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1 Original Article PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 25, No. 4, December, Feasibility Study of the microdiamond Detector for Measurement of Small Field Photon Beam Chang Yeol Lee*, Woo Chul Kim*, Hun Jeong Kim*, Young Hoon Ji, Kum Bae Kim, Sang Hoon Lee, Chul Kee Min, Gwang Hwan Jo, Dong Oh Shin, Seong Hoon Kim, Hyun Do Huh* *Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Research Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Gangneung, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Kyunghee University, Seoul, Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea The dosimetry of very small fields is challenging for several reasons including a lack of lateral electronic equilibrium, large dose gradients, and the size of detector in respect to the field size. The objective of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a new commercial synthetic diamond detector, namely, the PTW microdiamond, for the small field dosimetry in cyberknife photon beams of 6 different collimator size (from 5 mm to 30 mm). Measurements included dose linearity, dose rate dependence, output factors (OF), percentage depth doses (PDD) and off center ratio (OCR). The results were compared to those of pinpoint ionization chamber, diamond detector, microlion liquid Ionization chamber and diode detector. The dose linearity results for the microdiamond detector showed good linearly proportional to dose. The microdiamond detector showed little dose rate dependency throughout the range of MU/min, while microlion liquid Ionization chamber showed a significant discrepancy of approximately 5.8%. The OF measured with microdiamond detector agreed within 3.8% with those measured with diode. PDD curves measured with silicon diode and diamond detector agreed well for all the field sizes. In particular, slightly sharper penumbras are obtained by the microdiamond detector, indicating a good spatial resolution. The results obtained confirm that the new PTW microdiamond detector is suitable candidate for application in small radiation fields dosimetry. Key Words: microdiamond detector, Small field, Dosimetry 서 최근방사선치료분야에서는세기조절방사선치료 (Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, IMRT), 체적변조회전방사선치료 (Volumetric Moduated Arc Therapy, VMAT), 정위방사선수술 (Stereotatic Radiosurgery, SRS) 등다양한방법의방사선치 This research was supported by a grant (14172MFDS404) from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Received 11 November 2014, Revised 26 November 2014, Accepted 28 November Correspondence: Hyun Do Huh (hyundohuh@gmail.com) Tel: , Fax: cc This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 론 료기법들이시행되고있다. 