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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ISSN(Print) ISSN(Online) 중학생, 고등학생및대학생의스마트폰의존도영향요인비교 : 제 7 차한국아동청소년패널조사자료를바탕으로 이은지 원광대학교간호학과조교수 Comparison of Factors related to Smartphone Dependency among Middle School, High School, and College Students based on the Seventh Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey Eun Jee Lee Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea Purpose: This study investigated differences in the relationships of factors including emotional problems, self-perception, parental behavior, and peer attachment with smartphone dependency (SD) among middle school, high school, and college students in South Korea. Methods: This study used data from a nationwide sample of 1,882 middle school, 1,821 high school, and 1,346 college students who owned smartphones. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were conducted to investigate the predictors of SD based on school level. Results: SD scores significantly differed across school levels. Female gender, more aggressive behavior, less ego-identity, and less monitoring parental behavior were linked to higher SD at all school levels. Less self-esteem and intrusive parental behavior were linked to SD in middle school students. In high school students, additional factors related to higher levels of SD were resilience, intrusive / inconsistent parental behavior, peer trust and alienation, and depression. Additionally, resilience, over-expectant parental behavior, and peer trust were linked to higher SD in college students. Conclusion: This study provides insights into SD and predictors of SD among middle school, high school, and college students. Based on these findings, SD prevention programs should be developed according to the developmental stages of adolescents and young adults. Key words: Smartphone; Dependency; Adolescents; Young adult Corresponding author Eun Jee Lee Department of Nursing, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Korea 1. 연구의필요성 서 론 TEL FAX ejlee06@wku.ac.kr Key words 스마트폰, 의존, 청소년, 젊은성인 Received Dec 12, 2018 Revised Jan 17, 2019 Accepted Jan 23, 2019 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non- Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 스마트폰은휴대폰과컴퓨터가결합된것으로전화나문자뿐아니라동영상감상및제작, 소셜네트워크서비스 (Social Network Service, SNS) 를통한콘텐츠의공유, 게임, 음악감상등다양한기능을가지고있다. 스마트폰은소지가간편하기때문에청소년이언제든가지고놀수있는일종의장난감역할을한다 [1,2]. 이러한점때문에청소년의스마트폰소지율증가 [1] 와함께스마트폰의 Copyright 2019 Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing 165

