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1 Stress pissn X, eissn Stress 2017;25(3): ORIGINAL ARTICLE 대학생의정서표현의양면성이자기효능감과대인관계에미치는영향 이은미 1 ㆍ김유정 1 ㆍ차선경 2 1 호서대학교간호학과, 기초과학연구소, 2 선문대학교간호학과 Influence of Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness on Self-efficacy and Interpersonal Relationship of College Students Eun Mi Lee 1, Yu Jeong Kim 1, Sunkyung Cha 2 1 Department of Nursing, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Hoseo University, 2 Department of Nursing Science, Sunmoon University, Asan, Korea Key messages 대학생의정서표현양면성이자기효능감과대인관계에미치는영향을살펴봄으로써관련전략개발에활용할수있는기초자료를제공하고자하였다. 대학생 282명을편의추출하였고, 정서표현양면성, 자기효능감, 대인관계도구를포함한자가보고설문지를이용하여자료를수집한후기술통계, 독립표본 t-test, 회귀분석으로분석하였다. 정서표현양면성이자기효능감에미치는영향에서는긍정적정서표현양면성만음의영향을미치는것으로나타났고, 정서표현양면성이대인관계에미치는영향에서는전체정서표현양면성과긍정적정서표현양면성이음의영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 대학생의자기효능감과대인관계향상을위해긍정적정서표현양면성과전체정서표현양면성을향상시키는전략이필요하다. 중심단어 : 대학생, 정서표현양면성, 자기효능감, 대인관계 Received August 21, 2017 Revised September 17, 2017 Accepted September 18, 2017 Corresponding author Sunkyung Cha Department of Nursing Science, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro, 221beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan 31460, Korea Tel: Fax: skc0701@hanmail.net Copyright 2017 by Stress. All rights reserved. Abstract Background: This research focuses on ambivalence over of college students. It was expected to provide basic data that can be used in the development of related strategies to identify the influence of ambivalence over on self-efficacy and interpersonal relationship. Methods: We selected 282 students who completed a questionnaire about general characteristics, ambivalence over, self-efficacy, and interpersonal relationship tools. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and regression analysis. Results: Overall ambivalence over and ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness of those who lived alone or in dormitory were statistically significantly higher than living with their families or relatives. Ambivalence over positive had significant negative effect on self-efficacy. Overall ambivalence over and ambivalence over positive had significant negative