이러한치료기법들은환자의병소에는충분한방사선량을조사하여치료효과를높이며동시에정상조직에대한조사량을극소화하여최대한보호하는데그목적이있다. 1) 따라서복잡하고정교해진치료기법들에대한검증으로방사선선량의정확한측정은매우중요하다. 특히국제방사선단위측정위원회 (International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU) 에서표적선량에대한흡수선량결정의정확도는 ±5% 혹은그이하를권고하고있어선량측정단계에서측정의정확도는 ±2.5% 이내이어야한다. 2) 통상적으로 3 3 cm 2 이하의소조사면을이용하는방사선치료기법들은소조사면내의급격한선량변화, 측면전자비평형, 광자와전자들의스펙트럼변화, 그리고조사면크기에대한검출기의기하학적크기영향으로정확한선량

2 Chang Yeol Lee, et al:feasibility Study of the microdiamond Detector for Measurement of Small Field Photon Beam 의평가가어렵다. 3-5) Rice 등 6) 은다양한유효체적의이온전리함, 다이오드, 그리고열형광선량계를이용하여소조사면에대한출력선량계수를비교한결과유효체적이큰검출기일수록출력선량계수가낮게측정된다고보고하였고, 조사면가장자리부근에서급격한선량변화와완전한전자평형이유지되지않기때문에소조사면의빔자료를측정하는데있어서검출기의크기는측정조사면보다작은검출기사용을권고하고있다. 또한 Laub 등 7) 은 IMRT 에사용된소조사면선량측정에서다양한검출기의부피에대한영향을평가하였다. 절대선량측정결과에서부피가 0.6 cc인이온전리함에서최대 6% 이상의차이가발생한반면, 부피가 cc인이온전리함은 2% 이내에서치료계획시스템의계산값과잘일치하였음을보고하였다. 소조사면에대한깊이선량백분율, 측방선량분포, 선량출력계수와같은선량특성을결정하기위해서유효체적이작은이온전리함이나다이오드검출기, 열형광선량계또는필름등을사용하여측정되고있으며, 소조사면선량측정에적합한선량계에관한연구의결과들이보고되고있다. 8-10) Francescon 등 11) 은소조사면선량측정용으로적합하지않은검출기로출력선량계수를측정한결과 30% 의큰차이를나타내어방사선사고로이어질수있음을발표한바있다. 또한소조사면에서의보정계수의필요성에대해서보고되고있다. 12,13) 따라서소조사면에대한선량의정확한측정은방사선치료의기본이되는매우중요한요소이며, 방사선의종류, 에너지, 조사범위에따른정확한측정이요구된다. 또한치료계획시스템에서신뢰할만한선량계산분포를얻기위해서는반드시소조사면에대한정확한빔자료획득이필요하다. 고에너지광자선의소조사면에대한선량을측정하는데이상적인검출기는취급이용이하고재현성이우수할뿐아니라방사선에민감하고높은공간분해능을가지며, 방향의존성과에너지의존성이적으며, 인체조직과등가인성질등을포함한것이라고할수있다. 미국의학물리학회 (American Association of Physicists in Medicine, AAPM) 에서는소조사면의선량측정을위해서는에너지, 선량, 그리고선량률의존성이적고부피가작은검출기를사용할것을권고하고있다. 14) 이에본연구에서는정위적방사선수술에사용되는사이버나이프를이용하여소조사면선량측정용으로새롭게출시되어상업적으로이용되고있는마이크로다이아몬드 (PTW microdiamond) 검출기의유용성을평가하기위해선량선형성, 선량률의존성, 출력선량계수, 깊이선량백분율및축바깥선량비등의특성을파악하고자한다. 재료및방법 1. 사이버나이프시스템사이버나이프는 6축의자유도 ( 관절 ) 를갖는로봇팔 (Kuka, Augsburg, Germany) 에장착되어있는명목상에너지 6 MV X-선이방출되는선형가속기와 6차원적공간좌표에의한종양위치추적이가능한위치인식시스템 (target locating system, TLS) 으로구성되어있으며, mm 이내의기하학적정확도를갖는정위방사선수술치료장비이다. 사이버나이프의조준기는직경 5 60 mm으로총 12개로구성되어있으며, 조사면중심에서반경 80 cm의구면상에서약 100개의조사점 (node) 을사용하여최대 1200개의빔을만들어환자의병변의모양과크기등에따라치료계획이최적화되어결정된다. 2. PTW microdiamond 마이크로다이아몬드검출기 (Fig. 1) 는측정용적이 mm 3 으로대단히작고, 민감면적은 3.8 mm 2 이며플레이트의두께는 1 μm이다. 다이아몬드플레이트는용기의원형전면으로부터 1 mm 밑에위치에있고, 검출기의최적의동작을위해서검출기에인가된바이어스전압은 0 V로해야하며, 검출기의선량감도를열적평형및안정화시키기위해서측정에앞서 5 Gy의선량을검출기에조사해야한다. 마이크로다이아몬드검출기는측정용적이작을뿐만아니라인체조직과등가인물질로이루어져있어고에너지광자선의소조사면에대한선량측정에이상적인검출기라할수있다. 소조사면에대한선량측정비교및분석을위 Fig. 1. Photo of the PTW microdiamond detector