2 존청소년도증가하는추세이다 [3]. 스마트폰을지나치게많이사용하면신체적으로피로, 소화불량, 요통, 수면장애, 시력저하, 거북목증후군이발생할수있고, 정신적으로우울, 불안, 외로움, 충동성이높아지며, 사회적으로는대인관계위축, 일상생활장애와비언어적의사소통능력저하와같은많은건강문제를유발한다 [1]. 스마트폰의존이신체적, 정신적건강에부정적인영향을미치는것이알려지면서스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인에관한연구가활발히진행되고있다. 현재까지밝혀진개인요인으로는여자 [4], 공격성이높을수록 [5,6], 자아존중감이낮을수록 [5,7], 자아탄력성이낮을수록 [7], 자신의정체성이확립되지않을수록 [8,9] 스마트폰의존도가높다고보고되었고, 청소년의정체성확립은스마트폰의존도를낮춘다고하였다 [8]. 그러나우울과스마트폰의존과의관계는일관되지않은결과가보고되고있다 [5,6]. 중, 고, 대학생시기에는급격한신체적, 정서적, 사회적변화가일어난다 [10]. 중, 고등학생시기에는이차성징으로인한신체변화와더불어가정과학교에서의역할과사회적기대가달라져갈등, 긴장, 스트레스와같은불안정한심리상태를경험하게된다 [10]. 대학생시기는청소년기에발달하기시작한삶의의미를확립하고, 부모로부터신체적, 정신적으로독립한다. 또한새로운문화와인간관계에적응해야하고, 미래를준비해야하기때문에중, 고등학생시기와는다른스트레스환경에노출된다 [11]. 스마트폰의존은이러한중, 고, 대학생의성장발달단계에따른개인요인의차이와환경변화에따라달라질가능성이있다. 부모의양육태도가스마트폰의존과밀접한관련이있다는것은많은선행연구에서밝힌바있다 [2,4,6,8,9,12,13]. 부모가자녀를대하는태도와통제의정도는자녀가성장함에따라달라진다. 많은부모가대학생자녀를중고등학생때의자녀와같이통제하는것은적절하지못하다고생각하며, 통제의정도를감소시키는경향이있다 [14]. 즉부모의양육태도가청소년의스마트폰의존에미치는영향은청소년의성장발달에따라달라질가능성이있다. 또한부모의영향력은청소년이성장함에따라점차감소하여고등학생시기가되면부모로부터분리되어자신의개별성을가지려고하고, 또래에게받는영향이커지게된다 [15]. 스마트폰은자기만의공간을가지고친구와소통하는데에최적화된매체로청소년은또래로부터소외되지않기위해서, 또래와원활한의사소통을하기위해서스마트폰에의존하는경향이크다 [13]. 선행연구에서청소년이또래관계에서받는스트레스가높거나 [13], 또래에게소외받는경우 [9] 에스마트폰의존도가높았으며, 교우관계를개선하면스마트폰의존도가낮아진다고하였다 [6]. 그러나다른선행연구에서청소년의또래관계와스마트폰의존은관련성이 없다고하여 [4] 일관되지않은결과를보고하였는데, 이는청소년의발달단계에따른또래영향의차이가그원인일가능성이있다. 스마트폰의존에영향을미치는요인에관한선행연구는청소년의개인요인, 부모요인, 또래요인을전체적으로분석하지않고, 특정변인만을중점적으로다룬경우가대부분이며 [4-15], 또한이러한요인이발달단계별로어떻게달라지는지에대해비교한연구는찾아보기어렵다. 따라서본연구는개인요인, 부모양육태도, 또래애착이스마트폰의존도에미치는영향을중, 고, 대학생시기별로비교함으로써성장발달단계에맞추어올바른스마트폰사용을지도하기위한프로그램개발의기초자료를제공하기위하여실시하였다. 2. 연구목적 중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰의존도의차이를알아본다. 중, 고, 대학생의일반적특성에따른스마트폰의존도의차이를알아본다. 중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인파악하고비교한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계 본연구는중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰의존도영향요인의차이를알아보기위해한국청소년정책연구원의 7차년도 (2016년) 한국아동청소년패널조사 (Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey) 자료를분석한이차분석연구이다. 2. 연구대상한국청소년정책연구원은한국아동청소년패널조사를통해 3 개패널 ( 초등학교 1학년, 4학년, 중학교 1학년 ) 7,071명을선정하여 2010년부터 2016년까지 7년간매년조사하였다. 표본추출은다단계층화집락추출법 (multi-stage stratified cluster sampling) 으로 16개시도의도시규모별, 초, 중, 고별학생수에비례하여할당하고, 남녀공학을구분하여표본학교를추출한후무작위로표본학급을추출하였다. 본연구에서는 2016년도에조사한제7차한국아동청소년패널조사자료를분석하였다. 제공된자료의각패널별표본수는 2016 년중학교 1학년 ( 초등학교 1학년패널 ) 2,002명, 고등학교 1학년 166 중학생, 고등학생및대학생의스마트폰의존도영향요인비교

