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1 Korean J Hematol Vol. 42, No. 2, June, 2007 Review Article 골수형성이상증후군에서의임상진료지침 1 연세대학교의과대학세브란스병원내과, 2 전남대학교의과대학화순전남대학교병원소아과, 3 서울대학교의과대학분당서울대학교병원내과, 4 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원내과, 5 인제대학교의과대학부산백병원내과, 6 서울대학교의과대학서울대학교병원내과, 7 전남대학교의과대학화순전남대학교병원내과, 8 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원진단검사의학과, 9 국립암센터특수암센터소아종양클리닉, 10 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원내과, 11 순천향대학교의과대학순천향대학교병원내과, 12 건국대학교의과대학내과학교실, 13 충남대학교의과대학내과학교실, 14 가톨릭대학교의과대학성모병원소아과, 15 가톨릭대학교의과대학성모병원진단검사의학과, 16 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원진단검사의학과 정준원 1 ㆍ국훈 2 ㆍ방수미 3 ㆍ이제환 4 ㆍ주영돈 5 ㆍ김인호 6 ㆍ김형준 7 ㆍ박찬정 8 박현진 9 ㆍ안진석 10 ㆍ윤성수 6 ㆍ원종호 11 ㆍ이홍기 12 ㆍ정철원 10 ㆍ조덕연 13 조빈 14 ㆍ한경자 15 ㆍ민유홍 1 ㆍ김선희 16 The Clinical Guidelines for Myelodysplastic Syndrome June-Won Cheong 1, Hoon Kook 2, Soo-Mee Bang 3, Je Hwan Lee 4, Yong-Don Joo 5, Inho Kim 6, Hyeoung Joon Kim 7, Chan-Jeoung Park 8, Hyeon-Jin Park 9, Jin Seok Ahn 10, Sung-Soo Yoon 6, Jong-Ho Won 11, Mark Hong Lee 12, Chul Won Jung 10, Deog-Yeon Jo 13, Bin Cho 14, Kyoung Ja Han 15, Yoo Hong Min 1 and Sun Hee Kim 16 1 Department of Internal Meidicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 2 Department of Pediatrics, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 5 Department of Internal Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, 6 Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 7 Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 9 Pediatric Oncology Branch, Specific Organs Cancer Center, National Cancer Center, 10 Department of Internal Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 11 Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, 12 Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University College of Medicine, 13 Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 14 Department of Pediatrics, St. Mary s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 15 Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Mary s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 16 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis associated with multilineage cytopenias leading to serious morbidity or mortality, and the additional risk of leukemic transformation. The management of patients with MDS can be very complex and varies according to both the clinical manifestations in individual patients as well as the presence of complicating medical conditions. However, therapeutic dilemmas still exist for MDS due to the multifactorial pathogenetic features of the disease, its heterogeneous stages, and the elderly patient population. For these reasons, proper guidelines for management are necessary. This review describes the proper diagnosis for MDS, decision-making approaches for optimal therapeutic options that are based on a consideration of patient 접수 :2007 년 6 월 13 일, 수정 :2007 년 6 월 14 일승인 :2007 년 6 월 15 일교신저자 : 김선희, 서울시강남구일원동 , 삼성서울병원진단검사의학과 Tel: , Fax: sunnyhk@smc.samsung.co.kr Correspondence to:sun-hee Kim, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Samsung Medical Center 50, Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: sunnyhk@smc.samsung.co.kr 71

2 72 Korean J Hematol Vol. 42, No. 2, June, 2007 clinical factors and risk-based prognostic categories, and the use of recently available biospecific drugs such as hypomethylating agents that are potentially capable of abrogating the abnormalities associated with MDS. Proper indications and methods for transplantation, response criteria, management for iron overload for highly transfused patients and specific considerations for MDS in childhood are also described. All of these topics were discussed at the third symposium of AML/MDS working party on 3 March, (Korean J Hematol 2007;42:71-90.) Key Words: Myelodysplastic syndrome, Guideline, Diagnosis, Hypomethylating agents, Transplantation, Response criteria, Iron chelating treatment, MDS in childhood 서 론 본 론 골수형성이상증후군 (myelodysplastic syndrome, MDS) 은말초혈액의범혈구감소소견과골수내비효율적인조혈 (ineffective hematopoiesis) 및조혈세포의형성이상 (dysplasia) 을특징으로하는클론성조혈모세포질환으로서, 상기한특징을공유하는여러다양한질병들의집단으로구성되며결과적으로골수기능의부전을보이는질환으로급성백혈병으로전환될수있는난치성혈액질환중하나이다. MDS는하나의질환이라기보다는다양한임상적, 형태학적, 생물학적, 그리고유전적인특징을가지는질환군이며, 따라서각각의특성을종합적으로고려하여, 진단과분류를하고, 예후예측지표체계를통하여각환자에맞는치료방침을결정하는것이매우중요하다. 하지만진단에사용되는형태학적형성이상소견을주관적으로정량화하는문제점이나동종조혈모세포이식술외에완치목적으로사용되는치료방법의부재로인해적절한임상지침을마련하기가어려웠다. 그러나최근분류방법의변화로과거에사용되어왔던예후예측체계의보완이필요하며질병의병리기전에영향을줄수있는새로운치료제들이소개되고있는등시대적으로 MDS의진단과치료에많은변화가있어왔다. 이에대한혈액학회급성골수성백혈병 / 골수형성이상증후군 (AML/MDS) 연구회에서는 2007년 3월 3일에개최된제3회 AML/ MDS 연구회심포지엄에서 MDS에서의임상진료지침 이라는주제하에 MDS의진단, 저메틸화제제, 조혈모세포이식, 치료반응기준, 수혈에의한철과부하에대한치료및소아 MDS의총 6개세부주제에대하여 6명의발제자, 12명의패널리스트, 그리고 130여명의회원들이참여하여발표및토론을통해도출된 MDS의임상진료지침에관한내용을다음과같이정리하였다. 1. MDS 의진단 MDS는일반적으로 50세이상의고령에서호발하나젊은연령에서도발생할수있으며환자중일부는급성골수성백혈병으로이행한다. 급성백혈병과의감별기준은말초혈액또는골수의모세포 (blast) 수가 20% 미만일때로정의되며, 최근에사용되고있는국제보건기구 (WHO) 의 MDS의분류는다음과같다 (Table 1). 1,2) 1) WHO 분류에따른 MDS 의진단에대한지침 (1) 일반적진단지침 : MDS의진단을위해기본적으로말초혈액검사와골수검사가필요하며, 골수검체의질이좋은상태에서는대부분진단이어렵지않지만, MDS의특징인형성이상이클론성혈액질환때문에온것인지, 아니면다른원인에의한것인지는감별하기쉽지않은경우도있다. 비타민 B12나엽산결핍등의영양결핍이나비소등의중금속중독시에도골수형성이상이나타날수있고, 이외에도선천성적혈구형성이상빈혈, 파보바이러스 (parvovirus) B19 감염, 항암제등약제투여등으로도골수형성이상소견이나타날수있다. 이들과클론성골수형성이상의감별은매우중요하므로세심한병력채취등이필요한데특히모세포증가가없는경우에는더욱그렇다. 최근에 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) 이나 3) MDS working conference에서나온 guideline은 4) 다음 (Table 2) 과같이정리할수있고, 적어도 MDS의최초진단시에는이러한검사항목들을모두포함하는것이필수적이라고생각된다. (2) 형태학적진단을위한혈액검사 : MDS 진단을위해서말초혈액과골수검사에서형태학적으로꼭확인해야할소견은형성이상의유형과정도, 모세포의백분율및환상철적모세포 (ringed sideroblasts) 의존재유