effects on interpersonal relationship. Conclusions: To develop strategies enhancing self-efficacy and interpersonal relationship for college students, it is necessary to develop a strategy that can improve ambivalence over positive emotional expressiveness on self-efficacy. There is a need for strategies that improves both ambivalence over positive and ambivalence over positive on interpersonal relationship. Key Words: Students, Ambivalence over, Self-efficacy, Interpersonal relations 서론 1. 연구의필요성심리사회적발달단계중청소년후기이면서성인기초기에속하는대학생시기는성인으로서의역할을발전시키는 것뿐만아니라가족이아닌타인과여러관계를형성해야하는시기이다. 대학생들은특정지역이아닌전국의다양한지역과계층의사람들과새로운교우관계, 이성관계, 교수관계등의사회적관계를맺게된다. 대인관계에있어서대학생시기는대인관계범위의확대와형성에서중요한시점이

2 196 Eun Mi Lee, et al. 고이때에형성된대인관계가이후일생에도영향을미칠수있기때문에그의미가더크다 (Kim HS et al., 2006). 이렇게대학생들의대인관계는매우중요하지만 (Mojallal et al., 2015), 우리사회대학생의현실은학업및취업준비로바쁘고, 대인관계에대한욕구는있지만갑작스럽게증가하는새로운관계에적응하는데어려움을느끼고있다 (Lee JW, 2012). 대학생의대인관계방법에있어서의특징을살펴보면, 인터넷및모바일기술의혁신적인발달로인해사회연결망서비스 (social network service, SNS) 를통한의사소통및사회적관계욕구충족이증가하고있다. 이러한변화는의사소통의양은늘어났으나면대면의직접적인의사소통의양이줄고오히려대인의사소통을방해하는수단으로작용할수있다 (Choi HS et al., 2012). 양적으로늘어난인간관계의수만큼정서적만족도가비례해서증가하지는않는다 (Jang MH et al., 2017). 더욱이자신에대한과대평가와기대에따라타인에게인정받고자하는욕구는높은반면, 실제성취나대인관계에서의자기상이부정적일때자아개념의불일치를경험하기쉽고이는대리욕구충족및현실도피의대처방안으로기능하는 SNS를통한의사소통및대인관계를촉진시킨다 (Kim SJ et al., 2015; Park YJ et al., 2013). 또한대학생들은다양한상호관계속에서자신과관련된부분에대해더많은의사결정을해야한다 (Hwang HS et al., 2016). 자기효능감은어떤상황에서과업이나기능을성공적으로수행할수있다는기대와신념이므로 (Bandura, 1987), 의사결정시에는개인의행동이나역할수행을예측하는지표로도활용되는자기효능감이영향을미치게된다. 개인의발달과적응및변화를위한핵심자원인자기효능감이높은경우자신의행동을변화시킬수있다는낙관적인신념을가지게되고, 적응과정에서일어나는문제들에대해효율적이며적극적인대처를한다고보았다 (Hong SR, 2011). 이처럼대인관계와더불어자기효능감은향후본격적인성인기로의전환에있어중요한시점인대학생시기에의미가있는중요한개념이다. 개인이정서를표현하고자하는욕구와그렇지않은욕구사이의갈등을정서표현의양면성이라정의하며 (King et al, 1990), 정서표현의양면성은하위요인인긍정적정서표현의양면성과부정적정서표현의양면성으로나눌수있다 (Ha J, 1997). 개인은자신이속한사회나문화안에서정서를표현하는방식을학습하게되는데, 정서표현을조절하거나억제해야하는경우에정서표현에대한양면성을경험하게된다 (Hong YG, 2009). 정서와관련된변수는개인의적응에중요한변수로서자기효능감과대인관계와관련된연구에서중요한변수이나정서표현양면성과자기효능감및대인관계에대해함께살펴본연구는부족한실정이다. 정서표현에대한연구를살펴보면자신의생각이나감정을정확하게표현하는것은정서를인식하는것만큼중요한부분이지만정서표현자체보다는정서표현에대한개인의욕구가더중요한의미를지닌다고보았다. 정서와관련된 변수중사회심리적건강에가장큰설명력을가진요인이정서표현양면성이라고주장한연구도이를지지하는결과이다 (Kwon YM, 2001). 정서표현양면성과자기효능감의관계에대한연구를살펴보면, 정서표현양면성이클수록자기효능감의하위요인중두려움이커졌다는보고가있다 (Lee HW et al., 2013). 