3 ( 초등학교 4학년패널 ) 1,979명, 대학교 1학년 ( 중학교 1학년패널중대학교진학자 ) 1,348명이었으며, 원표본유지율은각 85.5%, 83.2%, 80.0% 로전체적으로는 82.9% 였다. 본연구에서는스마트폰을소지한중학교 1학년 1,882명, 고등학교 1,821명, 대학교 1,346명을연구대상자로하였다. 본연구는연구윤리위원회의심의면제를받은후실시하였으며 (IRB No.: JBNU 2018_02_007), 본연구에서사용한자료는한국아동청소년데이터아카이브홈페이지에서본연구자의인적사항과데이터사용목적을입력하고, 통계자료이용시주의사항및동의서에서명후자료를내려받아사용하였다. 3. 연구도구한국아동청소년패널조사설문내용은개인의발달이자신을둘러싼다양한층의환경과복잡한상호작용속에서이루어진다고본 Bronfenbrenner의생태학적관점을문헌고찰하여이를바탕으로구성하였다 [16]. 예비조사설문문항은학계전문가, 정책전문가및현장전문가의검증을거쳐작성하였고, 대도시와중소도시의총 7개학교에서실시하였다. 한국청소년정책연구원연구진과여러분야전문가가예비조사결과와조사현장의관찰기록및응답내용에대한분석을바탕으로설문지의검토및수정을실시하였다. 또한국립국어원이설문지에사용된어휘를감수하였고, 통계청이기승인된다른통계조사와유사, 중복되는문항및항목에대해지적하여이에따라일부문항과항목을삭제또는수정하면서최종설문지를완성하였다 [17]. 1) 스마트폰의존도스마트폰의존도는 Lee 등 [2] 이개발한청소년휴대전화과다사용행태측정문항으로조사한자료를이용하였다. 휴대전화를가지고나가지않으면불안하다. 등의 7문항으로 4점척도 (1= 매우그렇다, 2= 그런편이다, 3= 그렇지않은편이다, 4= 전혀그렇지않다 ) 로측정되었으며 [2], 모든문항을역환산하였고, 점수가높을수록휴대전화의존도수준이높음을의미한다. 도구개발당시 Cronbach s 는.84 [2] 였으며, 본연구에서는.87이었다. 2) 개인요인 : 정서문제정서문제는공격성과우울자료를이용하였다. 공격성은공격적인행동이나반항적인행동과관련이있으며, Jo와 Im [18] 이개발한공격성도구 6문항을이용하여조사하였다. 우울은 Kim, Kim과 Won [19] 의우울척도간이정신진단검사 13문항중 3문항을제외한 10문항으로조사한자료를이용하였다. 모든문항은 4점 척도 (1= 매우그렇다, 2= 그런편이다, 3= 그렇지않은편이다, 4= 전혀그렇지않다 ) 로측정되었으며, 모든문항을역환산하였고, 점수가높을수록공격성과우울이높은것을의미한다. 도구개발당시 Cronbach s 는공격성이.76 [18] 이었으며, 본연구에서는공격성이.82, 우울이.89였다. 3) 개인요인 : 자아인식자아인식은자아존중감, 자아탄력성, 자아정체감자료를이용하였다. 자아존중감은고려대학교부설행동과학연구소 [20] 의도구 10문항을 4점척도로조사한자료를이용하였고, 1, 3, 4, 7, 10번문항은역환산하였으며, 점수가높을수록자아존중감이높음을의미한다. 자아탄력성은위험한환경, 스트레스상황에서적응하는과정에서발휘할수있는적응기제로, Yoo와 Shim [21] 의 14문항을 4점척도로조사한자료를이용하였고, 전체문항을역환산하였으며, 점수가높을수록자아탄력성이높음을의미한다. 자아정체감은인생과정중부딪히는상황에서느끼는자신에대한신체적, 사회적감각을의미하며, Song [22] 의도구 27문항을 4점척도로조사한자료중 8개문항을이용하였고, 1, 3, 5번문항은역환산하였으며, 점수가높을수록자아정체감이높음을의미한다. Cronbach s 는도구개발당시자아존중감.85 [20], 자아탄력성.76 [21], 자아정체감.93 [22] 이었고, 본연구에서는자아존중감.85, 자아탄력성.87, 자아정체감.68이었다. 4) 부모양육태도부모양육태도는 Huh [23] 의도구 43문항중 21문항으로수정하여조사한자료를이용하였다. 하위척도는총 6개로감독, 애정, 비일관성, 과잉기대, 과잉간섭, 합리적설명이며, 각문항은 4점척도 (1= 매우그렇다, 2= 그런편이다, 3= 그렇지않은편이다, 4= 전혀그렇지않다 ) 로측정되었다. 각하위척도에대한정의는다음과같다. 감독은자녀의학교내외생활이나교우관계등전반적인생활에대해알고있는정도를의미한다. 애정은자녀에게언어적, 비언어적으로친밀감을나타내고, 자녀중심적이면서자녀를존중및수용해주고, 자녀의요구에민감한태도를말한다. 비일관성은자녀에대한훈육의기준에일관성이없는태도로상황에따라다른양육행동을나타내는것을말한다. 과잉기대는자녀의능력에비해과도한기대수준을갖는태도로지나치게경쟁적이고지적인성공을강조하는태도를말한다. 과잉간섭은자녀의개인적인생활에대해서까지지나치게관여하고간섭하는태도로자녀의흥미나독립성을고려하지않고무조건어른의기준에맞추도록요구하고, 자녀의행동에대해불안해하는태도를말한다. 합리적설명은자녀의행동을지도하는데에분명하고합리적인규준과이유 이은지 167