3 PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 25, No. 4, December, 2014 해서 cc 부피의이온전리함 (PTW PinPoint chamber), 다이아몬드검출기 (PTW diamond), 액체이온함 (PTW microlion), 그리고다이오드검출기 (PTW diode) 를사용하였다. 본연구에사용된 5개의검출기에대한특성을 Table 1에나타내었다. 측정팬텀은가로 세로 높이가각각 cm 3 인 PTW MP3-XS 물팬텀을사용하였으며, 전하량은 PTW UNIDOSE 전위계로측정하였다. 3. 선량측정인자각검출기의선량특성을평가하기위해서선량선형성 (Dose linearity), 선량률의존성 (Dose rate dependence), 선량출력계수 (Output Factor, OF), 선량백분율 (Percentage Depth Dose, PDD), 그리고축바깥선량비 (Off Center Ratio, OCR) 를측정하였다 (Fig. 2). 사이버나이프선량률의가변적인특성때문에선량선형성과선량률의존성의측정은선형가속기 (Clinac ix, Varian) 6 MV를이용하였다. 선량선형성, 선량률의존성, 출력선량계수의측정은각각 3회반복실시하였으며, 평균값을사용하여비교및분석하였다. 1) 선량선형성 (Dose linearity): 선량증가에따른검출기의반응성을측정하였다. 선원과물팬텀표면간의거리 100 cm, 조사면의크기 cm 2, 깊이 5 cm에서측정하였으며, 선량률 300 MU/min 로고정시키고 10, 30, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 MU를조사하였다. 5 cm 깊이의 PDD 값을사용하여측정된전하량값을선량값으로변환하였으며, 선형적합함수 (Linear fit function) 을사용하여선량선형성을평가하였다. 2) 선량률의존성 (Dose rate dependency): 선량선형성을평가하기위한동일한실험적조건을사용하여선량률증가에따른검출기의반응성을측정하였다. 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 MU/min 선량률을사용하였고 300 MU/min Table 1. Characteristics of each detectors under investigation in this study. Model Sensitive volume* Material Zeff Volume (mm 3 ) Thickness or length (mm) Package material PTW PinPoint Air PMMA+graphite PTW Diamond Carbon Polystyrene PTW microlion Dielectric liquid Polystyrene+graphite PTW microdiamond Carbon RW+epoxy resin+al 99.5+air PTW Diode Silicon RW3+epoxy resin+metal *Models are listed in descending order of sensitive volume. Zeff of water = Fig. 2. Photographs depicting the experimental setup of cyberknife and water phantom. The source-detector distance of 80 cm at 1.5 g/cm 2, 5 cm g/cm 2 depth for measurement of (a) OF and (b) OCR, respectively. The measurement of dosimetic parameters with (b) PDD was scanned at SSD = 80 cm, from water surface to 25 cm depth.

4 Chang Yeol Lee, et al:feasibility Study of the microdiamond Detector for Measurement of Small Field Photon Beam 선량률로규격화 (Normalization) 하였다. 3) 출력선량계수 (Output Factor, OF): 출력선량계수의측정은 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60 mm, 총 12개의조준기에대하여수행되었다. 소조사면에서는방사선중심축에서측방향으로선량분포가급격히감소하기때문에선량출력계수측정시검출기의위치가매우중요하다. 따라서본실험에서는 40 mm 조사면에서각각의검출기에대하여종단선과횡단선빔스캔하여정확한방사선중심축을찾은후측정을시작하였다. 선원과검출기간의거리 80 cm, 최대선량깊이 1.5 cm에서측정하였으며, 60 mm 조사면에대한출력선량으로규격화하여각조사면에대한출력선량계수를구하였다. 4) 깊이선량백분율 (Percentage Depth Dose, PDD): 깊이선량백분율의측정은 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30 mm, 총 6개의조준기에대하여수행되었다. 선원과물팬텀표면간의거리 80 cm, 표면에서깊이 25 cm까지측정하였으며, PinPoint 이온전리함을제외한다른검출기들은방사선중심축과평행하게위치시켜측정하였다. 검출기들의깊이선량백분율을서로비교하기위해깊이 20 cm 깊이선량백분율과깊이 10 cm 깊이선량백분율의비 (PDD 20/PDD 10 ratio) 값을사용하였다. 5) 축바깥선량비 (Off Center Ratio, OCR): 축바깥선량비의측정은 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 30 mm, 총 6개의조준기에대하여수행되었다. 선원과검출기간의거리 80 cm, 깊이 5 cm 에서횡단면방향으로스캔하여측정하였다. 모든축바깥선량분포는방사선선원중심축을최대지점으로하여규격화하였고, 검출기의부피에의한선량특성을평가하기위하 여반음영은 20% 80% 영역으로정의하여측정값을비교및평가하였다. 