3 정준원외 : Clinical Guindelines for Myelodysplastic Syndrome 73 Table 1. The WHO classification of myelodysplastic syndromes Disease Blood findings Bone marrow findings Refractory anemia (RA) Anemia Erythroid dysplasia only No or rare blasts <5% blasts < /L monocytes <15% ringed sideroblasts Refractory anemia with ringed Anemia Erythroid dysplasia only sideroblasts (RARS) No blasts 15% ringed sideroblasts <5% blasts Refractory cytopenia with Cytopenias (bicytopenia or Dysplasia in 10% of cells in two or multilineage dysplasia (RCMD) pancytopenia) more myeloid cell lineages No or rare blasts <5% blasts in marrow No Auer rods No Auer rods < /L monocytes <15% ringed sideroblasts Refractory cytopenia with Cytopenias (bicytopenia Dysplasia in 10% of cells in multilineage dysplasia or pancytopenia) two or more myeloid cell lineages and ringed sideroblasts No or rare blasts 5% ringed sideroblasts (RCMD-RS) No Auer rods <5% blasts < /L monocytes No Auer rods Refractory anemia with excess Cytopenias Unilineage or multilineage dysplasia blasts-1 (RAEB-1) <5% blasts 5 9% blasts No Auer rods No Auer rods < /L monocytes Refractory anemia with excess Cytopenias Unilineage or multilineage dysplasia blasts-2 (RAEB-2) 5 19% blasts 10 19% blasts Auer rods +/ Auer rods +/ < /L monocytes Myelodysplastic syndrome, Cytopenias Unilineage dysplasia in granulocytes or unclassified No or rare blasts megakaryocytes (MDS-U) No Auer rods <5% blasts No Auer rods MDS associated with isolateddel(5q) Anemia Normal to increased megakaryocytes with <5% blasts hypolobated nuclei Platelets normal or increased <5% blasts No Auer rods Isolated del(5q) Table 2. General guidelines of initial evaluation for MDS Comprehensive history and physical examination CBC with diff, reticulocyte count Complete serum chemistry BM aspiration and biopsy Iron stain Immunohistochemistry Chromosome analysis including FISH Exclusion of viral infections (HCV, HIV, CMV, EBV etc) Serum B12 and RBC folate/methylmalonic acid and homocysteine Iron studies: iron/tibc/ferritin 무등이다. 특히형성이상의정도를정확하게측정하는것은진단에매우중요하며보통 10% 이상의세포에서형성이상소견이관찰되는경우에의미있는것으로판단하지만이비율에대해서는아직이론의여지가있고, 또한형성이상의정도가아주약할때는형성이상의유무조차판단하기어려울때가있다. 따라서정확한형성이상계측을위해서는무엇보다도잘준비되고잘염색된도말표본이필요한데, 항응고제가들어가거나채취된후 2시간이상경과된검체는적당하지않다. 모세포계수에는골수모세포 (myeloblasts), 단모구 (monoblasts), 거대핵모세포 (megakaryoblasts) 를모

4 74 Korean J Hematol Vol. 42, No. 2, June, 2007 두포함하는데, MDS에서정확하게모세포를정의하는것은매우중요하다. 왜냐하면 MDS의모세포백분율은가장중요한예후인자로서백혈병이행가능성을가장잘나타내주는지표이기때문이다. 철염색에서는환상철적모세포의확인이필요하다. 한편, MDS 진단에골수생검표본도매우유용하게사용되는데, 면역조직화학염색 (immunohistochemistry) 을이용한 CD34의염색으로모세포의비정상적집합등을잘확인할수있고, 거대핵세포계열의형성이상소견이나골수섬유화의확인, 또 ALIP (abnormal localization of immature precursors) 등의확인및세포충실도의결정은골수생검표본에서보다정확하고많은정보를얻을수있기때문이다. 또한더중요한점은 MDS와꼭감별진단해야할다른골수질환을배제하는데에도큰유용성이있다. (3) 세포유전검사 : 혈액종양의진단에서유전검사의의미는점점더중요해지고있지만, 아직까지 MDS의특이유전자가밝혀져있지않아서현재까지는분자유전검사방법보다는세포유전검사가진단에주로사용되고있다. MDS 증례의약 50 60% 에서염색체이상을보이는것으로알려져있고, 이중에는특정염색체임상이형태학적이상과연관이되는것도있는데예를들면 5q 결손시에거대핵세포의분엽수가적어지면서잘알려진임상특징을보여, 이를 WHO 분류에서는 5q 단독결손골수형성이상증후군 (MDS associated with isolated del(5q) chromosome abnormality) 으로따로분류하고있다. 일반염색체검사방법으로는잘검출되지못할정도의작은염색체이상일때는 (cryptic abnormalities) FISH 검사가권장되기도한다. 현재까지 MDS에서염색체이상이자주관찰되는부위, 즉 5q31, 7q31, CEP7, CEP8, 20q, p53 등의여러개의표식자를사용하여 FISH검사를하면예후결정에중요한유전정보를얻을수있고, 또한 FISH 검사는분열중기세포가없는경우에도염색체이상정보를얻을수있는커다란장점이있다. 염색체검사는검사자의분석숙련도가검사결과에미치는영향이지대하므로정도관리가매우중요하다. 또한진단후질병의진행상황을보는데, 염색체분석에서클론성진화 (clonal evolution) 를보는것도큰도움이된다. 5) (4) 면역표현형검사 : CD34 양성모세포의수적증가나표면항원의이상유무, 유세포분석기를이용한골수계세포의세포항원표현이상이형성이상의중요한증거라는보고가최근에많이쌓이고있으며, 이를이용해서 MDS를진단할수있다는보고도많다. 6) 하지 만, 아직까지세포표면항원의변화가특이성을가진소견으로보기어렵다는견해도있고또한, 이차적인원인으로형성이상을보이는경우, 예를들면자가면역질환등에서도비정상적면역표현형을보일수있는것등을고려할때, 아직까지면역표현형검사는필수진단방법으로추천하기는어렵고, 5) 진단이어려운경우형성이상을증명할보조적인방법으로의사용이권장된다. 앞으로자세한검사방법에대한대단위, 다기관전향적연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 한편, MDS 환자의일부에서는발작성야간혈색소뇨증 (PNH) 의클론을가지는경우가있으므로유세포분석기를이용하여이에대한검사를첨가하는것도권장된다. (5) 기타검사들 : MDS를정확하게진단하기위해서는다른혈액질환과감별진단하는것이중요하고, 특히형성이상을특징적으로보이는거대적혈모구빈혈 (megaloblastic anemia) 과의감별진단은매우중요하다. 이를위해서는혈청비타민 B12와적혈구내엽산측정이요구되는데, 검사결과와임상양상이잘맞지않는경우가많다. 현재국내에서는적혈구내엽산대신에혈청엽산에대한검사가주로의뢰되는데, 적혈구내엽산이음식섭취에의한영향이적고철분결핍이있을때도이용할수있기때문에거대적혈모구빈혈을정확히진단하려면반드시적혈구내엽산을측정할것을권유한다. 한편비타민 B12 결핍이의심되는환자에서도혈중농도는감소되어있지않는경우들이종종있는데, 이때는요중 methylmalonic acid (MMA) 를측정하거나혈중 homocysteine을측정하는것이권장된다. 요 MMA 농도는비타민 B12보다훨씬민감한지표로알려져있고, 또한엽산결핍진단시에도엽산측정보다 homocysteine을측정하는것이진단적유용성이높은것으로알려져있다. 7) 2) MDS 진단이어려운임상경우에대한고찰 (1) 일시적이거나이차적인원인으로형성이상을보이는질환과의감별진단 : 비타민 B12나엽산결핍으로생기는거대적혈모세포빈혈의경우, 비소나알코올등의독성물질에노출된경우, 또는항암제나세포성장촉진물질등에골수가노출된경우에도형상이상을보이는세포가유의하게증가할수있다. 또한일부용혈성빈혈에서는골수에서보상작용으로진행되는적혈구계증식이관찰될때나항암치료후골수가재생되어혈구가한꺼번에많이증식할때도상당수의전구세포는일시적으로형성이상을보일수있다. 이러한경우에 MDS와의신중한감별진단이필요하다. 5) (2) 혈구감소증을보이지만혈구의형성이상의정도

5 정준원외 : Clinical Guindelines for Myelodysplastic Syndrome 75 가매우약해서진단이애매한경우 : 임상적으로설명되지않는장기간의혈구감소증은 MDS를의심하여골수검사를시행할적응증이되는데, 이때골수검사에서형상이상이확실하지않으면진단에큰어려움이따른다. 대부분이런경우는고령의환자에서많이관찰되고있으며, 골수검사에서는적혈구계세포에서만약간의형성이상소견이발견되는경우가많다. 이런경우, 염색체검사에서클론성이상이발견되면불응성빈혈 (refractory anemia, RA) 로쉽게진단이가능하지만, 그렇지않으면 MDS로진단하는것에문제가있을수있다. 이런질환군을최근 MDS working group에서는 ICUS (idiopathic cytopenia of uncertain significance) 로정의하고, 이런경우에는비침습적진단방법을이용하여 1 6개월간격으로규칙적으로환자를추적관찰하면서 MDS가좀더강력히의심될때골수검사를재시도하는것을추천하고있다. 4) (3) 저세포형성 MDS (hypocellular MDS): 대부분의 MDS 는정상이상의증가된세포충실도를보이지만, 일부환자군에서는세포충실도가정상보다떨어져있는경우가있다. 이경우, 흡인도말표본의질도만족스럽지않아서혈구세포의형성이상을관찰하는것도어려운경우가많고, 따라서재생불량성빈혈과의감별진단이매우어렵다. 이때는 CD34 양성모세포의계수가감별진단에도움이되기도한다. 즉, 재생불량성빈혈에서는모세포수가심하게감소하는데반해, MDS에 서는감소하지않거나오히려증가한다. 한편, 저세포형성 MDS는재생불량성빈혈과임상적특징을공유하는부분이있는데, 이런점은두질환이비슷한병인을갖고있을가능성을생각하게한다. 예를들면, 양쪽질환에서 T 세포매개골수억제의증거들이관찰되고, 이런경우에는면역억제제치료에양쪽다반응하는것으로알려져있다. 또한 PNH 클론세포가양쪽질환에서관찰되기도하며, 면역억제제치료를받은재생불량성빈혈환자중상당수가 10년후에 MDS로진행되기도한다. 저세포형성 MDS와재생불량성빈혈의감별진단은아직풀리지않는숙제이다. 5) (4) 골수섬유화를동반하는경우 : 일부 MDS는골수섬유화를동반하는데, 이경우에는적절한골수표본을얻기어려우므로, 골수섬유화를동반하는다른질환과의감별진단이용이하지않다. 특히급성거핵세포백혈병, acute panmyelosis with fibrosis나만성골수증식성질환과의감별진단에주의해야한다. 2. MDS에서저메틸화제제 (hypomethylating agent) 의치료지침 1) 작용기전 세포내에서 DNA methyltransferase (DMT) 에의해유전자가메틸화되면유전자발현을억제하여동면 (silencing) 현상이일어나며, 이는가역적인변화이다. DMT에결합하여작용을억제하는 5-aza-cytidine Fig. 1. The maintenance of methylation process (top) and reactivation of gene expression (bottom) by hypomethylating agents such as AZA (azacytidine) and DAC (decitabine).