4 를가지고, 일관적이고애정적인방식으로지도하고, 이에따르도록하기위해보상이나훈육적인처벌이포함되는것을말한다 [23]. 도구개발당시 Cronbach s 는모든하위척도에서.67~.84 였으며 [23], 본연구에서는모든하위척도에서.71~.82였다. 5) 또래애착또래애착은 Hwang [24] 의도구중 3개의하위척도 ( 의사소통, 신뢰, 소외 ) 별로각각 3문항씩총 9문항으로수정한자료를이용하였다. 각하위척도별정의는다음과같다. 의사소통은친구가내감정을존중하고, 대화할때나의의견을존중해주며, 이를이해하려고노력하는지를의미한다. 신뢰는걱정거리가생겼을때털어놓고얘기할수있고, 나의판단을믿어주며, 친구를좋은사람이라고생각하는지에대한내용이다. 소외는문제가발생했을때도움을받지못하고주위에서자신에게관심이없고, 자신을이해받지못한다는느낌을묻는내용으로이루어져있다 [24]. 각문항은 4점척도 (1= 매우그런편이다, 2= 그런편이다, 3= 그렇지않은편이다, 4= 전혀그렇지않다 ) 로측정되었으며, 6문항은역환산하였고, 점수가높을수록또래애착수준이높음을의미한다. Hwang [24] 의연구에서 Cronbach s 는모든하위척도에서.67~.72였으며, 본연구에서는모든하위척도에서.71~.82였다. one-way ANOVA와사후분석으로 Duncan을실시하였고, 중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인은 stepwise multiple linear regression을실시하여확인하였다. 모든자료는 SPSS 23.0 프로그램을이용하여분석하였고, 유의수준은.05 이하로검증하였다. 연구결과 1. 중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰소지율과스마트폰의존도차이 중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰소지율과스마트폰의존도점수의차이는 Table 1에제시하였다. 스마트폰소지율은중학생 94.0%, 고등학생 92.0%, 대학생의 99.8% 였으며, 스마트폰을소지하고있는학생의스마트폰의존도점수는대학생이 17.29점으로가장높았고, 고등학생이 16.00점, 중학생이 15.20점순이었으며, 이차이는통계적으로유의하였다 (F=86.55, p). 2. 중, 고, 대학생의일반적특성에따른스마트폰의존도차이 6) 일반적특성성별, 거주지역, 경제수준, 주관적건강상태자료를이용하여분석하였다. 4. 자료분석방법중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰소지율과일반적특성은빈도와백분율을산출하고, 교차분석으로비교하였다. 중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰의존도와일반적특성별스마트폰의존도의비교는 t-test, 중, 고, 대학생패널별일반적특성에따른스마트폰의존도점수의차이는 Table 2에제시하였다. 중학생 (t=6.75, p), 고등학생 (t=6.22, p), 대학생 (t=9.52, p) 모두여자청소년의스마트폰의존도점수가남자청소년보다유의하게높았다. 또한경제수준이높은고등학생이경제수준이보통이거나낮은고등학생보다스마트폰의존도점수가유의하게낮았다 (F=7.40, p=.001). 그외중학생과대학생패널의경제수준, 모든패널의거주지역과주관적건강상태에따른스마트폰의존도점수는유의한차이가없었다. Table 1. Comparison of Smartphone Ownership and Smartphone Dependency among the Three Groups (N=5,329) Variables Categories Middle school a (n=2,002) High school b (n=1,979) n(%) or M±SD n(%) or M±SD n(%) or M±SD College c (n=1,348) x 2 or F p Duncan Smartphone 1,882 (94.0) 1,821 (92.0) 1,346 (99.8) Type of cell phone Smartphone dependency 15.20± ± ± a<b<c Flip phone 54 (2.7) 112 (5.7) 1 (0.1) Not owned 65 (3.2) 46(2.3) 1(0.1) Missing 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 168 중학생, 고등학생및대학생의스마트폰의존도영향요인비교

