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1 Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 26(2) : 121~129, 2016 한국소음진동공학회논문집제 26 권제 2 호, pp. 121~129, ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) 가정용냉장고에서방사되는소음의패턴분석 Pattern Analysis of Noise Radiated from Household Refrigerator 공경수 * 정의봉 * 김태훈 ** 신대식 ** 안세진 Kyung-Soo Kong, Weui-Bong Jeong, Tae-Hoon Kim, Dae-Sik Shin and Se-Jin Ahn (Received October 2, 2015 ; Revised February 18, 2016 ; Accepted February 18, 2016) Key Words : Refrigerator( 냉장고 ), Cooling Cycle( 냉각사이클 ), Sound Quality( 음질 ), Compressor Noise( 압축기소음 ), Fan Noise( 홴소음 ), Defrost Noise( 제상소음 ), Noise Pattern( 소음패턴 ) ABSTRACT The noise pattern of a household refrigerator is dependent on the characteristics of its operating cycle which is repeated with a specific pattern depending on various parameters, such as room temperature and performance of its mechanical parts. Analysis of noise pattern is essential prior to evaluation of sound quality of a refrigerator. In this study, 14 units of refrigerator were classified into 4 types according to noise pattern and sort of mechanical part, which helps to analyze characteristics of refrigerator noise. Sound quality metrics(loudness, sharpness, roughness, and fluctuation strength) were calculated to compare noise pattern of the 4 types of refrigerator. The results of this study can be useful to decide noise performance of refrigerator. * 1. 서론최근기술의발전과더불어생활수준이향상됨에따라보다조용하고안락한주거공간에서생활하려는사람들의욕구가늘고있다. 이에맞춰가전기기업계에서는저소음형제품을개발하기위해소음진동분야의연구가활발하게진행되고있다. 특히냉장고소음은주거환경에서하루종일지속적으로작동하는기계로소비자에게가장오래노출되는소음중하나이고소음에관한소비자의불만또한끊이지않고있다. 그리하여냉장고소음저감과소음품질개선을위한연구가계속되고있다. 냉장고는일정한온도를유지하기위해작동과정지를반복하는기계와전기전자장치가조합된 시스템이다. 냉장고소음은냉장고의구조뿐만아니라운동부품의작동사이클에따라달라지며, 냉장고구조와사이클은제조사에서출시하는모델마다다양한특성을가진다. 이러한이유로과거의냉장고소음연구에서는하나의소음원에대하여계측하고분석하였으며, 이를통하여소음저감목적을달성하려하였다. 냉장고의소음원은압축기, 고내홴 (in-chamber fan), 냉매소음 (refrigerant noise), 제상소음 (defrosting noise) 등이있다. Joo (1) 는압축기소음의 4kHz~5kHz의고주파수대역의소음을전달경로설계변경을통하여냉장고의소음을저감하였다. Jung (2) 은냉장고내부에설치되는홴의형상설계인자변경을통해서 BPF(blade passing frequency) 의피크소음을줄였다. Choi (3) 는냉매소음의발생메커니즘을규명했고이소음에대하여모 Corresponding Author ; Member, Uiduk University, Division of Energy & Electrical Engineering sjahn@uu.ac.kr * Pusan National University, Mechanical Engineering ** LG Electronics Recommended by Editor Il Kwon Oh c The Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 26(2) : 121~129,