6 76 Korean J Hematol Vol. 42, No. 2, June, 2007 (AZA) 이나 5-aza-2 -deoxycytidine (DAC) 이메틸화에의해동면상태인종양억제유전자를다시활성상태로만들면, 종양세포는분화, 세포고사, 노화등의과정을거쳐서소멸된다 (Fig. 1). 8) 세포주기활성화를억제하는 p15 유전자의경우, 불응성빈혈 (RA)/ 환상철적모구불응성빈혈 (RARS) 에서는 32%, 모세포증가불응성빈혈 (RAEB)/ 변형모세포증가불응성빈혈 (RAEB-t)/ 만성골수단구성백혈병 (CMMoL) 등에서는 58% 가메틸화되어있어, MDS의진행에따라메틸화도증가하였다. 9) 2) 임상연구의결과 AZA 치료를시행한군과보존적치료만시행한군으로나누어진행된임상시험에서 AZA군의반응률은 23% ( 완전관해 7%) 였고혈액학적개선을보인환자는 37% 로, 60% 의환자에서치료로인한이득이있었다. 반면보존적치료군에서는 5% 의환자에서혈액학적개선이관찰되었다. AZA 치료를진행한횟수의중앙값은 9회였고, 반응기간의중앙값은 15개월이었다. AZA 치료군에서백혈병의진행혹은사망까지의기간의중앙값은 23개월로보존적치료군의 13개월보다통계적으로유의한차이를관찰할수있었다 (Fig. 2A). 10) DAC를이용한다른 3상연구에서는 DAC 치료군에서는반응률이 17% ( 완전관해 9%) 였고혈액학적개선은 13% 의환자에서관찰되었다. 보존적치료군에서의반응은관찰되지않았다. DAC 치료를진행한횟수의중앙값은 3회였고, 반응기간의중앙값은 10.3개월이었다. DAC 치료군과보존적치료군에서백혈병의 진행혹은사망까지의기간의중앙값은 12.1 개월대 7.8개월로통계적으로유의한차이가없었지만, International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) 의 intermediate-2 (INT-2)/High 위험군만따로분석하였을때 12.0개월대 6.8개월로통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (Fig. 2B). 11) 3) MDS 에서저메틸화제제의적응증 3) (1) IPSS low 또는 intermediate-1 (INT-1) 위험군중빈혈이 erythropoietin 또는 antithymocyte globulin에반응하지않는경우 (2) IPSS Low 또는 INT-1 위험군중빈혈과함께절대호중구수 1,800/μL 미만의호중구감소증또는혈소판수 100,000/μL 미만의혈소판감소증이있는경우 (3) IPSS INT-2 또는 High 위험군중고령 (50세이상 ) 이거나활동도가좋지않거나 (ECOG 2 이상 ), 장기기능장애로인하여동종조혈모세포이식의금기증에해당하거나, 적절한공여자가없어서동종조혈모세포이식을시행할수없는경우 (4) CMMoL 및 RAEB-t는두가지약제에대한반응이위적응증과동일하므로이식등의적극적인치료법을적용할수없을경우에시도할수있다. (5) 염색체 5q의소실이있는경우, lenalidomide가세포유전학적관해를유도할수있으므로우선적으로고려해야하나, 현재국내에서는사용할수없는한계점이있다. Fig. 2. Comparison of survival without leukemia between AZA (A) or DAC (B) treatment arm and supportive care arm and supportive care arm in two randomized phase III trials.

7 정준원외 : Clinical Guindelines for Myelodysplastic Syndrome 77 Fig. 3. Dosage modification according to the recovery of blood cell counts. 4) 약제용량및투약계획 AZA 및 DAC가임상에서사용되기시작한 1970년대부터 1990년대까지는주로는최대독성용량에근접한용량으로투여하여이로인한 DNA 합성장애를일으키고세포고사가치료의목적이되었다. 그러나유전자발현을조절하는저메틸화효과를노린다면이보다수십분의일의용량으로지속적으로폭로하는것이도움이될것이다. 현재추천되는치료용법및투약방법및간격은다음과같다. AZA는 75mg/m 2 을 7일간피하주사하고 4주마다반복하며, 2주기투약후반응이없을경우 100mg/m 2 로용량을증량한다. 12) DAC는 20mg/m 2 을 1시간정주하여 5일간반복하며, 4주간격으로투약한다. 13) 치료반응평가는 4 6주기투약후골수검사를통해확인하며완전관해가오면추가로 3 주기를투약하고종료하며, 부분관해나혈액학적개선을보이는경우에는완전관해가올때까지투약을지속한다. 10) 5) 이상반응의조절및용량변경 3상임상시험에서두가지약제모두의주된이상반응은골수억제에따른혈액학적독성이었다. MDS 자체가혈구감소증을수반하므로대조군의빈도를참고하여환산하면, 치료에따른 3 4도의호중구혹은혈소판감소증은약 40% 에서발생하였다. 따라서치료반응을평가하는 4 6주기까지는매주혈액검사를시행하는것이바람직하고치료반응이있는지확인한후치료를진행하는경우에도격주로혈액검사를하는것을추천한다. 치료예정일에맞추어혈구감소증이 Table 3. Current issues for preparing guidelines of stem cell transplantation for MDS Indication for allogeneic transplantation Optimal time for transplantation Conditioning regimens Donor selectino Source of stem cells: BM or PB Previous chemotherapy before transplantation Indication for autologous stem cell transplantation 회복되지않는경우다음의지침대로용량을조절한다 (Fig. 3). 12) 아울러신기능이상소견이나타난경우에는용량을 50% 로줄여서투여해야한다. 3. MDS 에서조혈세포이식의임상진료지침 1) MDS 에서조혈세포이식의현안 MDS에서조혈세포이식의임상진료지침마련을위한현안으로는조혈모세포이식의적응증및시기, 전처치요법, 공여자의선택, 조혈세포의채집원, 이식전항암제요법의역할, 자가조혈세포이식의적응증등이있다 (Table 3). 2) 조혈세포이식의적응증에관한기존진료지침 MDS 치료에관한진료지침으로가장최근의것으로는 NCCN 진료지침 (v , 이있다. 이중조혈세포이식에관하여는 IPSS의 INT-2 또는 high 위험군에속하는환자로, 집중치료 (intensive therapy) 가가능하며적절한공여자가있는경우에적응증