5 Table 2. Comparison of Smartphone Dependency by General Characteristics among the Three Groups (N=5,049) Variables Gender Categories Male Female Middle school (n=1,882) High school (n=1,821) College (n=1,346) M±SD t or F p M±SD t or F p Duncan M±SD t or F p 14.49± ± ± ± ± ± Geographic region Urban Rural 15.18± ± ± ± ± ± Economic status High a Middle b Low c 15.20± ± ± ± ± ± a<b, c 17.49± ± ± Subjective health status Healthy Unhealthy 15.19± ± ± ± ± ± 중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰의존도와개인요인, 부모양육태도, 또래애착과의상관관계중, 고, 대학생패널별스마트폰의존도와개인요인, 부모양육태도, 또래애착의상관관계는 Table 3에제시하였다. 스마트폰의존도는대학생의또래신뢰를제외하고모든변수가중, 고, 대학생에서유의한상관관계가있었다. 4. 중, 고대학생의스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인비교 성이높을수록, 부모의감독이적을수록, 자아정체감이낮을수록, 여자고등학생의경우, 부모양육의비일관성이높을수록, 또래에게소외될수록, 또래를신뢰할수록, 자아탄력성이낮을수록, 부모의과잉간섭이심할수록, 우울이심할수록스마트폰의존도가높았으며, 총설명력은 48%(F=54.18, p) 였다. 대학생패널에서스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인은총 7개로자아정체감이낮을수록, 여자대학생의경우, 부모의과잉기대가심할수록, 부모의감독이적을수록, 공격성이높을수록, 또래를신뢰할수록, 자아탄력성이낮을수록스마트폰의존도가높았으며, 총설명력은 47%(F=42.15, p) 였다. 중, 고, 대학생패널별스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는영향요인은 Table 4에제시하였다. 독립변수는단변량분석에서유의한차이가있었던성별을투입하였으며, 정서문제 ( 공격성, 우울 ), 자아인식 ( 자아존중감, 자아탄력성, 자아정체감 ), 부모양육태도 ( 감독, 애정, 비일관성, 과잉기대, 과잉간섭, 합리적설명 ), 또래애착 ( 의사소통, 신뢰, 소외 ) 을투입하였고, 종속변수는스마트폰의존도였다. 분산팽창지수 (Variance Inflation Factor, VIF) 는중학생패널 1.04~1.71, 고등학생패널 1.09~1.90, 대학생패널 1.06~1.46 으로모두 10 이하였으므로다중공선성은문제가없는것으로나타났고, Durbin-Watson 값은중학생패널 1.89, 고등학생패널 1.91, 대학생패널 1.94로모두 2에근접하여오차항의독립성을만족하였다. 회귀모형을분석한결과중학생패널에서스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인은총 6개로공격성이높을수록, 자아정체감이낮을수록, 여자중학생의경우, 부모의과잉간섭이심할수록, 자아존중감이낮을수록, 부모의감독이적을수록스마트폰의존도가높았으며, 총설명력은 49%(F=97.49, p) 였다. 고등학생패널에서스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인은총 10개로공격 논의 본연구는우리나라중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰의존도영향요인을비교하기위하여한국청소년정책연구원의 7차년도 (2016년) 한국아동청소년패널조사자료를이용하여분석한이차분석연구이다. 본연구에서스마트폰소지율은중학생, 고등학생, 대학생모두 90.0% 이상이었으며, 고등학생시기에낮아졌다가대학생시기에는거의모든학생이스마트폰을소지하는것으로나타났다. 스마트폰의존도는연령이증가함에따라높아져서중학생이가장낮았고, 대학생이가장높게나타났다. 또한중, 고, 대학생모두여자가남자보다스마트폰의존도가높았다. 이는 2018년여성가족부가발표한청소년스마트폰이용습관진단결과에서연령이증가할수록, 남자보다여자가스마트폰과의존위험군비율이높았던것과유사하다 [3]. 남자청소년은주로게임과같은오락지향성콘텐츠를이용하는반면여자청소년은 SNS나인스턴트메신저같은관계지향성콘텐츠를주로이용하는경향이있다 [13]. 선행연구에서 SNS 이용이스마트폰의존도를높이는주요요인인만큼 이은지 169