2 세관에머플러를장착하는방법을통하여소음저감방안을제시했다. Hasan (4) 은가정용냉장고가제상과정중방사되는파쇄소음 (crack noise) 은부품의급격한온도변화로인한수축, 팽창이원인이라는것을밝혔다. 다양한소음원의물리적소음저감에관한연구가활발하게진행됨에도불구하고소비자의냉장고소음에대한불만은계속되고있다. 그리하여냉장고소음의물리적이고정량적인개선과더불어감성적이고주관적소음품질향상에대한연구 (5,6) 의필요성이대두되고있다. 이연구에서는가정용냉장고의구조와내장된각종부품의종류에따라구분되는다양한소음을직접청음하고계측및분석을통하여냉장고의특성과작동사이클에따른소음패턴을분류하였다. 이를위하여냉장고작동사이클을고려하여적합한계측절차를설정하였으며, 14대의가정용냉장고소음을계측하여냉장고타입에따른소음패턴을분석하였다. 이연구의목적은다양한냉장고타입과작동사이클에따라분류된다양한소음패턴을분석및분류하는것이다. 이는다양한패턴의냉장고소음을사전에이해함으로써냉장고소음연구를위한종합적이고일관된분석방법을계획하는데있어서효과적인정보로활용될것으로기대된다. 2. 냉장고소음특성분석 2.1 냉장고소음원냉장고는일반적으로기계실, 냉장실, 냉동실로구분되고각부분에서발생하는소음은차이가있다. 각부분의소음은구성된부품의소음특성이복합된형태로방사된다. (1) 압축기 (compressor) 압축기는냉장고의뒷면으로통하는기계실에위치하며냉각사이클에서기체상태인낮은압력의냉매를고압의기체로압축하는역할을한다. 냉장고소음의주된원인이며압축방식에따라왕복동압축기, 리니어 (linear) 압축기등으로구분되며가정용교류전기의주파수에연동하여작동주파수가결정된다. 압축기의소음은작동주파수의고조파 성분이고주파수까지영향을주어넓은범위의주파수성분을가진다. 일반적으로국내냉장고사양의경우, 작동주파수는 50 Hz ~ 60 Hz 수준이고수출사양의경우는해당지역의공급전력주파수에따라작동주파수가결정된다. (2) 기계실홴 (C-fan: condensor fan) 기계실홴은압축기와함께기계실에위치해있으며압축기와응축기의과열을방지하기위한냉각홴의일종이다. 압축기와동시에작동하며회전주파수와홴날개수의곱인 BPF 성분의토날 (tonal) 소음과날개가유체를지날때발생하는유동의난류로인한광역주파수대역의소음이있다. (3) 고내홴 (in-chamber fan) 고내홴은냉기의순환을목적으로냉장고내부에설치되며, 설치된위치에따라냉동실홴 (F-fan: freezer fan), 냉장실홴 (R-fan: refrigerator fan), 제빙실홴 (I-fan: ice making room fan) 으로구분한다. 모델에따라 1개 ~3개의고내홴이장착되며전압의세기에따라회전수가달라지며소음의특성이변화한다. 소음특성은기계실홴과유사하다. (4) 냉매유수음냉매유수음은냉매가배관을따라흐르면서발생하는소음이다. 특히냉장고냉각사이클중증발기에서액체상태의냉매가기화하는과정에서슬러그류 (slug flow) 나처언류 (churn flow) 와같은간헐류 2상유동양식이발생될때내부의기포가유로의변경등에따라융합, 분열되는과정에서 1kHz~3kHz 주파수대역의소음이발생하기도한다. (7,8) (5) 제상소음반복되는냉각작용으로인해냉장고부품특히증발기 (evaporator) 주위에얼어붙은성에로인해열교환이원활하지않아냉장효율이저하되는것을막기위해성에를녹이는과정에서발생하는소음이다. 제상소음은얼음이부품에얼어붙어있는상태에서가열된열에의해수축하는얼음과팽창하는부품이순간적으로떨어질때발생하는충격성 (impulsive) 소음이다. Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 26(2) : 121~129,

3 2.2 냉장고작동사이클특징 냉장고는냉동실과냉장실내부의온도를일정하게유지하기위하여압축기의작동과정지를반복할뿐만아니라냉각된공기를냉장고내부에골고루분포하게하기위하여내부에장착된고내홴도조건에따라작동과정지를반복한다. 이러한부품들의작동과반복에따라냉장고에서발생하는소음의특성도함께반복적으로변화하기때문에냉장고소음을이해하기위해서는이러한부품들의작동사이클을이해하는것이필요하다. 냉장고의작동사이클은냉장고내부의온도를얼마나정밀하게유지하며제어할지에따라그리고적용되는압축기종류와각종고내홴의사양에따라결정된다. 