8 78 Korean J Hematol Vol. 42, No. 2, June, 2007 을제시하고있다. 영국에서나온진료지침은 IPSS INT-1 위험군에서는동종조혈세포이식이가능하고적절한공여자가있는경우, IPSS INT-2/High 위험군에서는집중치료후완전관해또는좋은부분관해상태에있으며, 적절한공여자가있는경우에동종조혈세포이식을제시하고있다. 14) 적절한공여자가없는경우에는자가조혈세포이식을제시하였다. 이탈리아혈액학회의진료지침을보면 MDS로진단받은 55세이하의모든환자는환자와형제의 HLA 검사가요구되며, 56 65세의경우전신상태가양호할경우 (ECOG 1-2) HLA 검사가요구된다. 15) 동종조혈모세포이식은 IPSS INT-1, INT-2, High 위험군으로 55세이하인경우, IPSS Low 위험군으로 40세이하이고, 심한빈혈 ( 혈색소 10g/dL 미만 ) 이있는경우에, 비혈연이식은 40세미만인경우에, 자가조혈세포이식은급성골수성백혈병에준한치료후완전관해에도달한경우에고려한다. 기존의진료지침들은대부분조혈세포이식의적응증을제시할때 IPSS에따른위험군의분류를기본으로하였다. 그러나 IPSS가완전한위험군의분류법이아니며, 다음의문제점을가지고있다. 16,17) 첫째, IPSS 는비교적오래된기준이며, 새로운약제및치료법이개발되고있는점을고려하면좀더발전된기준이필요하다. 둘째, IPSS의같은위험군에속한환자도다양한질환의경과와예후를보인다. 셋째, IPSS는어느일정시점을기준으로판단하고있으며질환의경과를반영하지못한다. 넷째, IPSS는세포감소증보다는백혈병의진행에더많은점수를부여하고있으나, 실제로 MDS 환자들의사인은백혈병보다는세포감소증이더많다. 다섯째, 다양한염색체변화들의예후적의미가새롭게알려지고있다. 여섯째, IPSS는서양환자들에서개발된기준으로동양환자들에게는잘맞지않을수있다. 3) 조혈세포이식의시기에관한기존연구결과 MDS에서조혈세포이식의적절한시기에관한연구로는 International Blood and Marrow Transplantation (IBMT) registry 등록환자와 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC) 에서이식받은환자들의결과를분석한논문이대표적이다. 18) 이연구에서 IPSS Low 또는 INT-1 위험군은질병이진행할때까지이식을연기하는것이가장좋은생존기간을기대할수있었으며, IPSS INT-2 또는 High 위험군은 MDS 진단후즉시이식을시행하는것이가장좋은생존기간을기대할수있었다. 4) 전처치요법의선택 MDS의조혈세포이식에서골수제거성용량 (myeloablaytive conditioning regimen, MC 요법 ) 과경감된강도의전처치요법 (reduced intensity conditioning regimen, RIC 요법 ) 을비교한전향적무작위배정연구결과는아직없다. European Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) registry의후향적분석에서는 3년무진행생존율및전체생존율은양군사이에비슷하였고, RIC군에서비재발사망률은적었으나재발률은높았으며, 19) FHCRC의후향적분석결과에서는 MC군 (targeted busulfan- cyclophosphamide [BuCy]) 과 RIC군 (low dose total body irradiation [TBI]±fludarabine) 사이에 3년무진행생존율, 전체생존율및비재발사망률의유의한차이가없었다. 20) 그외에전처치요법에관한최근연구결과를살펴보면, National Marrow Donor Program 을통한비혈연이식의결과에서 BuCy 요법이다른요법 ( 주로 TBI를포함 ) 에비해무병생존율및전체생존율이유의하게높았으며, 21) 고용량 TBI를포함하는요법의경우일반적으로이식관련사망률이높았다. 22) MC 용량의 busulfan 을포함하는요법들로는 targeted oral BuCy, 23) iv BuCy, 24) iv busulfan-fludarabine (BuFlu) 25,26) 등이있으며, 낮은이식후 100일사망률 (2 12%) 을보고하고있다. 최근에다양한 RIC 요법이좋은결과를보고하고있는데, BuFlu+campath, 27) low- dose TBI (200cGy 3)-pentostatin-photopheresis 28), fludarabine-cytarabine-idarubicin vs. fludarabine-melphalan, 29) TBI (400cGy)-cyclophosphamide-ATG 30) 등이있다. 5) 공여자의선택 HLA가일치하는형제공여자 (matched sibling donor, MSD) 가있는경우에는우선적으로고려되겠지만, MSD가없는경우에대안공여자 (alternative donor) 를이용하여좋은결과들이보고되고있다. 비혈연공여자를 high-resolution HLA typing에근거하여선택할경우 MSD를이용한이식과유사한결과를보였고, 22,23) 그이외에 HLA 불일치가족공여자, 31) 제대혈을 32) 이용한이식의결과도보고되고있다. 6) 조혈세포의채집원 : 골수또는말초혈액 골수와 G-CSF로가동화된말초혈액 (G-PBMC) 을비교한후향적연구들중 EBMT 33) 및 FHCRC 23) 결과모두에서치료실패율은 G-PBMC가낮고, 급성이식편대숙주질환은비슷하며, 만성이식편대숙주질환은 G-PBMC 에서높았다. 이탈리아혈액학회진료지침 15) 에서는골수보다 G-PBMC를선호하고있다.

9 정준원외 : Clinical Guindelines for Myelodysplastic Syndrome 79 Table 4. Clinical guideline of stem cell transplantation for MDS Selection of patients Should be individualized Criteria IPSS or WHO. Newer classification may be needed. Age 65 years (60 years with unrelated donor) or younger Timing of transplantation Low risk: delayed until progression High risk: soon after diagnosis Conditioning regimen Low risk, old age, comorbid condition: RIC>MC High risk: MC is preferred in young patients with good performance MC regimen: Busulfan-based>TBI-based RIC regimen: various, no one preferred Donor selection Matched sibling donor is preferred. Matched unrelated or mismatched familial donor, or cord blood can be considered. Hematopoietic cell source High risk, RIC: BM<G-PBMC Pre-transplant chemotherap High risk: Newer agents can be considered. Autologous transplantation High risk patients in CR after chemotherapy Abbreviations: IPSS, International Prognostic Scoring System; low risk, BM blast<5% or IPSS Low/INT-1 risk group; RIC, reduced intensity conditioning; MC, myeloablative conditioning; TBI, total body irradiation; BM, bone marrow; G-PBMC, G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cell. 7) 이식전항암제요법의역할 진행된 MDS에서이식전항암제요법의역할에관한전향적무작위배정연구결과는없으며, 이식전항암제요법의역할에관한후향적연구결과들은서로상반된결론을보이고있다. 34) 최근새로운약제들이개발되고있으며, 이러한약제들을이용한이식전항암제치료에대한시도들이이루어지고있다. 35) 8) 자가조혈세포이식의적응증 항암제치료후완전관해상태에있는환자에서시행할수있다. 16,35,36) 9) 국내환자들을위한 MDS의조혈세포이식의임상진료지침아직은국내연구결과가미진하며, 향후전향적인다기관공동연구의필요성을절감하였다. 기존의임상연구결과를바탕으로토론이있었으며, 일부제한적이지만다음과같은지침을정하였다 (Table 4). 조혈세포이식의적응증은환자개개인의연령, 수행능력상태, 질환의상태, 공여자등을고려하여판단하여야하며, 연령은 65세 ( 비혈연이식은 60세 ) 까지가능하다. 조혈세포이식의적응증을판단하기위하여 IPSS나 WHO 분류법보다좀더개선된기준이필요하다. 조혈세포이식의시기는저위험군 ( 골수내모세포<5% 또는 IPSS Low/INT-1 위험군 ) 의경우질병이진행할때까지이식을연기할수있겠으며, 고위험군의경우에는가능한빨리이식하는것을권장한다. 전처치요법은저위험군, 고령, 또는다른질환을앓고있는경우에는 RIC 요법을권유하며, 고위험군의젊고수행능력이좋은환자에게는 MC 요법을권유한다. 비혈연이식의경우에는 RIC 요법을고려할수있다. MC 요법의경우 TBI를포함하는요법보다는 BuCy 또는 BuFlu 요법을권유한다. RIC 요법의경우다양한요법이사용될수있으며, 특정요법의우수성에대한유의한증거는없다. 공여자로 MSD가없는경우에는 high-resolution HLA typing 에근거한비혈연공여자나 HLA 불일치가족공여자를고려할수있다. 조혈세포의채집원으로는재발률이높은고위험군환자와 RIC 요법에서는 G-PBMC 를권유하며, 그외의경우에서는골수를권유한다. 이식전항암제요법의역할에대하여는아직규명된바가없으나, 고위험군의경우저메틸화제제등의새로운치료법을시행할수있으며, 이에대한전향적연구가필요하다. 자가조혈세포이식은고위험군이면서적절한공여자가없고완전관해상태인경우시행할수있다. 4. MDS에서반응기준 (response criteria) 1) 2000년 International Working Group (IWG) 평가기준 MDS에서표준화된반응기준은치료결과평가, 환자및질환특성에따른치료세분화, 임상시험들간의상호비교를가능케한다. 2000년 IWG에서제안된평가기준은 1) 위험도에근거한치료목표설정, 2) 반응의정량적, 정성적인요소들기재시가변적인정의들로

