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1 Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation Vol. 24 No. 4, October 2014 pissn eissn Review Article 이현엽 * 황만석 * 허인 * 신병철 * 허광호 * 황의형 * 부산대학교한방병원한방재활의학과 *, 부산대학교한의학전문대학원임상의학 3 부 Systematic Review of External Qigong Therapy for Joint Pain Hyeon-Yeop Lee, K.M.D.*, Man-Suk Hwang, K.M.D.*, In Heo, K.M.D.*, Byung-Cheul Shin, K.M.D.*, Kwang-Ho Heo, K.M.D.*, Eui-Hyoung Hwang, K.M.D.* Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital*, Third Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University 본연구는 2014 년도부산대학교병원임상연구비지원으로이루어졌음. RECEIVED September 16, 2014 REVISED October 7, 2014 ACCEPTED October 11, 2014 CORRESPONDING TO Eui-Hyoung Hwang, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, Geumoh-ro 20, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan , Korea TEL (055) FAX (055) taichi20@daum.net Copyright 2014 The Society of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation Objectives The aim of this study is to analyze the therapeutic effect of external Qigong therapy for treatment of other people's disease on joint pain. Methods We searched articles from Pubmed, Chinese Academic Journals (CAJ) and Oasis online databases. Searching keywords were external qigong, external qi gong, qi therapy, 外气, 关节 and 기공. After searching the articles, we performed quality assessment using Cochrane risk of bias (RoB) tool and risk of bias assessment tool for non-randomized study (RoBANS). Results Among the 117 articles were searched, 2 randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and 2 single-group before and after studies were finally selected. All of 4 studies showed that external Qigong therapy has significant effect on joint pain. Conclusions Although external Qigong therapy has therapeutic effect on joint pain, it is not common therapy yet. However, external Qigong therapy requires more interests and studies in the future, because it is faithful therapy for Korean medicine theory. (J Korean Med Rehab 2014;24(4): ) Key words External qigong, Qigong, Joint pain 서론»»» 통증은적절하게제어하기가어렵다. 예를들어관절통증의대표적질환인골관절염의경우진단당시에이미연골파괴가진행된경우가많으며대부분의환자가 60세이상이면서환자자신들이가진기존질환에의해약물부작용이흔히발생하여치료에어려움이있다 1). 그렇기때문에여러가지관절통증질환에치료방법으로는약물및비약물적방법을포함하게된다. 서양의학적약물치료에대한부작용의가능성때문에한의학적치료방법 이통증치료의방법으로제시되며, 이는침, 약침, 추나요법, 그리고기공이나태극권을포함하고있다. 한의학적치료방법중하나인기공은치료방법면에서크게두가지로나뉠수있다. 하나는질병을예방하며치료는것을위해스스로의수련을통하여건강을개선하는방법이다. 또다른하나는외기 ( 外氣 ) 방사 ( 放射 ) 기공치료법으로특정유파의기공치료법을수련한사람이통증이나다른질환을치료혹은증상완화를위해환자의몸에기를외부로방사하여치료하는방법이다. 스스로의수련을통한건강개선으로서기공은한의사 187