6 Table 3. Relationships among Smartphone Dependency, Emotional Problems, Self-perceptions, Parental Behavior, and Peer Attachment in Middle School, High School, and College Students Groups Variables Categories SD (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) r r r r r r r r r r r r r r Middle school Emotional problem (1) Aggressive behavior (2) Depression.38**.35**.62** Selfperception (3) Self-esteem (4) Resilience (5) Ego-identity ** ** ** -.39** -.48**.49**.56**.44** Parental behavior (6) Monitoring (7) Affection (8) Inconsistency (9) Over-expectation (10) Intrusiveness (11) Reasoning -.19** -.19**.22**.15**.29**.20**.29** -.29** -.36**.26**.13** -.26**.33**.44** ** -.45** -.07**.07** -.05*.40**.31** -.29** -.16**.55**.01.41** *.67**.56**.65**.70** ** Peer attachment (12) Communication (13) Trust (14) Alienation.19** -.21** -.20**.26** -.33** -.38**.40** -.48**.49** -.14**.33**.31** -.31**.39**.38** -.14**.48**.45** -.14**.41** ** -.11**.40**.40**.35** -.07**.79** -.21** - High school Emotional problem (1) Aggressive behavior (2) Depression.57** Selfperception (3) Self-esteem (4) Resilience (5) Ego-identity -.29** -.39** ** -.67** -.42** -.46**.51**.57**.47** Parental behavior (6) Monitoring (7) Affection (8) Inconsistency (9) Over-expectation (10) Intrusiveness (11) Reasoning -.27**.15** -.21** **.16**.29** **.28**.13**.22**.41** -.31**.29**.30** -.10** *.36**.27** **.55** -.06**.41** -.38** -.19**.66**.52**.61** -.26**.73** -.14** -.20** Peer attachment (12) Communication (13) Trust (14) Alienation -.26** -.35** -.36**.30**.40**.41** -.33**.44**.43** -.18**.35**.35** -.18**.44**.39** -.18** -.18** ** -.06*.28**.33**.35**.30**.77** - - College Emotional problem (1) Aggressive behavior (2) Depression.28**.59** Selfperception (3) Self-esteem (4) Resilience (5) Ego-identity -.22** -.30** -.40** -.64** -.40** -.47**.52**.55**.51** Parental behavior (6) Monitoring (7) Affection (8) Inconsistency (9) Over-expectation (10) Intrusiveness (11) Reasoning -.14**.19**.19**.21** -.11** -.11**.14**.22** -.17** -.11** -.29**.13**.20**.12** -.31** -.22** -.30**.15**.31** -.05*.22**.17** -.14**.18** -.07** ** -.40**.61**.53**.61** -.69** -.19** -.30** Peer attachment (12) Communication (13) Trust (14) Alienation -.08** ** -.20** -.18**.18** -.26** -.21**.39** -.35**.31**.33**.29** -.26**.26**.22** -.17** -.22** -.36** -.16** -.17** -.21** -.21**.33**.28**.72** - - SD=Smartphone dependency; *p<.050; **p< 중학생, 고등학생및대학생의스마트폰의존도영향요인비교