10 80 Korean J Hematol Vol. 42, No. 2, June, 2007 인한어려움해결, 3) MDS의모든아형에서임상적으로의미있는반응들을확인시켜주었다. 36) MDS에서치료선택은 IPSS 위험기준, 나이및활력징후에근거하고있다. 저위험군치료목표는세포감소증의조절과삶의질향상에있지만, 고위험군치료목표는질환자연경과를변화시키는것이고, 강력한화학요법이나조혈모세포이식술등의고강도요법과 azacitidine 저강도요법이각각사용된다. 37) 치료목표에근거한 IWG 평가기준은 1) 질환자연경과변화, 2) 세포유전학적반응, 3) 혈액학적개선, 4) 삶의질로구분하여이루어졌다. 질환자연경과변화기준에서완전반응은말초혈액소견 8주간유지, 형성이상증없이골수모세포 5% 미 만, 호중구 1,500/μL, 혈색소 11g/dL, 혈소판 100,000/ μl 일때로정의하였다. 완전반응기준에대한논쟁에서형성이상증은주관적이고, 임상적인타당성이결여되어있으므로형성이상증에상관없이완전반응이정의되어야한다고수정안이제시되었다. 반응유지기간은고위험군에서 4주, 저위험군 8주로각각나누어져야하고, 부분반응기준에서 IPSS 위험기준감소가포함되는것은문제가있으므로제외되었다. 혈액학적개선이없는골수완전반응이새로운반응기준으로제시되었다. 호중구회복기준은급성골수성백혈병과 MDS의반응기준과동일한수준에서보는것이혼란을최소화할수있으므로 1,000/μL 이상으로정의하 Table 5. Proposed modified International Working Group response criteria for hematologic improvement Category Response criteria (responses must last at least 4 wk) Complete remission Bone marrow: 5% myeloblasts with normal maturation of all cell lines Persistent dysplasia will be noted* Peripheral blood Hgb 11g/dL Platelets /L Neutrophils /L* Blasts 0% Marrow CR Bone marrow: 5% myeloblasts and decrease by 50% over pretreatment* Peripheral blood: if HI responses, they will be noted in addition to marrow CR* Failure Death during treatment or disease progression characterized by worsening of cytopenias, increase in percentage of bone marrow blasts, or progression to a more advanced MDS FAB subtype than pretreatment Relapse after CR or PR At least 1 of the following: Return to pretreatment bone marrow blast percentage Decrement of 50% from maximum remission/response levels in granulocytes or platelets Reduction in Hgb concentration by 1.5g/dL or transfusion dependence Cytogenetic response Complete Disappearance of the chromosomal abnormality without appearance of new ones Partial At least 50% reduction of the chromosomal abnormality Survival Endpoints: Overall: death from any cause Event free: failure or death from any cause PFS: disease progression or death from MDS DFS: time to relapse Cause-specific death: death related to MDS Deletions to IWG response criteria are not shown. To convert hemoglobin from grams per deciliter to grams per liter, multiply grams per deciliter by 10. Abbreviations: MDS, myelodysplastic syndromes; Hgb, hemoglobin; CR, complete remission; HI, hematologic improvement; PR, partial remission; FAB, French-American-British; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; PFS, progression-free survival; DFS, disease-free survival. Dysplastic changes should consider the normal range of dysplastic changes (modification). *Modification to IWG response criteria.

11 정준원외 : Clinical Guindelines for Myelodysplastic Syndrome 81 였다. 장기간지속적인치료후효과가나타나는경우일시적인세포감소나수혈요구등은반응기준에서허용되어야한다. 세포유전학적반응은 major와 minor로각각구분이되었지만, 이기준은만성골수성백혈병에서사용되는것이다. 급성백혈병에서는 complete, partial로구분하므로 MDS도이와같이하였다 (Table 5). 혈액학적개선은적혈구, 호중구, 혈소판반응에대해 major와 minor로각각구분하였지만, minor반응은임상증상개선에대한의미가불확실하고오히려새로운 치료법에대해잘못된편견을제시할수도있다. 그러므로 major로통일하여사용하도록권장하고있다. 수혈의존성, 비의존성여부는혈색소 9g/dL 이하에서 1.5 g/dl 이상의증가또는 8주간 4단위이상의적혈구수혈감소를기준으로하였다 (Table 6). 2) 2006년 IWG 평가기준의임상적용 Azacytidine, decitabine, arsenic trioxide, farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib (R115777) 등의약제들을사용한고위험군대상임상시험에서 2006년 IWG Table 6. Proposed modified International Working Group response criteria for hematologic improvement Hematologic improvement Response criteria (responses must last at least 8 wk)* Erythroid response Hgb increase by 1.5g/dL (pretreatment, <11g/dL) Relevant reduction of units of RBC transfusions by an absolute number of at least 4 RBC transfusions/8 wk compared with the pretreatment transfusion number in the previous 8 wk. Only RBC transfusions given for a Hgb of 9.0g/dL pretreatment will count in the RBC transfusion response evaluation* Platelet response Absolute increase of /L for patients starting with > /L platelets (pretreatment, < /L) Increase from < /L to > /L and by at least 100%* Neutrophil response (pretreatment, < /L) At least 100% increase and an absolute increase > /L* Progression or relapse after HI At least 1 of the following: At least 50% decrement from maximum response levels in granulocytes or platelets Reduction in Hgb by 1.5g/dL Transfusion dependence Deletions to the IWG response criteria are not shown. To convert hemoglobin levels from grams per deciliter to grams per liter, multiply grams per deciliter by 10. Abbreviations: Hgb, hemoglobin; RBC, red blood cell; HI, hematologic improvement. Pretreatment counts averages of at least 2 measurements (not influenced by transfusions) 1 week apart (modification). Modification to IWG response criteria. *In the absence of another explanation, such as acute infection, repeated courses of chemotherapy (modification), gastrointestinal bleeding, hemolysis, and so forth. It is recommended that the 2 kinds of erythroid and platelet responses be reported overall as well as by the individual response pattern. Table 7. Remission rates according to the International Working Group response criteria IWG response IPSS (%) % hematologic response Median Treatement No. patient survival, %HI-major Low Int1 Int2 High Overall CR PR mo Azacitidine (+minor) Decitabine / Tipifarnib Arsenic 101 NA 39 NA NA 20 Abbreviations: IWG, International Working Group; IPSS, International Prognostic Scoring System; CR, complete remission; PR, partial remission; HI, hematologic improvement; Int1, IPSS intermediate-1; Int2, IPSS intermediate-2; TTL, time to leukemia; NA, not available.

12 82 Korean J Hematol Vol. 42, No. 2, June, 2007 평가기준을이용하여관해율을비교하였다 (Table 7). 37) Lenalidomide 연구에서 List 등은 MDS 최종평가기준으로세포유전학적반응을사용하였고, 이것이임상적으로의미가있음을보여주었다. 38) 또한 decitabine 연구에서도세포유전학적반응을이용하여고위험, 저위험군양군모두에서 MDS 반응기준으로의미가있음을보여주었다. 39) 세포감소에대한혈액학적개선은 erythropoietin, darbepoietin alfa, thalidomide, arsenic trioxide, valporic acid, antithymocyte globulin 등을이용한연구에서다양한반응들을보여주었다. 40) Azacytidine을이용한연구에서삶의질이의미있게향상됨을관찰할수있었고, 평가의기준으로 EORTC CC30 질문표를사용하였다. 41) 3) 토의사항 1) 반응평가를위한골수검사의시기에대해서는환자등록 2주전, 이후매8주마다, 최종적인검사는 16주후에시행하고 6개월단위로세포유전학적인평가를내리자는의견이있었고, 2) 골수세포유전학적검사시 FISH와고전적염색체검사의동시시행여부에대해서는세포유전학적완전반응은 FISH를사용한경우에확정적으로평가를내릴수있다는의견이있었다. 3) 형성이상증을배제하고반응을평가하는이유에대해서는형성이상증이비교적흔하게나타날수있지만, 형성이상증의회복은드물고, 또한혈액학적개선과별로연관성이없기때문이라는설명이있었다. 4) 골수검사의평가방식에대해서는서로다른두명의연구자에의해따로평가되어져야한다는의견이있었으며, 5) 향후반응평가에서추가로고려되어야할부분에대해서는과거연구들은저위험군, 고위험군의구분없이치료반응을평가하였지만, 이후새로운연구들은저위험군, 고위험군으로구분하여치료반응을평가하는것이필요하다는의견이있었다. 6) 골수검사를시행하지않은환자에서진단과반응의평가는삶의질과혈액학적개선을반응의평가로이용해야한다는의견이있었다. 2000년과 2006년수정된 IWG 평가기준간의불일치요소들로 2000년혈액학적개선은 major 반응혈색소 2g/dL 이상증가, minor 반응 1 2g/dL 증가로구분되었지만, 2006년혈색소 1.5g/dL 이상증가로수정되었다. 완전또는부분반응후재발기준은 2000년혈색소 2g/dL 이상감소에서 2006년혈색소 1.5g/dL 이상감소로바뀌었다. 그리고부분반응정의는 2000년 FAB 아형 downgrade가포함되었다가 2006년에는삭제되었다. 그러나실패정의에는 FAB 아형 advance가계속포함되어있다. 이것은반응과실 패정의기준에있어 FAB 아형변화를계속해서포함시켜야하는것인지에대해의문을제기하고있다. 4) 새로운제안 2007년 AML/MDS 연구회심포지엄에서임상진료지침으로 2006년 MDS IWG 평가기준에추가하여질병진행까지걸린시간, 치료관련사망, 감염감소, 입원기간감소, 혈소판수혈감소등을반응기준에포함시킬수있을지를제안하였다. 5. 수혈로인한철과부하 (iron overload) 와철킬레이트치료지침 1) 생체내철균형철은활동적대사형태또는저장형태로체내에분포되어있는데주로적혈구내혈색소나근육세포내미오글로빈등의헴복합체와세포내여러효소의주요한구성요소로다양한생리과정에작용하게되며, 이중가장중요한체내작용은산소운반과세포호흡이라고할수있다. 하지만철대사과정중발생하게되는철의자유라디칼 (free radical) 은세포막, 단백질, 또는유전자구조를공격하여손상을입힐수있기때문에철의균형은세포기능유지에매우중요하다. 적혈구조혈과정에사용되지않은나머지철은트랜스페린에의해두형태의저장소로전달된다. 첫번째저장소는가장중요한페리틴 ( 철을중심으로형성되어있는단백질들의불균질적구성체 ) 으로수용성이고적혈구, 혈청, 간세포, 골수및비장에존재하는활동성저장소이다. 조직내에존재하는페리틴저장소는매우불안정하여철에대한신체의어떤요구에도쉽게반응하는반면혈액내에서순환되는혈청페리틴은단핵식세포 ( 세망내피 ) 계에서기원되며순환되는페리틴의농도는체내저장량과평형을이룬다 (1ng/mL= 저장소내철 8mg). 두번째저장소는혈철소로비교적비수용성이고주로간의 Kupffer cell과골수내대식세포에저장된다. 체내에서필요한철분의약 95% 는세망내피계에서파괴되는적혈구로부터재사용되기때문에나머지약 5% 의철분만외부에서공급받게된다. 성인남자는피부및장점막의탈락을통해매일약 1mg 정도를손실하기때문에매일약 1mg 정도의철분을섭취해야하며, 성인여성중가임기여성의경우에는생리로인한손실이추가되므로이보다많은매일약 1.4 2mg 정도의철분을흡수해야철균형을유지할수있다. 철은정상적으로음식을통하여흡수되며간이나신장을통한배출기전은따로가지고있지않으나남자의경우