결과및고찰위에서언급한실험방법을통하여소조사면에대한각검출기의선량측정인자결과값을얻었다. 1. 선형가속기의선량선형성 (Dose linearity) Fig. 3의결과와같이 MU가증가할수록모든검출기의반응성이증가됨을알수있으며, 선형적합함수결과모든검출기에서선량선형성을보였다. 검출기간의반응성의차이는 1% 이내로일치하였다. 2. 선형가속기의선량률의존성 (Dose rate dependency) 모든검출기에서선량률 300 MU/min을기준으로선량률이감소할수록반응민감도가증가하였고선량률이증가할수록반응민감도가감소하는경향을보였다 (Fig. 4). 선량률의존성이가장크게나타난검출기는액체이온함으로 100 MU/min와 600 MU/min에대해서 5.8% 의반응민감도차이를보였다. 이는 microlion 액체이온함의특성연구에서제시한 5% 와유사한결과값이다. 15) 반면에마이크로다이아몬드검출기와다이오드검출기는 1% 이내의반응민감도차이를보였으며, 5개의검출기가운데선량률의존성이가장작았다. 기존통상적인 3차원방사선치료및세기변조방사선치료기법은하나의선량률을사용하므로, 선량률보 Fig. 3. The comparison of dose linearity for each detectors response were measured from 10 to 600 MU in cm 2 field with respect to the dose rate of 300 MU/min. Linear fit is plotted with solid line. Fig. 4. The comparison of dose rate dependence for each detectors response were measured from 100 to 600 MU/min in cm 2 field at delivered dose 100 MU. Detector response at dose rate 300 MU/min was normalized to

5 PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 25, No. 4, December, 2014 정인자 (Dose rate correction factor) 를적용하여각선량률에대한선량평가룰정확히할수있다. 하지만다양한선량률로치료의최적화를이루는체적변조회전방사선치료기법의선량분석에서액체이온함의선량률변화에따른보정이어려울것으로판단된다. 만약선량률을보정하지않고선량평가에사용하게되면, 최대 5.8% 의차이를보일수있다. 한편선량률의존성이있는것으로알려진다이아몬드검출기 16,17) 는 2.4% 의반응민감도차이를보였으며, 마이크로다이아몬드검출기와의결과값과차이를보였다. 다이오드검출기의선량률의존성에관한연구에서보고하는바는 p-type 다이오드검출기보다 n-type 다이오드검출기가선량률의존성이크며, p-type 다이오드검출기는선량률에관계없이반응민감도가일정함을보고하고있다. 18) 본실험에서사용한다이오드는 p-type 검출기로써선량률에따라거의일정한반응민감도를나타내었다. 3. 출력선량계수 (Output Factor, OF) Fig. 5는 5 mm에서 60 mm까지범위의 12개의조사면에대하여마이크로다이아몬드검출기의출력선량계수와다양한검출기들의출력선량계수를보여준다. PinPoint 이온전리함을제외하고조사면의크기가 20 mm 이상에서다른검출기들의상대적인출력선량계수의차이는 1.0% 이내로일치하였다. 하지만 15 mm 이하의조사면에대해서는조사면이작아질수록출력선량계수값이검출기의종류에따라큰차이를나타내었다. 특히 5 mm 조사면에대해서는다이오드검출기와 PinPoint 이온전리함의출력선량계수의차이는 26% 로가장큰차이를나타내었으며, 반면에다이 Fig. 5. The comparison of output factors for each detectors were measured in diameter from cm 2 to 6 6 cm 2 with CyberKnife system. 오드검출기와마이크로다이아몬드검출기의출력선량계수의차이는 3.8% 로가장작은차이를나타내었다. 또한유효체적의크기가증가할수록출력선량계수의값이작아지는경향을보였다. PinPoint 이온전리함의출력선량계수값이가장작았는데, 이는상대적으로큰유효체적의영향과구성물질이조직등가물질이아닌공기공동으로이루어져있어서빔중심축에서측면전자비평형이커짐에따른것으로사료된다. 20 mm 이하의조사면에대한다이오드검출기의출력선량계수의값이다른검출기와비교할때모두높게측정되었다. 이는다이오드검출기가고밀도 (2.329 g/cm 3 ) 이며, 높은원자번호 (Z=14) 의매질로이루어져있어서균질매질에서플루언스의요동으로인해소조사면에서선량이과대평가되기때문이다. 19) Haryanto 등 20) 도다이오드검출기로측정한출력선량계수가 20 mm 이하의조사면에서다른검출기의측정값과몬테칼로계산값보다큰것으로보고하고있다. Bassinet 등 8) 은다양한검출기를사용하여사이버나이프의소조사면에대한출력선량계수의값을측정하였는데, 검출기의출력선량계수의측정값이본연구의측정값보다높게보고하였으며, 특히 5 mm 조사면에서 PinPoint 이온전리함과다이아몬드검출기의출력선량계수측정값은본연구에서측정된값과각각 16%, 8% 의큰차이를보였다. 소조사면에서의출력선량계수의정확한측정은치료계획시스템의선량계산에미치는영향이크므로측정시주의가필요하다. 몇몇연구자들은 30 mm 이하조사면에서검출기위치차이에따라 5% 에서최대 10% 의차이를발생함을보고하고있다. 21,22) 4. 깊이선량백분율 (Percentage Depth Dose, PDD) 6개의조사면에대한각검출기로측정된깊이선량백분율은 Fig. 6과같다. 5 mm 조사면에서는마이크로다이아몬드검출기와다이오드검출기의깊이선량백분율이거의일치하는반면다른검출기와는최대선량깊이이후부터값의차이가점점커지는경향을나타내었다. 7.5 mm 조사면이상에서는최대선량깊이이후로액체이온함의깊이선량백분율이다른검출기의값보다크게측정되는경향을보였다. Fig. 7은 6개의조사면에대한각검출기의 10 cm와 20 cm 깊이에서의깊이선량백분율의비를평가한결과를보여준다. 5 mm 조사면에서깊이선량백분율의비가가장큰차이를보인검출기는다이오드검출기와 PinPoint 이온전리함으로약 4.5% 의차이가나타났으며, 7.5 mm 이상의조사면에서는다이오드검출기와액체이온함이약 2.5% 3% 로가장큰차이가나타났다. 통상적으로다이오드검출기