또한정서표현양면성이높을때우울, 불안, 강박적경향, 신체적인증상이더많고 (King et al., 1990), 대인관계시에친밀감에대한두려움을가지며, 다른사람들에게도움과지지를받을수없다고생각하고, 대인관계에서꼭필요한상호작용을하지못하고왜곡된지각을하는경향이있다고보았다 (Emmons et al., 1995). 따라서본연구에서는대학생들의정서표현양면성이, 확대되고복잡해진상황에서자신이환경을통제할수있고어려운일이발생하더라도이겨내고도전할수있다는신념인자기효능감 (Hong SR, 2011) 과사람들사이의역동적이며지속적인상호작용으로인간의삶을형성하고지속해나가는데필수적인대인관계 (Lee HD, 1998) 에미치는영향을살펴봄으로서대학생의자기효능감과대인관계를향상시키기위한전략개발에있어정서표현의양면성에대한기초자료를제공하고자하였다. 2. 연구목적본연구는대학생의정서표현양면성정도를파악하고, 자기효능감및대인관계에미치는영향을파악하기위한것으로구체적인목적은다음과같다. 대상자의정서표현양면성정도를파악한다. 대상자의일반적특성에따른정서표현양면성정도를파악한다. 대상자의정서표현양면성 ( 긍정적정서표현양면성, 부정적정서표현양면성, 전체정서표현양면성 ) 이자기효능감및대인관계에영향을파악한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는대학생의정서표현양면성과그하위요인이대인관계및자기효능감에미치는영향을파악하기위한서술적조사연구이다. 2. 연구대상본연구의대상자는충남 A시에위치한일개대학교학생을대상으로하였으며, 자료수집은 2016년 12월 1일에서 12월 10일까지시행하였다. 해당대학생들을대상으로연구자가연구의목적과문항을설명하여교육한후서면동의를받아조사하였다. G*power 프로그램을이용하여양측검정, 유의수준.05, 검정력.95, 중간정도의효과크기.3을기준으로필요한전체최소표본크기는 138명으로산정되었다. 설문조사시탈락자를고려하여총 300명의대상자에게설

3 Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness of College Students 197 문지를배부하였고, 291부가수집되었으나내용이미흡한 9 부를제외하여최종분석대상자수는총 282명으로최소표본크기를충족하였다. 대상자선정기준은다음과같다. 첫째, 현재대학교에재학중인자둘째, 의사소통이가능하고본설문지의내용을이해하고답할수있는자셋째, 본연구목적을이해하고연구에참여하기로동의한자 3. 연구도구 1) 정서표현양면성정서표현의양면성은 King et al.(1990) 이개발하고 Ha J (1997) 가수정보완한정서표현양면성척도 (Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire) 를사용하였다. 이척도는긍정적정서표현에대한양면성을측정하는 10개문항과부정적정서표현에대한양면성을측정하는 18 개문항으로총 28개문항으로구성되어있다. 7점척도로서점수가높을수록긍정적, 부정적정서표현에대한양면성이높음을의미한다. Ha J(1997) 의연구에서 Chronbach s α는정서표현양면성이.91이었고그중긍정적정서표현에대한양면성이.88, 부정적정서표현에대한양면성이.85이었다. 본연구에서의 Chronbach s α는전체정서표현양면성이.95, 긍정적정서표현에대한양면성이.90, 부정적정서표현에대한양면성이.92이었다. 2) 자기효능감어떤상황에서과업이나기능을수행할수있다는기대와신념을자기효능감이라고하는데이를측정하기위해서 Chen et al.(2001) 이개발한일반적자기효능감척도 (General self Efficacy Scale) 를 Noh JH(2005) 가번안한것을사용하였다. 총 8문항으로구성된 5점평정척도이며점수가높을수록자기효능감이높음을의미한다. Chen et al.(2001) 이개발한본도구의 Cronbach s α는.88이었으며, 본연구에서 Chronbach s α는.91이었다. 3) 대인관계본연구에서대인관계는 Schlein et al.(1971) 이개발한대인관계변화척도 (Relationship Change Scale, RCS) 를 Moon SM(1980) 이번안하고 Jeon SG(1994) 가수정 보완한자기보고형척도를통해측정하였다. 만족감, 의사소통, 신뢰감, 친근감, 민감성, 개방성, 이해성에대한내용 25문항을 5점척도로구성하였으며, 점수가높을수록대인관계를잘유지하고있음을의미한다. Jeon SG(1994) 의연구에서 Cronbach s α는.88이었고, 본연구에서의 Chronbach s α는.91이었다. 4. 자료분석수집된자료는 SPSS 20.0을사용하여분석하였다. 