13 정준원외 : Clinical Guindelines for Myelodysplastic Syndrome 83 장이나점막세포의박리를통해소량배출되며여성의경우에는이외에생리를통한출혈로일부배출하게된다. 건강한성인의경우체내에약 2 4g의철을가지고있으며, 신체크기와철저장소크기의차이로여자에비해남자가조금더많은철을가지고있다. 피부및장점막의탈락이외에는철을제거하는자체기전이없기때문에반복적인수혈등으로인하여과잉철이들어오게되면이를배출하지못하고그대로몸속에축적하게되며결과적으로생체내철균형이깨지게된다. 42) 2) 철과부하의임상적의의 하루에필요한철분보다더많은양의철분이체내로흡수되는상황에서는체내철저장량이과잉으로증가하는철과부하가발생하게되는데, 과부하된철은여러조직의손상을일으키며결과적으로여러장기의부전을초래하는혈색소침착증 (hemochromatosis) 이라는질환으로발전하게된다. 이러한철과부하를일으키는원인으로는 1차적으로유전성철과부하와 2차적인후천성철과부하가있다. 전자의대표적질환인유전성혈색소침착증은 HFE 유전자의결함으로체내흡수되는철의조절능력의장애로인해발생하는선천성질환이며, 후자의원인으로는위장관을통하여철의흡수가증가한경우나철분제제의과다투여, 또는잦은수혈을통하여철을함유하고있는적혈구가반복적으로투여되는경우로만성적으로수혈을시행받게되는재생불량성빈혈, MDS, PNH, 무적혈구혈증, 지중해성빈혈, 겸상적혈구빈혈등의다양한혈액질환들이주된원인질환들이다. 43) 3) 철과부하에의한손상 철과부하시세포와장기에손상을주는주범은트랜스페린과결합하지못하고유리형태로존재하는철로이과잉의철이조직내에축적되고조직내에증가된철은유해한산소유리기의생성을촉진시킴으로써세포손상을야기하게된다. 44) 철과잉으로인한주된손상장기는다음과같다. (1) 간 : 철의주된저장장기인간은철과잉시가장먼저영향을받는장기들중하나로철과잉으로인해증상이나타난환자의약 95% 이상에서간종대가관찰된다. 이러한간종대는이차적으로간경변으로진행하며경우에따라간암발생의원인으로작용한다. 특히우리나라는 B형간염바이러스감염이많기때문에간염보균자에게서철과잉으로인한간손상이발생하는경우에는간기능저하가가속화될수있다. 임상적으로는간조직검사나 MRI 촬영을통하여측정할수있 는간내철농도치가환자의생존율에영향을주는예후인자로작용하기때문에철과잉이의심되는환자에게서정기적인측정이필요하다. 44,45) (2) 심장 : 심질환은철과잉으로인한사망의가장흔한원인으로이중가장흔한질환은울혈성심장근육병증이며이외에심장막염, 부정맥, 제한성심장근육병증및협심증등다양한심장질환이발생할수있다. 철과잉으로인해심근세포내축적된철분은심한섬유증을유발하게된다. 하지만심근내철분농도만으로는철과잉으로인한심질환의발생과사망가능성을예측하기어렵기때문에철과잉환자에대해서는정기적으로심기능에대한평가가필요하다 ) (3) 내분비장기 : 뇌하수체, 갑상선, 부갑상선, 췌장, 생식기관등다양한내분비장기가철과잉에의해손상받게되는데대부분기능저하의형태로나타난다. 특히췌장기능의장애로인한당뇨의발생이나불임등이임상적으로중요하다. 44,45) 4) 철과부하의진단 철과부하를정확하게진단하고, 철과부하로인한장기손상을예측할수있으며, 나아가효과적인철과부하의치료정도를확인하기위해서는체내철과부하상태를측정할수있는진단법이필요하다. 일반적으로체내철, 특히저장철의양을확인하기위해혈청페리틴측정법과간내철농도측정법이사용된다. 47) (1) 혈청페리틴측정 : 혈청페리틴은일반적으로신체내에축적된철의양을반영하는물질로일반혈액검사로쉽게측정할수있기때문에임상에서가장보편적으로사용되는방법이다. 48) 이미혈청페리틴치와간내철농도와의상관관계가보고되었지만철과부하외에도감염등의신체상태에서도혈청페리틴치가상승할수있기때문에이에대한감별이필요하다. 45) (2) 간내철농도측정 : 간은과잉의철이저장되는주요저장소이며철과부하로인한손상이유발되어이와연관된사망률증가와연관된표적장기이기때문에다양한방법으로간내철농도를측정해왔다. 47,49) 이중현재사용될수있는대표적인세가지방법은간조직검사, 초전도양자간섭소자 (SQUID) 및자기공명영상법 (R2-MRI) 이다. 47) 이중간조직검사는가장정확하게간내철농도를측정할수있는정량적분석법이지만조직채취를위해침습적검사방법을사용하기때문에출혈등의위험이따르며, 특히 MDS와같이혈소판감소증이흔히동반되는질환에서는제한점이있다. SQUID는비침습적인영상진단법이지만현재전세계에서 4기관에서만시행이가능하기때문에지

14 84 Korean J Hematol Vol. 42, No. 2, June, 2007 역적인제한점으로국내에서는사용할수없으며기존의자기공명영상기기를이용하여촬영할수있는 R2- MRI이유용하게사용될수있을것이다. 5) 철킬레이트치료 체내에과부하된철과결합하여비독성형태로소변또는대변으로철을제거하는철킬레이트치료는선천적또는후천적원인으로인한다양한철과부하환자의생존율과삶의질을향상시키는치료로알려져있다. 50) 이상적인철킬레이트치료제의조건으로는 3 가철에대한높은친화력, 조직이나세포로의강한침투력, 보다용이한투여방법, 높은생체내이용률, 긴반감기, 보다낮은독성, 그리고궁극적으로흡수되는철의양보다배출되는철의양이많은음성철균형을이룰수있는것이다. 현재사용되는대표적인킬레이트제제는 deferoxamin, deferiprone, 그리고 deferasirox 등이다. Deferoxamine은반복적인수혈을시행받는만성빈혈환자에서의철과부하치료제로 30년이상사용된약제로여러보고들에서효과를입증받았으나주 5 7회로하루 8 12시간동안피하또는정맥주사를해야하는어려움으로실제임상에서쉽게처방되지않고있다. Deferiprone은경구투여가가능하나아직낮은철결합능과무과립구증이라는치명적인합병증이보고된바있다. 가장최근에출시된 deferasinox 는중간정도의철결합능을가지며하루한번복용이가능한경구투여제제로지중해빈혈환자를비롯한다양한철과부하상태에서의효과가보고되고있다. 51) 6) MDS 환자에서의철과부하 MDS는만성적인빈혈로반복적인수혈요법이시행되는대표적인혈액질환으로환자의생존기간이긴경우철과부하로인한다양한임상증상이나타날수있으며철과부하로인한장기부전은사망원인중하나이다. 특히최근에발표되고있는여러새로운약제들에의한생존율향상이기대되고있기때문에철과부하는더욱많은관심을받고있다. 현재까지 MDS에서의철과부하에대해가장많이논의된사항은어떤 MDS 환자가치료대상이며어느정도의철과부하시치료를시작하고치료후효과판정을어떠한방식으로시행하겠느냐는점이다. 2005년도에발표된 consensus statement에서는 IPSS Low 또는 INT-1 위험군에속하거나 WHO 분류법상 RA, RARS, 또는 5q- 증후군에속하여상대적으로장기생존이가능할것으로판단되는저위험군 MDS 환자를철과부하치료의대상으로삼았다. 조혈모세포이식을통하여완치목적의치료를시행예정인환자역시대상으로하였으며치료가 필요한철과부하는혈청페리틴이 1,000 2,000ug/L 이상일때나의미있는조직또는장기손상이확인된경우로하였다. 체내철에대한검사는진단시부터수혈요구량에따라일정한간격 ( 적어도 3개월마다 ) 으로시행하는것을권장하였고검사방법으로는혈청페리틴, 트랜스페린포화도및간에대한자기공명영상법을권장하였다. 52) 2007년에발표된 NCCN 지침에서도철킬레이트치료에대해서는수혈을 20 30단위이상시행받은환자중특히 IPSS Low 또는 INT-1에해당하는저위험군환자들을대상으로 deferoxamine 피하주사나 deferosirox 경구투여를하도록권장하고있다. 12) 6. 소아의 MDS 소아에서 MDS는매우드물어소아인구백만명당매년 1.8명정도의발생빈도를보인다. 소아 MDS는생물학적으로매우다양한질환군을포함하고성인과는다른점이많이있어, 성인에서유용한분류법을소아에서적용하기가쉽지않고, 진단기준도달라서소아에게유용한분류법의필요성이제시되어왔다. 또한소아 MDS의치료에서도조혈모세포이식이완치를기대하는유일한방법이기는하나, 치료연관독성및재발등의문제를해결하기위한가장효과적인전처치방법, 이식시기의결정, 최근의새로운약제의접목등에대하여는앞으로많은연구와개선이있어야하므로이에대한전향적다기관연구가필요하겠다. 1) 소아 MDS 의분류및진단 소아 MDS 의빈도는소아백만명당매년 1.8 명의 MDS, 그리고 1.2명의연소형골수단구성백혈병 (juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, JMML) 의빈도를보여소아혈액종양질환의 6% 를차지한다. 53) 성인과는달리소아 MDS 환자의약 1/3에서 Fanconi 빈혈등선천성골수기능저하증과연관되고, 5q- 증후군, RARS, 그리고 CMML 등은소아에서거의볼수없다. 그리고급성골수성백혈병의진단기준을골수모세포비율을 20% 혹은 30% 이상으로설정해야할지도소아에서는명확하지않다. 또한각분류법에따른각아형간생존율및백혈병으로의진행을예견할수없어 FAB 분류, IPSS, 그리고최근의 WHO 분류등도소아에서적용함이부적절함이밝혀졌다. 53,54) 소아 MDS를대상으로한분류는 Toronto group에서 CCC 시스템 (category, cytology, cytogenetics) 을주창하였는데 (Table 8), 이방법은모든의심되는 MDS 환자를대상으로기술한다는점과형성이상소견및치료연