그러므로냉장고의작동사이클은냉장고모델의목적과특성뿐만아니라주위온도환경에따라다양한형태를 Table 1 Classification of 4 types from 14 refrigerators according to characteristics of their parts Components Ref. Comp. C-fan F-fan R-fan I-fan Type A Type B Type C Type D Table 2 Operation of noise sources in a normal mode Ref. type Type A Type B Type C Type D Parts Operation cycle Comp. Off On Off C-fan Off On Off F-fan Off On Off Comp Off On Off C-fan Off On Off F-fan Off On Off R-fan Off On Off Comp. Off On Off C-fan Off On Off F-fan Off On Off R-fan Off On Off I-fan On Comp. Off On Off C-fan Off On Off F-fan Off On Off R-fan1 Off On Off R-fan2 On Off On Off On Off On 가진다. 이연구에서는최근에출시되고있는냉장고에적용되는압축기와고내홴의종류에따라작동사이클을 Table 1과같이냉장고에장착된부품에의한소음원의개수에따라 4가지타입으로분류했고각각의타입에대한작동사이클의특성은 Table 2와같다. (1) Type A: 압축기와기계실홴이먼저작동하며증발기의온도가정해진온도에도달하면냉동실홴이작동하여냉동실안의냉기를순환시킨다. 냉동실의온도가만족되면냉동실과냉장실사이의댐퍼가열리며냉장실에냉기를공급한다. 모든온도가만족되고일정시간이지나면모든부품의작동이멈추고정지한다. (2) Type B: 압축기와기계실홴이먼저작동하며증발기의온도가정해진온도에도달한후에고내홴이작동한다. 냉장실, 냉동실각각홴이존재하며일정로직에따라작동하며고내의온도가만족되면일정시간이지난후모든부품의작동이멈추고정지한다. (3) Type C: Type B의구성품에추가로자동제빙장치가있다. 제빙실의냉기순환홴 (I-fan) 은사이클과무관하게지속적으로작동하며 I-fan 이외의구성품은 Type B와동일한사이클로작동한다. (4) Type D: Type B에냉장실홴 (R-fan) 하나가추가된타입이다. Type B와유사한사이클로작동하며추가된 R-fan은일정한로직으로작동과중지를계속한다. 위의특징이외에모든냉장고는약 10시간주기로얼어붙은응축기의성에를제거하는제상과정을거친다. 여러가지냉장고의작동사이클을분석한결과, 일반적으로냉장고는압축기가작동하는동안냉장고내의부품에따라다양한소음이발생하며일정주기마다제상과정을거친다. 그리고제상과정을거친직후에는정상적인사이클과다르게비정상적으로작동했다. 3. 냉장고소음패턴분석최근에시판되고있는다양한모델의냉장고를무향실에설치하여냉장고소음을청음하고측정및분석한결과냉장고소음은해당냉장고적용된각 Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 26(2) : 121~129,

4 종홴들의종류와작동상태에따라소음패턴이정해지는것을확인하였다. 3.1 냉장고소음측정 냉장고의음질을분석하기위하여소음을측정할때냉장고주위의조건과수음점을결정하는것은매우중요하다. 이연구에서는무향실에설치된냉장고의후면에목재판재의설치유무를달리하며소음특성이변화하는것을사전시험 (pilot test) 을통하여분석하였다. 그리고좌우의측면에서동시에소음을계측하는사전시험의결과를분석한결과, 냉장고의우측면에서주소음원인압축기의소음이가장뚜렷하게계측되고목재판이있는경우에 10 khz 이하의주파수에서음압이상승하는효과가있었다. 이는기존의연구에서주거환경과무향실에서계측한소음을비교한연구결과와유사한결과이다 (9). 냉장고의소음은주변의환경과작동시간에따라변화한다. 이연구에서냉장고소음을일정한조건에서계측하기위하여내부의온도가 25 로일정하게유지되는무향실 (cut-off frequency: 80 Hz, background noise level: 17 dba) 내부에시험용냉장고를동일한위치와방향으로설치하였다. 시험용냉장고는무향실의중앙에위치시켜환경조건을 Fig. 1 Measurement setup and signal recording process 가능한한통일시켰고계측시작전에냉장고를충분히가동시켜정상적인상태에서가동될때계측을실시하였다. 실주거환경의내벽으로인한반사조건을고려하여냉장고후면에는목재의판을설치하였다. 그리고사전시험을통하여냉장고소음을상대적으로잘구별할수있는우측면에서거리 0.5 m, 높이 1.0 m 위치에 Fig. 1에서와같이마이크로폰을설치하였다. 소음신호측정은냉장고내부의온도가안정화되어각종부품들의작동이일정한사이클을반복할때부터실시하였다. 신호획득시간은냉장고사이클이반복하는과정에서압축기가일정시간정지한후부터다시작동하기시작하여압축기가정지할때까지로하였다. 제상사이클에서발생하는충격성소음은이연구의대상에서제외하였으며, 제상사이클직후의냉장고사이클은정상상태의사이클과다소차이가있으므로제상직후의측정은제외하였다. 이시험에사용된냉장고는최근생산하여시판되고있는 14대의가정용냉장고이다. 14 대의냉장고는각각서로다른모델로선정하였으며 Type A는 6대, Type B는 3대, Type C는 3대, Type D는 2대로구성하였다. 