대상자의일반적특성, 정서표현양면성, 자기효능감, 대인관계는백분율과빈도, 평균과표준편차로산출하였으며, 일반적특성에따른정서표현양면성의차이는독립표본 t-test와회귀분석을이용하였다. 정서표현양면성이자기효능감및대인관계에영향을미치는요인을파악하기위해회귀분석을시행하였다. 결과 1. 일반적특성과일반적특성에따른정서표현양면성본연구의대상자는 282명으로남자 73명 (28.0%), 여자 188명 (72.0%) 이었고가족이나친지와함께사는응답자가 161명 (57.9%), 자취또는기숙사에거주하는응답자가 117 명 (42.1%) 로나타났다. 경제상태는저소득층이 61명 (22.1%), 중산층이 164명 (59.4%), 고소득층이 51명 (18.5%) 으로응답하였다. 대상자의일반적특성에따른정서표현의양면성은거주형태를제외하고는통계적으로유의미한차이가존재하지않았다. 정서표현양면성을거주형태별로살펴보면, 자취나기숙사에거주하는응답자 (4.15점) 가가족이나친지와함께사는응답자 (3.89점) 보다통계적으로유의하게더높았다 (t=-2.109, p=.036). 긍정적정서표현의양면성도자취나기 Table 1. Effect of general characteristics on ambivalence over (N=282) Ambivalence over Variables Classification n (%) Total Ambivalence over positive Ambivalence over negative mean±sd t (p) mean±sd t (p) mean±sd t (p) Gender a) Male 73 (28.0) 4.17± (.172) 3.80± (.440) 4.36± (.106) Female 188 (72.0) 3.98± ± ±1.00 Residential type b) With family and relatives 161 (57.9) 3.89± (.036) 3.58± (.035) 4.06± (.056) Dormitory or lived alone 117 (42.1) 4.15± ± ±0.98 Economic status c) (1 5, slope) No answer: a) 21, b) 4, c) 6. Low 14 (5.1) (.141) (.076) (.251) Mid-low 47 (17.0) Medium 164 (59.4) Mid-high 47 (17.0) High 4 (1.5)

4 198 Eun Mi Lee, et al. 숙사에거주하는응답자 (3.89점) 가가족이나친지와함께사는응답자 (3.58점) 보다통계적으로유의하게더높았고 (t=-2.121, p=.035) 부정적정서표현의양면성도자취나기숙사에거주하는응답자 (4.30점) 가가족이나친지와함께사는응답자 (4.06점) 보다통계적으로유의한수준에근접하게더높았다 (t=-1.919, p=.056)(table 1). 2. 정서표현양면성, 자기효능감및대인관계대상자의정서표현양면성, 자기효능감및대인관계를살펴본결과는 Table 2와같다. 정서표현양면성은평균 4.00 점이고긍정적정서표현에대한양면성 (3.70점) 이부정적정서표현에대한양면성 (4.16점) 보다상대적으로낮았다. 자기효능감은평균 3.34점, 대인관계는평균 3.47점으로나타났다. 3. 정서표현양면성에따른자기효능감및대인관계정서표현양면성에따른자기효능감및대인관계의영향을알아보기위해 2가지회귀분석모형을이용하여분석한결과는 Table 3과같다. 첫번째모형 (model 1) 은단순모형으로정서표현양면성을전체, 긍정적, 부정적으로나누어각각을독립변수로, 자기효능감및대인관계를종속변수로정의하였고두번째모형 (model 2) 은성별과거주형태를통제변수로사용하였다. 성별은앞선분석에서정서표현양면성에미치는영향이통계적으로유의미하지않았으나연구들에따라차이는있지만정서표현에대한갈등의경우여자보다남자가정서표현에대한억제를더많이한다고알려져있고 (Gross et al., 2003; Chang JJ et al., 2008), 중요한요인으로판단되어통제변수에포함하였다. 정서표현양면성이자기효능감에미치는영향을단순모형 (model 1) 으로살펴본결과, 전체및부정적정서표현양면성은통계적으로유의미한영향을미치지않았고긍정적정 서표현양면성 (β=-0.199, p=.001) 만음의영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 이는긍정적정서표현양면성이높아질수록자기효능감이떨어짐을의미한다. 