15 정준원외 : Clinical Guindelines for Myelodysplastic Syndrome 85 Table 8. CCC classification of childhood MDS Category - etiology of the MDS Idiopathic disease Treatment related disease Syndrome related disease Cytology - morphologic features of BM and PB Refractory cytopenia with ringed sideroblasts Refractory cytopenia Refractory cytopenia with dysplasia Refractory cytopenia with excess blasts (5 29% blasts) Refractory cytopenia with dysplasia and excess blasts Cytogenetics Normal cytogenetics Abnormal cytogenetics Cytogenetics unknown Table 9. Pediatric WHO classification Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative disease Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) (secondary only) BCR-ABL-negative chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph-CML) Down syndrome (DS) disease Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) Myeloid leukemia of DS Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) Refractory cytopenia (RC) Refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB) RAEB in transformation (RAEB-t) 관성혹은증후군관련질환도포함되고염색체이상을기술한다는장점이있으나, 진단기준이엄격하지않고, 재생불량성빈혈및 AML과의구분에대한기준도불명확한단점이있다. 55) 그리하여 2003년에 WHO 분류를근거로소아에맞게변형시킨분류를주창하였는데 (Table 9), 54) MDS와골수증식질환 (myeloproliferative disease) 을 MDS, JMML, Down 증후군연관질환, 즉 3가지군으로나누었고, 이방법이국제적동의를얻어 2005년에처음으로국제소아암분류에기술되었다. MDS군은 RA, RAEB, RAEB-t의 3군으로나누었는데, 골수모세포가 20 30% 군을성인과달리급성골수성백혈병이아닌 RAEB-t군으로남겨놓았다. 이분류에는 de novo뿐아니라이차성 MDS도포함하는데, 여기에는치료연관된경우이외에도, 선천성골수기능저하증동반경우, 특발성재 Table 10. Diagnostic criteria for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia I. Clinical and hematological features (all 3 features mandatory) Peripheral blood monocyte count > /L Blast percentage in PB and BM<20% Splenomegaly II. Oncogenetic studies (1 parameter sufficient) Somatic mutation in PTPN11 or RAS NF1 mutation or clinical diagnosis of NF1 Monosomy 7 III. 1. In the absence of 1 parameter listed under II, the following criteria have to be fulfilled Absence of Ph' chromosome (bcr/abl rearrangement) (mandatory) 2. And at least two of the following criteria Spontaneous growth or GM-CSF hypersensitivity in colony assay HgF increased for age Myeloid precursors on PB smear White blood count > /L Clonal abnormality besides monosomy 7 생불량성빈혈및가족성 MDS 경우도포함한다. 하지만, 이분류가너무엄격할수있고, Down 증후군이외의증후군을포함하지않고, 골수형성이상및염색체이상을언급하지않았다는지적을받을수있다. 56) 소아에서 MDS로진단하기가어려운경우가많은데, 특히모세포수가낮은경우에재생불량성빈혈과감별이어렵고, 모세포가많은경우에는 AML과감별이어려울수있다. 불응성혈구감소증때골수형성이상을보이는여러감염, 약물, 혹은만성질환과감별도매우어려우므로 MDS의최소진단기준을알면감별에도움이될수있다. 다음 4가지기준중 2가지이상을만족해야한다 : 1 지속적인설명할수없는혈구감소증 ( 호중수감소증, 혈소판감소증, 혹은빈혈 ), 2 최소 2계열이상의형태학적골수형성이상, 3 조혈세포에서후천클론성세포유전학이상, 4 모세포의증가 (>5%). 53) 2) 소아골수단구백혈병 (JMML) 의진단 JMML은영유아에서만볼수있는독특한질환으로평균발생나이가 1.8세이며, 심한간비종대, 전신성림프절종창및피부변화를보인다. 과거에는연소형만성골수성백혈병혹은 CMML로불렸고, 과거의홑염색체 (monosomy) 7 증후군환자도여기에포함된다. JMML 을진단하기위해서는말초혈액에서단구수가 /L로증가되어야하고, 말초혈액이나골수에서모세포가 20% 이내이면서 Ph 염색체혹은 bcr/abl 재조합이음성이면서, Table 10의 5가지소견중최소 2가