3.2 냉장고소음특성분석장착된부품의종류가같은냉장고는유사한작동사이클을가지며냉장고소음의패턴도비슷하다. 안정된상태에서작동하는하나의사이클이지속되는시간은냉장고마다다소차이가있으나소음의패턴으로분류하는것은가능하였다. 대부분의냉장고소음은압축기와기계실홴 (C-fan) 이동시에작동을시작할때약 30 dba 이상의소음레벨로상승하였다. 냉장고내부에서소음을발생시키는부품의종류가많을수록동일한냉장고소음패턴에서도복잡하게소음레벨이변화하는것을확인할수있었다. 안정화된이후의하나의작동사이클동안에발생하는과도소음은압축기와기계실홴이켜지거나꺼질때가장크고구분도쉬웠으며, 압축기가작동중인상태에서는각종홴들이켜지고꺼질때발생하는과도소음에서의음압레벨변화가 3dBA 이하로미약하게나타났다. 하지만실제청음시에는음질 (sound quality) 은확연히변화하는것을느끼는경우가있었다. 즉, 음압레벨의차이는미미한데불구하고음질에서유의미한차이를나타내는 Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 26(2) : 121~129,

5 경우이므로음질에대한연구의필요성이있음을알수있다. 시험용 14대의냉장고에서분류한냉장고 4가지타입에대하여하나의사이클동안발생하는음압 레벨 (sound pressure level, SPL) 과시간-주파수를나타내는컨투어맵 (contour map) 을나타내었다. Fig. 2는 Type A 냉장고의소음특성을나타내며냉장고모델중가장필수적인부품만장착되어있어 Fig. 2 SPL and time-frequency map of 1-cycle in a normal mode of Type A Fig. 4 SPL and time-frequency map of 1-cycle in a normal mode of Type C Fig. 3 SPL and time-frequency map of 1-cycle in a normal mode of Type B Fig. 5 SPL and time-frequency map of 1-cycle in a normal mode of Type D Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 26(2) : 121~129,

6 압축기, 기계실홴과고내홴의소음특성이복합된소음패턴을보인다. Fig. 3의 Type B는압축기가작동하는동안에 SPL의크기변화는미미하지만, 작동하는고내홴이변화함에따라주파수특성이크게변화하는것을알수있다. 이러한소음주파수변화로인하여음질의특성도변화할수있음을짐작할수있다. Fig. 4는 Type C 냉장고의경우이며 Type B에비하여내부에제빙실홴이추가된타입이다. 제빙실홴은제상과정을제외하고는멈추지않고지속적으로작동하며토날소음과광역소음을방사하기때문에 Type C 냉장고는기본적인음압레벨이 25 dba 이상으로다른냉장고보다소음노출량이많다. Type C의시간-주파수컨투어맵을분석하면 Type B와유사하게두가지소음패턴을보이지만압축기가꺼져있을때제빙실홴이작동하여발생하는소음이추가되어총 3가지의소음패턴으로구분할수있다. Fig. 5의 Type D 냉장고는냉장실홴이 2개가내장되어있다. 이냉장고는압축기가가동되지않을때에도일정한로직으로고내홴이작동하며소음을방사한다. 하지만압축기가꺼진상태의고내홴소음은약 20 dba의레벨로거의무시할수있을정도이다. 그리고냉각사이클작동중의소음은 Type B의소음패턴과유사하며 2가지특성의소음패턴으로구분할수있다. 3.3 음질인덱스패턴분석심리음향학 (Psycho-acoustics) 에서는소리의질 (quality) 을구분하기위하여 4대음질인덱스를제시하였다. 4대음질인덱스는소리의신호에서청감을고려한소리의크기, 날카롭기, 거칠기, 변동세기를정량화하여각각 loudness, sharpness, roughness, fluctuation strength로나타낸것이다. 이러한음질 4대지표는일반적인소리를보편적으로구분할때사용되는지표이며, 특정한소리에대한음질평가를위해충분한검토를실시한후에적용하는것이바람직하다. 음질 4대지표의수식은다음과같다 (10). (1) [sone] (2) : 최소가청한계에서의자극 : 의대응자극 : Bark scale number mod mod [acum] (3) (4) [vacil] (5) mod [asper] (6) mod : modulation frequency : masking depth 식 (1) 은 specific loudness의계산식이며 critical band에대한 loudness를구할수있다. 식 (2) 는 specific loudness를 critical band에서적분하여 loudness를구하는식이다. 식 (3) 은 loudness와 specific loudness에가중치함수 를곱하여적분한값의비로 sharpness를구하는식이다. 