자기효능감에미치는영향에대해성별과거주형태를통제변수로사용한모형 (model 2) 으로살펴본결과, 전체및부정적정서표현양면성은통계적으로유의미한영향을미치지않았고긍정적정서표현양면성 (β=-0.212, p=.001) 만음의영향을미치는것으로나타나모형 1과 2 모두긍정적정서표현양면성이높아질수록자기효능감이떨어지는것으로나타났다. 정서표현양면성이대인관계에미치는영향을단순모형 (model 1) 으로살펴본결과, 전체 (β=-0.207, p<.001) 및긍정적 (β=-0.357, p<.001) 과부정적 (β=-0.091, p=.130) 정서표현양면성모두음의영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 즉, 정서표현양면성이높아질수록대인관계의적극성이낮아지고부정적정서표현보다긍정적정서표현의영향이더큰것으로분석되었다. 대인관계에미치는영향에대해성별과거주형태를통제변수로사용한모형 (model 2) 으로살펴본결과, 전체 (β=-0.196, p=.002) 및긍정적 (β=-0.352, p<.001) 정서표현양면성은음의영향을미치고부정적정서표현양면성은통계적으로유의미한영향을미치지않았다. 정서표현양면성이높아질수록대인관계의적극성이낮아지는데주로긍정적정서표현양면성의영향인것으로분석되었다. 고찰 본연구는대학생을대상으로정서표현의양면성이자기효능감과대인관계에미치는영향을파악함으로서자기효능감과대인관계를향상시키기위해정서표현양면성에초점을둔전략개발의기초자료로활용하고자수행되었다. Table 2. Ambivalence over, self-efficacy, interpersonal relationship (N=282) Variables Items Cronbach's α Mean±SD Min Max Ambivalence over Total ± Ambivalence over positive ± Ambivalence over negative ± Self-efficacy ± Interpersonal relationship ± Table 3. Effects of ambivalence over on self-efficacy and interpersonal relationship (N=282) Self-efficacy Interpersonal relationship Variables Categories model 1 model 2 model 1 model 2 β t (p) β t (p) β t (p) β t (p) Ambivalence over emotional expressiveness Total (.102) Ambivalence over positive (.001) (.089) (.001) (<.001) (<.001) (.002) (<.001) Ambivalence over negative (.689) (.656) (.130) (.237)

5 Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness of College Students 199 연구결과에의하면일반적인특성중거주형태에따라정서표현의양면성에차이를보였다. 기숙사나자취를하는대학생들이가족이나친척과사는대학생들보다긍정적, 부정적정서표현의양면성이모두높았다. 이는기숙사나자취를하는학생들이정서표현과관련한표현의욕구와그렇지않으려는욕구사이의갈등이더많이일어나정서표현의욕구를억제하게된다는것을의미한다. 가족이아닌타인과함께생활하거나혼자생활하는대학생들의경우가족이나친지와함께생활하는학생에비해정서표현에어려움을느끼거나대면의사소통의기회가적을수있고상대적으로비대면인온라인의사소통을많이할수도있다. 예를들어트위터, 페이스북, 카카오톡등을이용한비대면의사소통은문자로자신의생각과정서를표현하게되므로중요한소통정보인억양이나표정등의비언어적인정보를확인할수없어소통에어려움이발생할수있고특히의사소통에서중요한메시지인 긍정 혹은 부정 의정보가잘못전달될여지도있다 (Park DG, 2013). 또한온라인의사소통의경우자신의긍정적인부분을더보여주려할수있으므로긍정적인표현에대한갈등을많이일으킬가능성도높아질수있다. 추후연구에서는일반적특성부분에이러한원인을확인할수있도록비대면의사소통과대면의사소통등의관련요인을좀더추가하여연구할필요가있다. 선행연구들의결과처럼정서표현양면성이높을때우울, 불안, 강박과같은심리적고통과신체적증상이더많다 (King et al., 1990; Katz et al., 1994) 는부분을고려하면, 기숙사나자취생활을하는학생들을대상으로긍정적이든부정적이든정서표현을잘할수있도록정서표현을지지하고교육하는전략이필요하다고생각된다. 정서표현의양면성이자기효능감과대인관계에미치는영향을살펴보면, 긍정적정서표현양면성의영향력이컸는데긍정적정서표현의양면성이높을수록자기효능감과대인관계는낮아졌다. 이는긍정적인정서표현에서어려움을겪는학생일수록자기효능감이떨어지고대인관계가원만하지못하다는것을의미한다. 