16 86 Korean J Hematol Vol. 42, No. 2, June, 2007 지를만족하여야한다. 최근에는 JMML의병태생리기전으로 NF1 돌연변이나, PTPN11 혹은 RAS 돌연변이가밝혀짐에따라유럽 MDS Working Group에서 JMML의진단기준을변경하여발표하였다 (Table 10). 57) 3) 소아 MDS 의국내연구현황 현재까지국내소아 MDS에대한연구는매우미미하여단일병원의경험을보고한몇연구가있었고, 대한소아혈액종양학회에서수년전 1991년부터 2001년까지의전국 11개병원의 65명의자료를후향적으로분석한결과가있었으나, 58) 이들에대한진단기준도명확하지않았고, 소아에서유용한 CCC 및소아 WHO 분류등을사용하지못하였기때문에큰의의를두기어렵다. 따라서국내소아 MDS 질환의유병률을확실히밝히기위해서는대한진단검사의학회와대한소아혈액종양학회회원간의필요성의인식을토대로공동연구를통해최근의분류법을이용하여진단시말초혈도말및골수검사의중앙관리시스템을구축하여야하겠다. 그래야만전향적인병인및치료에대한연구를체계화할수있을것이다. 4) 소아 MDS 의치료 소아 MDS의치료는확립되어있지않은데, 이는이질환이드물고, 매우다양한질환군이포함되어있기때문이다. 감염과출혈을막기위한보존요법이중요하고, 분화요법으로저용량 ara-c, cis-retinoic acid, vitamin D 제제등도사용된다. 특히저세포형성골수형성이상증후군은재생불량성빈혈과마찬가지로 ATG 혹은 ALG와 cyclosporine의치료를시행해볼수있다. 57) 급성골수성백혈병에사용하는강력한항암화학요법을시도해보는데, 미국의 CCSG 2891 연구에의하면동일한항암치료를시행하였을때 AML인경우 77% 의관해유도및 38% 의 6년무병생존율을보인반면, 총 90명의 MDS 환자중 RA/RAEB인경우는각각 48%, 20%, RAEB-t는각각 69%, 26% 로백혈병환자에서보다훨씬좋지않은성적을보고하였다. 59) 한편영국의 MRC AML 10과 12 치료를받은소아 MDS에서 RAEB-t 인경우 RAEB에비해 5년생존율이 63% vs. 28% 로나음을보고하여성인과도다른소견을보였다. 60) 조혈모세포이식은소아 MDS 환자를완치시킬수있는유일한방법인데, Seattle의최근결과를보면 94 명의소아 MDS 환자 (RA, 25명 ; RARS, 2명 ; RAEB, 20 명 ; RAEB-t, 14명 ; JMML, 32명 ; CMML 1명 ) 의이식후 3년무병생존율이 41%, 재발율 29%, 재발외사망이 28% 로비교적좋지않은성적을보고하였다. 이중 RA/RARS군은 59%, RAEB와 RAEB-t는각각 18% 의 3년무병생존율을보였고, 혈연간이식이비혈연이식보다나은성적을보고하였다. 61) 국내의다기관후향적분석에서는 12명의이식환자중 7명이생존하여 3년생존율 58.3% 를보고하였다. 58) 가톨릭대학의 1995년이후의이식성적에의하면 RA 2명, RAEB 5명, 그리고 RAEB-t 2명총 9명의 MDS에서이식을시행하였는데, 이식전주로 FLAG-based 항암치료에 8명중 7명에서관해를유도하였고, 주로 BuCy를근간으로한전처치후에이식을시행하여 64.8% 의 5년무병생존율을보고하였다. 하지만조혈모세포이식을시행한다고하여도어떠한아형에서, 또한언제이식을시행해야하는지, 어떠한조혈모세포근원을이용해야하는지, 또한이식전에항암치료를시행하여야하는지, 이식전에완전관해상태를만들어야하는지, 전처치의선택은어떻게해야하는지등등에대하여아직확립된사항이없다. 5) JMML 의치료 JMML은치료를하지않으면매우빠르게진행하는치명적질환이나자연관해가된경우가매우드물게보고되고, retinoic acid에의한분화도보고된다. 특히생존에악영향을미치는인자들로는, 혈소판수가낮은경우, 진단시나이가 2세이상, HgF가높은경우, 그리고진단시골수의모세포가높은경우등이다. 62) JMML에서급성기로전환은흔치않으며, 치료하지않은환자의대부분은백혈병세포의침윤에의한장기부전으로사망한다. JMML에서 AML형의항암요법에대한연구는 CCSG 2891의 12명을대상으로한연구에서는 56% 의관해유도율, 그리고 31% 의 6년무병생존율을보여 AML 보다좋지않은성적을보고하였다. 59) 서울대에서는 A-triple V 요법 (ara-c 100mg/m 2 D0-D6 지속주입 + VP mg/m 2 D0-D4+vincristine 1.5mg/m 2 on D9+ cis-retinoic acid mg/m 2 D10-D20) 을 5명에서시행하여중간관찰기간 27개월동안모두가생존해있다는고무적인결과를보고하였다. 63) JMML에서조혈모세포이식은현재까지알려진유일한완치방법이나 Seattle의보고에서는 JMML 32명과 CMML 1명에서 27% 의 3년무병생존율을보였고, 61) NMDP의 46명의 JMML 환자에서비혈연이식의성적은 2년생존율 42% 와 2년무병생존율 24%, 그리고재발률 58% 를보고하여 64) 이식기법의개선필요성을인식하였다. 최근의유럽 MDS Working Group에서는 100명의소아 JMML 환자를대상으로 busulfan+cyclophosphamide+melphalan 전처치후이식한결과 5년무

17 정준원외 : Clinical Guindelines for Myelodysplastic Syndrome 87 병생존율이가족내 HLA-일치이식인경우 55%, 비혈연이식인경우 49% 를보고하였고, 누적재발률은 38% 이었다. 65) 가톨릭대학의 10예의조혈모세포이식경험에의하면 3명을제외하고 A-triple V 혹은 FLAG 요법으로관해유도및공고요법을시행한후 8명에서는관해상태에서주로 busulfan+cyclophosphamide 전처치 (n=7) 를이용하여이식을시행하였는데, 40% 의 5 년무병생존율을관찰하였다. JMML에서도마찬가지로언제이식을시행해야하는지, 어떠한조혈모세포근원을이용해야하는지, 또한이식전에항암치료및비장적출술을시행하여야하는지, 이식전에완전관해상태를만들어야하는지, 전처치의선택은어떻게해야하는지, 최근에개발된신약등을어떻게접목해야할지등에대하여는더연구가필요하다. 최근에 JMML의병인에 PTPN11, RAS 혹은 NF1의돌연변이에의해 signal transduction이유발됨이밝혀짐에따라 farnesyl transferase inhibitor의유용성에대한 phase II/III 연구가진행되고있고, 특히 Children s Oncology Group에서는소아 JMML에서 farnesyl transferase inhibitor를사용한후 fludarabine+cytosine arabinoside+cis-retinoic acid를투여하고조혈모세포이식을하는 phase II 연구가진행되고있다. 또한, 성인 MDS에서연관성이알려진비정상적 methylation이소아 MDS에서도보고됨에따라 66) 5-azacytidine이나 decitabine 등의 demethylating agent 의유용성연구도필요할것이다. 결 MDS는범혈구감소증과비효율적인조혈및형성이상을특징으로하는클론성조혈모세포질환으로서상기한특징을공유하는여러다양한질병들로구성된질환군이다. 임상적으로는범혈구감소증에의한삶의질저하와다양한합병증이나급성백혈병으로의전환에의한높은사망률로인해혈액암에버금가는난치성질환이나그간동종조혈모세포이식이외에병리기전에영향을줄수있는치료법의부재로이식대상자가아닌경우에는대부분수혈등의대증요법만을시행해왔다. 진단분야에서도형성이상의정량화에있어다소주관적이었던진단상의문제점이지속적으로지적되어왔고과거의 FAB 분류에서현재사용되는 WHO 분류로이환되는과정에서과거에사용되어왔던예후예측체계의보완또는새로운예측체계가필요 론 하게되었고이를바탕으로한치료법선택과정도변경이불가피하게되었다. 또하나새로운치료제의등장은 MDS의진료전반에큰변화를예고하고있다. 따라서이러한문제점과변화들을효과적을수용하면서이를토대로하여좀더유기적인진료를가능하게함으로써최선의진료성적을기대하기위해서는합당한진료지침들이마련되어야하겠다. 이를통하여좀더정량적이고객관적이며정확한진단이이루어지고치료분야에서는기존의치료법, 새로운치료제, 그리고조혈모세포이식술각각에대한올바른적응증을마련하고이를통하여좀더우수한치료성적을유도하며, 질병의진행에부수적으로발생하는여러문제들을적절히해결하여삶의질을높이고, 치료에대한적절한반응기준을마련함으로써좀더객관적인치료효과판정이가능하게된다면대표적인난치성혈액질환인 MDS의진료에많은발전이있을것으로기대할수있겠다. 참고문헌 1) Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon, France: IARC Press, 2001; ) Vardiman JW, Harris NL, Brunning RD. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the myeloid neoplasms. Blood 2002;100: ) Greenberg PL, Baer MR, Bennett JM, et al. NCCN practice guideline in oncology: Myelodysplastic syndromes-v (Accessed March 2, 2007, at mds.pdf) 4) Valent P, Horny HP, Bennett JM. et al. Definitions and standards in the diagnosis and treatment of the myelodysplastic syndromes: consensus statements and report from a working conference. Leuk Res 2007;31: ) Vardiman JW. Hematopathological concepts and controversies in the diagnosis and classification of myelodysplastic syndromes. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2006; ) Kussick SJ, Fromm JR, Rossini A, et al. Four-color flow cytometry shows strong concordance with bone marrow morphology and cytogenetics in the evaluation for myelodysplasia. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 124:

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20 90 Korean J Hematol Vol. 42, No. 2, June, 2007 tical, comprehensive classification for pediatric myelodysplastic syndromes: the CCC system. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;24: ) Occhipinti E, Correa H, Yu L, Craver R. Comparison of two new classifications for pediatric myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;44: ) Niemeyer CM, Locatelli F. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders. In: Pui CH, ed. Childhood leukemias. 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006: ) Kook H, Kim MK, Ghim TT, et al. Pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome in Korea: Clinical characteristics and comparison of prognostic scoring systems. Korean J Pediatr Hematol-Oncol 2003;10: ) Woods WG, Barnard DR, Alonzo TA, et al. Prospective study of 90 children requiring treatment for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome: a report from the Children s Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 2002;20: ) Webb DK, Passmore SJ, Hann IM, Harrison G, Wheatley K, Chessells JM. Results of treatment of children with refractory anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB) and RAEB in transformation (RAEBt) in Great Britain Br J Haematol 2002;117: ) Yusuf U, Frangoul HA, Gooley TA, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in children with myelodysplastic syndrome or juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: the Seattle experience. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004;33: ) Smith FO, Woods WG. Myeloproliferative and myelodysplastic disorders. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, eds. Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006: ) Kang HJ, Shin HY, Choi HS, Ahn HS. Novel regimen for the treatment of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Leuk Res 2004;28: ) Smith FO, King R, Nelson G, et al. Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2002; 116: ) Locatelli F, Nöllke P, Zecca M, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML): results of the EWOG-MDS/EBMT trial. Blood 2005;105: ) Vidal DO, Paixão VA, Brait M, et al. Aberrant methylation in pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res 2007;31:

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