6 Chang Yeol Lee, et al:feasibility Study of the microdiamond Detector for Measurement of Small Field Photon Beam Fig. 6. Depth-dose curves as measured with the each dectectors at (a) 5 mm, (b) 7.5 mm, (c) 10 mm, (d) 15 mm, (e) 20 mm, and (f) 30 mm collimator, respectively. All depth-dose curves are taken from water surface to 25 cm depth at SSD 100 cm. 는큰조사면에서깊이가증가할수록깊이선량백분율을과대평가하는데이는깊이가증가할수록저에너지산란광자선이증가하고실리콘과의광전효과가지배적이기때문 이다. 그러나 5 5 cm 2 이하의조사면에서는유효체적이작은다이오드검출기는깊이선량백분율의과대평가를최소화할수있다. 23)

7 PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 25, No. 4, December, 축바깥선량비 (Off Center Ratio, OCR) Fig. 8은 6개의조사면에대한각검출기의축바깥선량비와이를통해분석된 80% 20% 영역의반음영측정값을보여주며, 이를통해서소조사면에대한축바깥선량분포의반음영크기를검출기별로비교함으로써검출기들간의공간분해능을비교할수있다. 모든검출기에서조사면의크기가증가할수록반음영의크기가증가하는경향을보였으며, 검 출기의유효체적이증가할수록반음영또한증가하는경향이나타났다. 마이크로다이아몬드검출기인경우유효체적이가장작은다이오드검출기와비교하여모든조사면에서축바깥선량비가약 2% 이내의차이를보였으며, 반음영은 8.8% 이내로일치하였다. 반면에상대적으로유효체적이큰 Pinpoint 이온전리함은다이오드검출기와비교하여반음영이 35% 로큰차이를나타내었다. 최근에발표된 linac 기반의 4, 7.5, 10, 30 mm 소조사면에대한마이크로다이아몬드의반음영의측정값은각각 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.7 mm으로본연구의측정값과 16% 29% 의큰차이를보였으나, 조사면의크기증가에따른반음영의측정값의변화는 3.5% 7% 이내의차이를보였다. 24) 이를통해치료장비에따라마이크로다이아몬드의반음영측정값의차이를확인할수있었다. 마이크로다이아몬드와다이오드검출기는유효체적이작으므로반음영이작게평가되었으며, 다른검출기들보다도공간분해능이높은것으로생각된다. 또한소조사면대한선량측정시보다정확한결과값을얻을수있을것으로판단된다. 결 론 Fig. 7. PDD 20/PDD 10 ratio values derived from depth-dose curves. 본연구에서는사이버나이프를이용하여소조사면에대한마이크로다이아몬드검출기의유용성을평가하기위해서선량선형성, 선량률의존성, 출력선량계수, 깊이선량백분율및축바깥선량비를측정하였고, 다른검출기와이온함의측정결과와비교및평가를하였다. 그결과마이크로다이 Fig. 8. (a) The lateral dose profiles measured with the each detectors at 6 collimator size, respectively. All profiles are taken at 5 cm depth water at 80 cm SAD. (b) 80% 20% penumbra values derived from the lateral beam profiles

8 Chang Yeol Lee, et al:feasibility Study of the microdiamond Detector for Measurement of Small Field Photon Beam 아몬드검출기는선량선형성이우수하며, 선량률의존성이적게나타났다. 또한사이버나이프소조사면측정용으로상업적으로권고되고있는다이오드검출기와의선량측정인자측정값과유사한경향을보였다. 하지만다이오드검출기의조직비등가물질로인한높은값의선량출력계수가측정되는데비해마이크로다이아몬드검출기는조직등가물질에가까워다이오드검출기보다정확한출력선량계수값을얻을수있을것으로생각되며, 작은유효체적으로광자선소조사면선량측정검출기로서매우유용한것으로판단된다. 차후소조사면에대한마이크로다이아몬드검출기의정확한유용성평가를위해서몬테카를로전산모사방법등을병행한연구가수행되어야할것으로사료된다. References 1. Wiggenraad RG, Petoukhova AL, Versluis L, et al: Stereotactic Radiotherapy of Intracranial Tumors: A Comparison of Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy and Dynamic Conformal Arc. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 74(4): (2009) 2. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Determination of absorbed dose in a patient irradiated by beams of X or Gamma rays in Radiotherapy procedure. ICRU Report No. 24 (1976) 3. R. Alfonso, P. Andreo, R. Capote, et al: A new formalism for reference dosimetry of small and nonstandard fields. Med Phys 35(11): (2008) 4. I. J. Das, G. X. Ding, A. Ahnesjo: Small fields: Nonequilibrium radiation dosimetry. Med Phys 35(1): (2007) 5. C. McKerracher, D. I. Thwaites: Assessment of new small-field detectors against standard-field detectors for practical stereotactic beam data acquisition. Phys Med Biol 44(9): (1999) 6. Rice RK, Hansen JL, Svensson GK, et al: Measurements of Dose Distributions in Small Beams of 6 MV X-Rays. Physics in Medicine and Biology 32(9): (1987) 7. Laub WU, Wong T: The Volume Effect of Detectors in the Dosimetry of Small Fields used in IMRT. The International Journal of Medical Physics Research and Practice 30(3): (2003) 8. C. Bassinet, C. Huet, S. Derreumaux, et al: Small fields output factors measurements and correction factors determination for several detectors for a CyberKnifeR and linear accelerators equipped with micromlc and circular cones. Med Phys 40(7): (13pp.) (2013) 9. C. McKerracher, D. I. Thwaites: Head scatter ratios for small MV photon fields. Part II: The effects of source size and detector. Radiother Oncol 85(2): (2007) 10. P. H. Charles, G. Cranmer-Sargison, D. I. Thwaites et al: A practical and theoretical definition of very small field size for radiotherapy output factor measurements. Med Phys 41(4): (8pp.) (2014) 11. P. Francescon, S. Cora, C. Cavedon: Total scatter factors of small beams: Amultidetector and Monte Carlo study. Med Phys 35(2): (2008) 12. H. Benmakhlouf, J. Sempau, P. Andreo: Output correction factors for nine small field detectors in 6MVradiation therapy photon beams: APENELOPE Monte Carlo study. Med Phys 41(4): (12pp.) (2014) 13. P. Francescon, W. Kilby, N. Satariano: Monte Carlo simulated correction factors for output factor measurement with the CyberKnife system Results for new detectors and correction factor dependence on measurement distance and detector orientation. Phys Med Biol 59(6):N11 17 (2014) 14. Das IJ, Cheng CW, Watts RJ, et al: Accelerator Beam Data Commissioning Equipment and Procedures: Report of the TG-106 of the Therapy Physics Committee of the AAPM. The International Journal of Medical Physics Research and Practice 35(9): (2008) 15. Sang Hyoun Choi, Hyun Do Huh, Seong Hoon Kim, et al: A