기존연구를보면, 정서표현의양면성이클수록자기효능감의하위요인인두려움이컸다는결과가있으며정서표현에서의어려움이적을수록대인관계가원만하고사회적기능이긍정적으로이루어진다는선행연구결과와일치한다 (Kwon YM, 2001; Lee HW et al., 2013). 본연구의결과에서는정서표현의양면성중에부정적정서표현양면성은자기효능감과대인관계에통계적으로유의미한영향을미치지않았다. 이는어떤정서를어떻게표현하느냐에따라대인관계의질에영향을미치며, 긍정적정서표현은대인관계를증진시키나부정적정서표현은대인관계를악화시킨다 (Jerome et al. 2005) 는것과연관이있는결과이다. 반면에부정정서를노출하는것은심리적안녕감을증진시키고 (Owen et al., 2005), 부정적인정서표현은간단한정서표현만으로도정서의강도를약화시킬수있다 (Lieberman et al., 2007) 는것과는다른결과이다. 추후연 구가좀더필요한부분이라생각되나부정적인표현에대한양면성은누구나부정적인정서를표현할때고민하고갈등하는보편적인특성이있다는측면을고려해볼때, 긍정적인표현에대한양면성을가지고있는사람은정서표현에대한갈등을잘일으키는사람으로자기효능감이낮고, 대인관계에어려움을겪는사람일수있다는것을보여주는결과라생각된다. 정서표현의양면성중긍정적표현에대한양면성문항을살펴보면, 나는나의감정을솔직하게표현하고싶지만그로인해상처를받거나무안을당하게될까봐두렵다., 나는솔직한감정을사람들에게표현할적절할말을찾는것이어렵다., 나는솔직한감정표현이어려울때가자주있다. 등솔직한감정표현에대한두려움과어려움을포함하고있다. 또한 사람들에게사랑 / 좋아한다는표현을하고싶지만나약하게보이거나너무민감하게보일까봐걱정이된다., 나는사람들에게그들이나에게얼마나소중한존재인가를말하지못할때가많다., 나는누군가에게사랑 / 좋아한다고말하고싶을때적절한표현을찾기가힘들다. 등긍정적정서표현에있어서의어려움을확인할수있다. 이처럼긍정적표현에대한욕구가있으나잘해소되지못하여긍정적정서표현의양면성이높아지면정서표현을통해타인으로부터지지와공감을받지못한다고느껴회피전략을더많이사용하므로자신의능력에대한믿음을의미하는자기효능감의저하나대인관계의어려움을더느끼는것으로생각된다 (Emmons et al., 1995). 이러한결과들을토대로볼때, 정서표현양면성에초점을둔대학생의자기효능감과대인관계향상을위한전략개발시에는자기효능감의경우는전화통화, 편지, 대면대화등의방법으로가족및중요한타인에게직접적인의사소통방법을통한솔직한감정표현, 사랑표현등의긍정적정서표현양면성을향상시킬수있는다양한학내소통캠페인이나 1일 1회긍정표현등의실천프로그램이개발되어야할것이다. 또한대인관계에있어서는전체정서표현양면성에대한영향을고려할때긍정적정서표현에대한양면성과부정적정서표현에대한양면성을모두를향상시키는전략이필요하다. 따라서긍정적이든부정적이든정서표현을격려하도록사회인식을개선하기위한교육및정서표현양면성을감소시킬수있는대인관계중재프로그램개발과다양한개인및상담프로그램의적극적인활용이필요하다. 본연구는일개대학의학생들을편의표출하였으므로연구결과를일반화하는데에는제한이있다. 향후에는전공학과등을고려하여대상자를확대한연구가필요하다고생각된다. References Bandura A. (1987). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. NY: Freeman. Chang JJ, Kim JM. (2008). A study on the relationship between emotional awareness, emotional expressivity and ambivalence in terms of in interpersonal relationships. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy. 20(3): Chen G, Gully MS, Eden D. (2001). Validation of a New General self Efficacy Scale. Organizational Research Methods. 4(1): Choi HS, Lee HK, Ha JC. (2012). The influence of smartphone addiction on mental health, campus life and personal relations - Focusing on K university students. Journal of the Korean Data & Information Science Society. 23(5):

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