2 이현엽 황만석 허인 신병철 허광호 황의형 의료행위중기공공법지도 (Coaching Qigong) 라는이름으로시행되고있다 2). 기공공법지도는환자의증상맞추어기공체조방법을지도하여, 인체의자연적인회복력을강화시키고, 신체의항상성유지에기여하도록하며, 신체손상회복을촉진하기위한행위이다 2). 외기를방사하여치료하는기공법의경우 2011년도이전에는매체경유발공치료, 접촉발공치료, 비접촉발공치료, 특수발공치료의네가지치료법으로손에서발출되는기운을사용하여경락의저체와사기로인해발생한적을풀어기운소통을원활하게하기위해실시하는발공 ( 發功 ) 으로서한의사표준의료행위에정의되어있었으나, 2012 년도에발간된의료행위에는정의되어있지않다. 비록현재행위정의에는빠져있지만, 김 3) 이기공은 9개한의과대학에서정규교육과정에설치되어있으며, 2개의학교에서외기발공법을익히는것으로보고한것으로보았을때의료행위의한가지방법으로서연구해보는것은의의가있을것으로생각된다. 외기방사기공치료는암시효과로인한치료일것으로생각하는경우도있다. 그러나山本 4) 은그의연구에서대상자와기공사간에완전히감각및시각을차단한상태에서도대상자의뇌파변화가있다고하였으며, 방사선으로손상시킨세포에기공사와일반인이기를방사하였을때세포회복률이 2배이상차이가난다고보고하여암시나심리효과이외의치료효과를지닌무언가가존재한다고보고하였다. 외기방사기공에대한기존연구는주로암세포에대한기공방사의효과를본실험연구 5,6) 와코카인중독환자에대한임상연구 7), 유방암환자에대한임상연구 8) 등이보고되어있었고통증에대한임상연구들도발표되어있었다. 이와같이국외에서외기방사기공에대한연구들이보고되어있으나, 국내에서는이에대한연구가미미한실정이다. 이에본저자들은한의사들의임상치료현장에서많이접할수있는관절통증에대한외기방사기공치료에대해기존에발표된임상연구를체계적으로고찰하여그효과를알아보고근거를제시하고자본연구를시행하여보고하고자하는바이다. 대상및방법»»» 1. 데이터베이스선택및검색 2014년 8월까지국내외에발표된모든논문을대상으로, Pubmed ( Chinese Academic Journals (CAJ; 오아시스 (oasis.kiom.re. kr) 의 3가지온라인데이터베이스를활용하여외기방사기공을관절통증에활용한연구를검색하였다. 검색어는 Pubmed 에서 external qigong, external qi gong, qi therapy 를사용하였고, CAJ에서는 外气 와 关节 을조합하여사용했고, 오아시스에서는 기공 을사용하였다. 2. 선정기준관련된논문의수가많지않아누락을최대한방지하기위해서추가적인검색어를조합하여사용하지않고, 기본적인검색어만을사용하여나온논문들을제목과원문검토를통해서모두확인하여분석에사용될논문을가려내었다. 검색된논문들중에서사람을대상으로하는임상논문이면서, 관절에통증이있는환자를대상으로하고, 외기방사기공요법을중재로사용한연구를모두선정하였다. 외기방사기공이아닌다른기공을적용한연구도모두제외하였다. 관절통증의경우그범주가매우넓기때문에두명의독립된연구자가각자연구를선정한후서로의합의하에기준에맞는연구를최종선정하였다. 3. 포함연구자료분석본연구는관절통증에대한외기방사기공요법의연구현황에대한체계적고찰로서, 최종선정된각논문들의원문을검토한뒤핵심정보를추출하였다. 선정된논문들의연구디자인, 대상질환, 적용된중재, 대조군, 평가지표, 주요결과, 저자의결론등을각논문별로정리하여서술적인분석을하고, 이를표로정리해나타내었다. 1) 내용분석 두명의독립된연구자가선택된임상연구를대상으 188 J Korean Med Rehab 2014;24(4):

3 로하여인구학적정보, 기공유파 ( 類派 ), 치료기간, 대조군의중재방법, 주평가지표등에대한자료를조사하였다. 내용에대한의견이일치되지않을경우합의를통하여결론을도출하였다. 2) 논문의질평가 본연구에서질평가는무작위대조임상연구 (randomized controlled clinical trial; RCT) 의경우 Cochrane risk of bias (RoB) criteria 에따른 6개의세부항목에대하여평가하였으며, 단일군전후비교연구 (Single-group before and after study) 의경우 Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Study (RoBANS) 에따른 6개의세부항목에대하여평가하였다 9). 모든항목의평가는본문중내용이명시된경우만을인정하는것으로하였다. 평가자두명의의견이일치하지않는경우에는충분한논의를통하여결론을도출하였다. 결과»»» 1. 자료선별 2014년 8월까지발표된논문들중에서 Pubmed, CAJ, 오아시스등 3가지데이터베이스를이용한검색을통해총 117개의논문을발견하였다. 이논문들의제목과초록, 원문을검토하여동물연구이거나, 관절의통증을대상으로한연구가아니거나, 외기방사기공요법이아닌다른기공에대한연구인것등을배제하여최종적으로 4 편의논문이선정되었다. 