Study of Characteristics of MicroLion Liquid Ionization Chamber for 6 MV Photon Beam, Progress in Medical Physics 22(4): (2011) 16. S. N. Rustgi, D. M. D. Frye: Dosimetric characterization of radiosurgical beams with a diamond detector. Med Phys 22: (1995) 17. P. W. Hoban, M. Heydarian, W. A. Beckham, et al: Dose rate dependence of a PTW diamond detector in the dosimetry of a 6 MV photon beam. Phys Med Biol 39: (1994) 18. G. Rikner: Silicon diode as detectors in relative dosimetry of photon, electron, and proton radiation fields. Ph.D. Thesis Uppsala University Sweden (1983) 19. Sauer OA, Wilbert J: Measurement of output factors for small photon beams. Med Phys 4: (2007) 20. Haryanto F, Fippel M, Laub W, et al: Investigation of Photon Beam Output Factors for Conformal Radiation Therapy- Monte Carlo Simulations and Measurements. Physics in Medicine and Biology 47:N133-N143 (2002) 21. Das IJ, Ding GX, Ahnesjo A: Small Fields: Nonequilibrium Radiation Dosimetry. The International Journal of Medical Physics Research and Practice 35(1): (2008) 22. Francescon P, Cora S, Cavedon C: Total Scatter Factors of Small Beams: A Multidetector and Monte Carlo Study. The International Journal of Medical Physics Research and Practice 35(2): (2008) 23. Kim JK, Wen N, Jin JY, et al: Clinical Commission and Use of the Novalis Tx Linear Accelerator for SRS and SBRT. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 13(3): (2012) 24. Johnny E Morales, Scott B. Crowe, Robin Hill, et al: Dosimetry of cone defined stereotatic radiosurgery fields with a commercial synthetic diamond detector. Med Phys 41(11): (2014)

9 PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 25, No. 4, December, 2014 광자선소조사면선량측정을위한 microdiamond 검출기의유용성고찰 * 인하대학교의과대학방사선종양학교실, 한국원자력의학원방사선의학연구소, 관동대학교의과대학방사선종양학교실, 순천향대학교의과대학방사선종양학교실, 경희대학교의과대학방사선종양학교실, 한양대학교의과대학방사선종양학교실 이창열 * ㆍ김우철 * ㆍ김헌정 * ㆍ지영훈 ㆍ김금배 ㆍ이상훈 민철기 ㆍ조광환 ㆍ신동오 ㆍ김성훈 ㆍ허현도 * 소조사면을이용하는방사선치료기법들은소조사면내의측면전자비평형, 급격한선량변화, 그리고조사면크기에대한검출기의기하학적크기영향으로정확한선량의평가가어렵다. 본연구의목적은사이버나이프의 6개의조사면 (5 mm 30 mm) 에대해서소조사면선량측정용으로새롭게출시되어상업적으로이용되고있는마이크로다이아몬드 (PTW microdiamond) 검출기의유용성을평가하고자한다. 이를위해선량선형성, 선량률의존성, 출력선량계수, 깊이선량백분율및축바깥선량비등의선량측정인자를측정하였고, cc 부피의이온전리함 (PTW PinPoint chamber), 다이아몬드검출기 (PTW diamond), 액체이온함 (PTW microlion), 그리고다이오드검출기 (PTW diode) 의측정결과와비교및평가를하였다. 그결과마이크로다이아몬드검출기는선량선형성이우수하며, 선량률의존성이적게나타났다. 또한사이버나이프소조사면측정용으로상업적으로권고되고있는다이오드검출기와의선량측정인자측정값 3.8% 의차이를보였다. 또한깊이선량백분율도다이오드검출기의결과와유사한결과를얻었다. 마이크로다이아몬드검출기는유효체적이작으므로반음영이작게평가되었으며, 다른검출기들보다도공간분해능이높은것으로생각된다. 연구결과마이크로다이아몬드검출기는조직등가물질로이루어져있으며, 작은유효체적으로광자선소조사면선량측정검출기로서매우유용한것으로판단된다. 중심단어 : microdiamond 검출기, 소조사면, 선량측정

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