식 (4) 의 는 16 Bark(2.7 khz ~ 3.1 khz) 이상의주파수에서가중치를주는함수로고주파수성분이저주파수보다클경우 sharpness가높아진다. 식 (5), (6) 은각각 fluctuation strength와 roughness를구하는식이다. 이연구에서는앞에서분류한냉장고의 4가지타입의소음에대한각각의음질 4대지표를계산하여 Fig. 6에나타내었다. 청감을고려한소리의크기를나타내는 loudness는 4가지타입냉장고모두에대하여다소차이는있으나 SPL과유사한패턴을나타내고있음을알수있다. 하지만 sharpness는냉장고의타입과상관없이사이클이작동하는동안에값의큰변화없이 1.0 acum 근처의값으로나타났다. 이것은 sharpness를구하는식 (3) 에서알수있듯이 Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 26(2) : 121~129,

7 16 Bark 이상의주파수에가중치를높이두고있는데비해냉장고소음은 Fig. 2 ~ Fig. 5에서보는바와같이 1kHz 이내의주파수에주된소음 roughness는압축기의작동을반영할수있지만다른소음원의작 동과는큰연관이없다. 마지막으로 fluctuation strength는 20 Hz 이하변조주파수에의한소음의크기를나타내는지표인데, 냉장고소음중 20 Hz 이하차이의작동주파수를갖는소음원이없어소음 (a) Type A (b) Type B (c) Type C (d) Type D Fig. 6 Sound quality metrics of 1-cycle in a normal mode Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 26(2) : 121~129,

8 패턴과큰연관이없는것으로보인다. 이러한이유로 Type B 냉장고에서작동중간에 SPL이증가함에도 fluctuation strength가낮아지는패턴을보이고있으며, Type C 냉장고에서 0.5 vacil로일정한패턴을보였다. 4. 결론이연구는가정용냉장고에서발생하는소음패턴을분류하는것을목적으로하고있으며, 이를위하여다양한모델의냉장고에대하여소음의계측및분석을통하여내장된홴의종류에따라냉장고타입을 4가지로분류하였고타입별로다양한작동사이클을나타내었다. 냉장고타입에따라작동사이클이지속되는시간이차이가있으며특정한사이클동안에작동하는각종부품들의특성에따라다양한패턴의소음을발생시켰다. 이결과를통해냉장고소음저감연구를계획하거나수행함에있어서냉장고타입또는소음패턴을고려해개선이필요한목표를명확하게할수있다. 이를통해연구결과가개선되는데유의한도움이될것이라기대된다. 그리고작동사이클동안에발생하는소음에대한음질 4대인덱스분석결과, loudness는 SPL과유사하게변화하였으며 roughness는압축기의작동과연관된지표로냉장고와상관성이있었다. 반면, sharpness는냉장고소음의주요주파수범위를고려하면전혀무용한지표이며 fluctuation strength 또한냉장고가방사하는소음과는연관이없었다. 이결과는냉장고소음의심리음향학적연구의초석으로활용할수있을것으로기대된다. References (3) Choi, S. W., Hwang, W. G., Sul, S.-Y., Im, H. E. and Kim, S. S., 2004, A Study on Reduction of Refrigerant Noise in Household Refrigerator, Proceedings of the KSNVE Annual Autumn Conference, pp. 1062~1066. (4) Koruk, H. and Arisoy, A., 2015, Identification of Crack Noise in Household Refrigerators, Transactions of Applied Acoustics, Vol. 89, pp. 234~243. (5) Park, J. G., Cho, Y., Lee, S. W., Hwang, D. S. and Lee, C. H., 2009, Objective Assessment Model for Refrigerator Noises, Transactions of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 80~90. (6) Jeon, J. Y., You, J. and Chang, H. Y., 2007, Sound Radiation and Sound Quality Characteristics of Refrigerator Noise in Real Living Environments, Transactions of Applied Acoustics, Vol. 68, No. 10, pp. 1118~1134. (7) Hartmann, D. and Melo, C., 2013, Popping Noise in household refrigerators: Fundamentals and practical solutions, Transactions of Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 1-2, pp. 40~47. (8) Heo, S. J., Kim, M. S., Han, H. S. and Jeong, E. B., 2011, Prediction of Two-phase Flow Patterns and Noise Evaluation for Evaporator Pipe in a Refrigerator, Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 10, pp. 916~923. (9) Jeon, J. Y., You, J., Chang, H. Y., Lee, C. H. and Jeong, J. H., 2006, Sound Quality Characteristics of Refrigerator Noise in Real Living Environments, Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 797~805. (10) Zwicker, E. and Fastl, H., 1999, Psychoacoustics Facts and Modles, 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Germany, pp. 61~261. (1) Joo, J. M., Kim, J. R. and Lee, D. H., 2001, Measurement and Control of Abnormal Sound for Refrigerator, Proceedings of the KSNVE Annual Spring Conference, pp. 380~384. (2) Jung, Y. K., Kim, C. J., Baek, S. J. and Jeon, W. H., 2002, Study on the Optimal Shape of Low Noise, New Concept Fan for Refrigerator, Proceedings of the KSNVE Annual Spring Conference, pp. 645~650. KyungSoo Kong is received B.S. degrees from Pusan National University in 2015 and he is student of the School of Mechanical Engineering in Pusan National University. His research interest is Psycho-acoustics. Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 26(2) : 121~129,

9 Weuibong Jeong received B.S. and M.S. degrees from Seoul National University in 1978 and from KAIST in 1980, respectively. He then received his Ph.D. degree from Tokyo Institute of Technology in Dr. Jeong is currently a professor at the department of mechanical engineering at Pusan National University in Busan, Korea. His research interests are in the area of the measurement and signal processing, finite/boundary element analysis of noise and vibration, fluid-structure interactions and acoustic-structure interactions. SeJin Ahn is received B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Pusan National University in 1994, 1996, and 2003, respectively. Dr. Ahn is currently a professor at the department of energy & electricity in Uiduk University. His research interest is in human vibration. Trans. Korean Soc. Noise Vib. Eng., 26(2) : 121~129,

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