선정된 4편의논문은모두 Pubmed 검색을통해발견된논문이었으며, CAJ와오아시스에서는본연구의선정기준에맞는논문을찾을수없었다 (Fig. 1). 2. 선정논문의분석 1) 대상질환및평가지표최종선정된 4편의연구들은각각 2003년 10), 2006년 11), 2008년 12), 2010년 13) 발표된논문들로, 두편은단일군전후비교연구 10,11) 였으며, 다른두편은무작위대조임상연구 12,13) 였다. 대상질환으로는만성관절염, 섬유근통, 무 Fig. 1. Flow chart of clinical study search. 릎관절염, 만성통증등이었다. 이중섬유근통은목, 어깨, 허리등전신의근육과관절에통증이나경직과함께피로, 수면장애, 두통, 우울증등의특징적인증상을나타내는질환 14) 으로, 관절의통증을유발하는질환으로인정되어분석에사용하였다. 주요평가지표로는 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 을비롯하여 Tender point count, Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Scales (STAI), Western Ontario and MacMaster (WOMAC) University OA Index 등이사용되었다 (Table I). 2) 중재방법포함된연구중두편의연구 10,12) 에서는어떤기공유파의공법으로치료했는지그이름을밝히지않았다. Chen 등 11) 의 2006년도연구에서는 Ching Long Shan Dian Xue Mi Gong을치료방법으로사용하였고, Vincent 등 13) 의연구에서는 Spring forest qigong 을사용하였다 (Table I). 유파명칭을밝히지않은두연구 10,12) 에서도기공치료방법에대해서는상세하게설명하였다. 3) 치료효과각논문들에서는대부분외기방사기공요법이대상질환에대하여통계적으로유의한효과를보이는것으로나타났다. 그중 Chen 등 12) 의 2008년도연구에서는실험군을두명의치료자가나누어외기방사기공요법을시행하였는데, 2번치료자그룹이통계적으로유의한효과 189

4 이현엽 황만석 허인 신병철 허광호 황의형 Table I. Data of Clinical Studies of External Qigong for Joint Pain First Author (Year) Study Design Subject Intervention Control Primary Outcome Main Result Author's Conclusion Chen Single-group before (2003) 10) and after study Chen Single-group before (2006) 11) and after study Chen Parallel 2-arm, (2008) 12) Randomized controlled, Patient and assessor blind Vincent Parallel 2-arm, (2010) 13) Randomized controlled Chronic arthritis (unknown) 3 continuous days (n=6) Fibromyalgia syndrome (Ching Long Shan Dian Xue Mi Gong) seven sessions of treatment over a 3-weeks (n=10) Knee osteoarthritis (unknown) 5 to 6 sessions in 3 weeks 1) Healer 1 group (n=45) 2) Healer 2 group (n=12) Chronic pain (multifactorial, osteoarthritis, low back pain et al.) External qigong treatment (Spring Forest qigong) 4 weeks (n=24) Sham external qigong (n=49) Equivalent attention time (n=22) - 1) 100mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, mood, and relief 2) Activity difficulty level scale 3) Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Scale 4) Swollen/Tender joint count - 1) Fbromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) 2) Tender pont count (TPC) 3) Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI) 4) McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) 5) The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) 6) Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Scales (STAI) 7) Lorig's Self-Efficacy Scale (LSE) 8) 100mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain and mood Western Ontario and MacMaster (WOMAC) University OA Index difference (p<0.01) difference (p<0.01, p<0.05) except PSQI difference between sham group and healer 2 group (p<0.01) 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) difference between EQT and EAT groups (p<0.01), but no difference compared after treatment with baseline. has some effect on pain relief for most arthritis patients. may be very effective for treating pain and the multiplicity of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia syndrome. might have a role in the treatment of osteoarthritis, but the apparent efficacy appears to be dependent on some quality of the healer. Although decreased pain intensity of external qigong treatment persisted over 8 weeks, there were not statistically significant. 190 J Korean Med Rehab 2014;24(4):

5 를나타낸반면 1번치료자그룹은유의한효과를보이지못하여치료자에따라서치료효과가큰차이가나타났다. Vincent 등 13) 의연구에서는관절염을포함한만성통증환자들에게외기방사기공요법을 4주간실시한후, 8주차에다시한번치료결과를점검하였는데, 2주차, 3 주차, 4주차에는통계적으로유의한통증감소가있었으나, 8주차에는치료시작전과비교하여유의한차이가없는것으로나타났다 (Table I). 3. 선정논문의질평가본연구에서는두편의단일군전후비교연구에대하여 RoBANS 를사용하고, 두편의무작위대조임상연구에대하여 RoB를사용하여질평가를시행하였다. 포함된연구들의질은대체적으로낮았다. 단일군전후비교연구들 10,11) 은두편모두교란변수와평가자의눈가림항목에대한기술이없어 불확실 로평가되었다 (Table II). 무작위대조임상연구들중에서무작위배정방법에대해언급한연구는 Chen 등 11) 의 2008년도연구 1편이었으며, 배정순서은폐에대해서는두편모두언급이없었다. Chen 등 12) 의연구에서는맹검에대해언급하였으나맹검의방법에대해서는기술하지않았으며, Vincent 등 13) 의연구에서는맹검에대하여언급하지않았다. 선정 된네편의연구모두대상자의중도탈락에대해기술하였다 (Table III). 고찰»»» 본연구는국내외온라인데이터베이스검색을통해관절통증에외기방사기공치료를활용한임상연구들을조사하여그연구현황을분석하고, 향후새로운치료기술로서의가능성모색차후이와관련된임상연구에필요한기초자료를마련하는것을목적으로시행되었다. 한의학계내부에서외기방사기공은대한의료기공학회에서수련하고있는기공으로알려져있다 15). 이외에중국에서시작하여널리알려진외기방사기공법으로는소림기공내경일지선 ( 少林氣功內勁一指禪 ) 이있다 16,17). 두가지기공은모두자신의건강과기의축적을위한수련법과타인의질환을치료하기위한수련체계를갖추고있다는것과, 기의방출을위해마보참장공을할때두발을안쪽으로모으는독특한자세를가진다는공통점이있으며, 또한방법은서로다르지만외기방사를위한두기공만의독특한손의모양과움직임이있다는공통점을가지고있다. 본연구는적절한근거자료로서의가치를가지기위하여전체적으로는체계적문헌고찰의방법론을따랐으 Table II. Quality Assessment of Each Included Single-Group before and after Studies First Author (Year) Selection of Participants Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Study Confounding Variables Measurement of Intervention Blinding for Outcome Assessment Incomplete Outcome Data Selective Outcome Reporting Chen (2003) 10) L U L U L U Chen (2006) 