Eaton MA, Wobken JD, Mills MM, Johnson DE, Georgieff MK. Iron deficiency of liver, heart, and brain in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 1992;121: Rizzo TA, Metzger BE, Dooley SL, Cho NH. Early malnutrition and child neurobehavioral development: insights from the study of children of diabetic mothers. Child Dev 1997;68: Silverman BL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Loeb CA. Impaired glucose tolerance in adolescent offspring of diabetic mothers. Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes Care 1995;18: Gold AE, Reilly R, Little J, Walker JD. The effect of glycemic control in the pre-conception period and early pregnancy on birth weight in women with IDDM. Diabetes Care 1998;21: Balaji V, Madhuri BS, Ashalatha S, Sheela S, Suresh S, Seshiah V. A1C in gestational diabetes mellitus in Asian Indian women. Diabetes Care 2007;30: Meyer WJ, Carbone J, Gauthier DW, Gottmann DA. Early gestational glucose screening and gestational diabetes. J Reprod Med 1996;41: Kuzuya T, Nakagawa S, Satoh J, Kanazawa Y, Iwamoto Y, Kobayashi M, et al. Report of the committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;55: Maegawa Y, Sugiyama T, Kusaka H, Mitao M, Toyoda N. Screening tests for gestational diabetes in Japan in the 1st and 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003;62:47-53.

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