11) L U L U L L Risk of bias: low risk of bias (L), high risk of bias (H), unclear (U). Table III. Quality Assessment of Each Included Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials First Author (Year) Adequate Sequence Generation Allocation Concealment Blinding Risk of Bias Incomplete Outcome Data Addressed Free of Selective Reporting Free of Other Bias Chen (2008) 12) L U L L U L Vincent (2010) 13) U U U L L U Risk of bias: low risk of bias (L), high risk of bias (H), unclear (U)

6 이현엽 황만석 허인 신병철 허광호 황의형 나, 체계적문헌고찰에서처럼모든필수적인데이터베이스를대상으로검색하지않고제한된데이터베이스에서만기존연구를검색했다는한계를가지고있다. 하지만비록검색데이터베이스에제한을두었으나, 외기방사기공에대한연구자체가아직은많지않기때문에검색방법간소화로인한제한점은적다고생각된다. 통증에대한외기방사기공요법에대한체계적고찰연구가기존에 Lee 등 18) 에의해한편발표되었다. 그러나이연구는관절통증이아닌노인들의만성통증, 월경전증후군의통증에대한분석이기에본연구와는주제상차이가있었다. 그리고연구에서분석자료로사용된논문들을살펴본결과대부분기공공법유파가천도선법이었다. 천도선법은 천존회 라는, 일종의종교단체 19) 에서익히는기공으로서천수 ( 天手 ) 라는기법으로치료한다고알려져있다. 그러므로비록각논문들에그러한내용이기술되지는않았으나단순한기공이외의종교적이유에서의교란변수가작용했을가능성이있다고생각되기에본연구와는차이가있다고생각되는바이다. 외기방사기공치료에대해서신체의일부에손을대서치료하는경우에신체접촉의효과라는의견과, 신체접촉을하지않는경우암시효과로인한치료일것으로생각하는경우도있다. 그러나 Jung 등 20) 은외기방사기공치료에서대상자들의신체와치료자의손이접촉한경우와그렇지않은경우에치료효과에차이가없다고보고하였고, 山本 3) 은외기방사기공치료가암시나심리효과이외의치료효과를지닌무언가가존재한다고보고하였다. 본연구의결과를살펴보면, 외기방사기공요법이관절질환에대하여통계적으로유의한치료효과를보이는것으로나타났다. Chen 등 12) 의연구에서는무릎의퇴행성관절염에대하여기공치료를하는실험군을두명의치료자가나누어외기방사기공요법을시행하였는데, 치료자에따라서치료효과가큰차이가나타났다. 이러한결과는기공이라는것이시술자의수련을통한공력의차이를반영하는것이기때문에치료자마다그효과의차이가날수있다고생각된다 (Table I). Vincent 등 13) 의연구에서는관절염을포함한만성통증환자를대상으로하여외기방사기공요법을실시한결과 2-4주차까지실험군과대조군간에는치료후효과에있어서통계적으로유의한차이가있었으나, 치료종료 4주후인 8주차에서 는치료시작전과비교하여유의한차이가없는것으로나타났다. 이러한결과는만성적인관절통증질환의경우단순히통증만나타나는것이아니라관절주위연부조직과관절자체의변화, 관절움직임패턴의변화등이나타나있을것이기때문에기공치료시행시지속적인치료와관찰을통한관리가필요함을의미한다고생각된다 (Table I). 비록본연구가검색데이터베이스에제한을두어비뚤림의위험이있을수있으나, 체계적고찰의방법론을사용하여논문을분석하였기때문에, 외기방사기공치료는관절통증치료에도움이될수도있을것이라생각된다. 그러나 Chen 등 12) 의연구에서나타난결과와같이치료자에따라외기방사기공은그효과가차이가있을수있고, 현재한의학계에서모든한의사가기공치료를하는것은아니기에치료방법으로서보편적인활용에는제한이있을수있다고사료된다. 그러나한의학의이론은기 ( 氣 ) 를바탕으로하고, 외기방사기공에서는매체경유발공치료라하여침, 자석, 부항등의매체를시술한상태에서기운을발공 ( 發功 ) 하여치료효율을높이는치료법도있기때문에한의학에서지속적으로연구해야하는치료방법이라고생각하는바이다. 결론»»» 본연구의결과로보아외기방사기공이관절통증질환의치료법으로고려될수있다고생각되나, 포함된연구의수가부족하고방법론적으로질이낮은논문들이대부분이기때문에확고한결론을내리기가어렵고, 향후추가적인연구가더필요할것으로사료된다. 기공은기를다루어인체의건강을증진시키는방법이라는점에서한의학과밀접한연관을가지고있다. 스스로의수련을통해건강을지킴으로서재활의학적, 그리고예방의학적가치가있으며, 유파에따라외기방사를통해타인에대한치료에사용하기도한다. 향후이러한기공을중재방법으로한다양한임상연구가시행될필요가있다고생각된다. 비록본연구가검색방법에서한계가있으나, 이결과가차후보다잘계획된외기방사기공치료의임상연구를시행함에있어기초자료로활용될수있으리라생각되기에보고하는바이다. 192 J Korean Med Rehab 2014;24(4):

7 참고문헌»»» 1. 윤종현. 골관절염의최신지견. 대한내과학회지. 2012;82 (2): 대한한의학회. 한국표준한방의료행위분류및정의 김기진. 한의과대학기공관련현황및강의만족도분석. 대구한의대학교대학원 山本幹男. 외기공에는암시이외의무엇이있는가?. 한국정신과학회학술대회논문집. 2004;21: Yan X, Shen H, Jiang H, Hu D, Wang J, Wu X. External Qi of Yan Xin Qigong inhibits activation of Akt, Erk1/2 and NF-ĸB and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2013; 31(1): Yan X, Li F, Dozmorov I, Frank MB, Dao M, Centola M, Cao W, Hu D. External Qi of Yan Xin Qigong induces cell death and gene expression alterations promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation, migration and glucose metabolism in small-cell lung cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2012;363(1-2): Smelson D, Chen KW, Ziedonis D, Andes K, Lennox A, Callahan L, Rodrigues S, Eisenberg D. A pilot study of Qigong for reducing cocaine craving early in recovery. J Altern Complement Med. 2013;19(2): Cohen L, Chen Z, Arun B, Shao Z, Dryden M, Xu L, Le-Petross C, Dogan B, McKenna BJ, Markman M, Babiera G. for women with breast cancer prior to surgery. Integr Cancer Ther Dec;9(4): 한국보건의료연구원. NECA 체계적문헌고찰매뉴얼. 서울 : 한국보건의료연구원. 2011: Chen K, He B, Rihacek G, Sigal LH. A pilot trial of external Qigong therapy for arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2003;9(5): Chen KW, Hassett AL, Hou F, Staller J, Lichtbroun AS. A pilot study of external qigong therapy for patients with fibromyalgia. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12(9): Chen KW, Perlman A, Liao JG, Lam A, Staller J, Sigal LH. Effects of external qigong therapy on osteoarthritis of the knee. A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rheumatol Dec;27(12): Vincent A, Hill J, Kruk KM, Cha SS, Bauer BA. External qigong for chronic pain. Am J Chin Med. 2010;38(4): 신호철. 섬유근통증후군 - 일차진료의사를위한접근전략. 가정의학회지. 2001;21(8): 김주미, 박종웅, 박령준, 필감매, 선재광. 고혈압환자를대상으로시행한외기발공의유효성고찰. 대한의료기공학회. 2006;9(1): 허일웅, 錢云. 少林氣功內勁一指禪十大功用及修煉體悟. 국제무도학회학술대회논문집. 2001;3: 이근배, 유종만, 오재근. 6 주간의내경일지선기공수련이대학생의신체조성및심폐기능에미치는영향. 교양교육연구소논문집. 1996;1: Lee MS, Pittler MH, Ernst E. External qigong for pain conditions: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Pain Nov;8(11): 이정훈. 천존회는儒佛禪에무속ㆍ기공합친종교. 시사저널 URL: ViewArticleView.html?idxno= Jung MJ, Shin BC, Kim YS, Shin YI, Lee MS. Is there any difference in the effects of Qi therapy (external Qigong) with and without touching? A pilot study. Int J Neurosci. 2006;116(9):

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