7 Table 4. Comparison of the Factors Affecting the Smartphone Dependency among the Three Groups Groups Categories R 2 Adj. R 2 B β t p Middle school (Constants) Aggressive behavior Ego-identity Gender: female Parental behavior: intrusiveness Self-esteem Parental behavior: monitoring R 2 =.49, F=97.49, p High school (Constants) Aggressive behavior Parental behavior: monitoring Ego-identity Gender: female Parental behavior: inconsistency Peer attachment: alienation Peer attachment: trust Resilience Parental behavior: intrusiveness Depression R 2 =.48, F=54.18, p College (Constants) Ego-identity Gender: female Parental behavior: over-expectation Parental behavior: monitoring Aggressive behavior Peer attachment: trust Resilience R 2 =.47, F=42.15, p Reference=Gender (male). 여자청소년의스마트폰의존도가높게나타났다고생각된다 [4]. 스마트폰의존도에중학생, 고등학생, 대학생모두공통적으로영향을미치는요인은성별외에도공격성, 자아정체감, 부모의감독이었다. 선행연구에서공격성은스마트폰의존도에영향을미치기도하지만스마트폰의존도가높아질수록공격성도높아진다 [5] 고하여본연구와일관된결과가나타났다. 본연구에서자아정체감은중학생, 고등학생, 대학생모두에게공통적으로스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인으로나타났는데, 이는선행연구와일치하는결과이다 [8,9]. 청소년기는자아정체감형성이발달과업이며, 아직자신의생각과행동에대한신념이안정되지못하였기때문에타인의평가에의존하여자아정체감을형성하려고하므로타인의의견과감정을살피고따르기위해스마트폰에더의존하는경향이있다 [8]. 또한현실에서소속욕구가충족되지못하거나자신에대해긍정적인평가를받지못하는경우스마트폰상에서이를보상받고자시도하다가중독행동에빠지게될수도있다 [9]. 다음으로부모의감독또한중학생, 고등학생, 대학생의스마트폰의존도에공통적으로영향을미치는요인으로나타났다. 부모의감독은부모가자녀의학교내외의생활이나교우관계등전반적인생활에대해얼마나알고있는지를의미하는데, 부모의감독점수가높을수록스마트폰의존도는낮아지는것으로나타났다. 그러나부모가자녀의스마트폰사용을단순히통제만하려고하면자녀는문제행동을고치기보다숨기려는경향을보이고, 부모-자녀의관계가악화될수있다 [4,12]. 또한자녀의스마트폰사용을관리하는애플리케이션 (application) 은스마트폰의존도에영향을미치지못한다고보고되었다 [25]. 따라서부모는자녀가건강하게스마트폰을사용할수있도록적절히감독하는것이필요하되자녀의스마트폰사용을일방적으로통제하기보다는지속적인관심을가지고자녀와효과적인의사소통을통해스마트폰사용을감독하도록해야한다. 그러면자녀가열린마음으로부모를대하게되고, 부모의스마트폰사용감독을통해자녀의스마트폰의존 이은지 171

8 도를낮출수있을것으로생각된다. 본연구에서중학생을제외한고등학생과대학생에서또래를신뢰할수록, 또래에게소외된다고생각할수록스마트폰의존도가높아졌다. 청소년은연령이증가할수록부모와의애착은감소하고, 또래애착이증가하는경향이있다 [26]. 즉청소년기에는연령이증가할수록사회적인자본 (social capital) 이커지는시기로, 스마트폰의모바일메신저나 SNS를통해학교안팎에서또래와의관계를형성하고확장한다 [13]. 청소년의연령에따른스마트폰애플리케이션사용비율에관한조사 [27] 에서연령이증가할수록인스턴트메신저나 SNS 사용비율이증가한것은이사실을뒷받침해준다. 청소년은또래와원활한의사소통을위해서, 또래에게소외되지않기위해서스마트폰에많이의존하고있으며 [9], 또래와의애착이불안정한청소년은소외감과불안감을감소시키기위하여스마트폰에더욱의존하고, 스마트폰이없을경우불안감이나상실감을더크게느낀다고하였다 [13]. 본연구에서중학교 1학년학생에게또래애착이스마트폰의존에영향을미치지않는것으로나타난것은이제막청소년기에들어선중학교 1학년학생의경우또래관계의중요성이크지않았을수있으며, 연령이증가하여또래관계가더욱중요해지는고등학생과대학생은또래애착이스마트폰의존에영향을미치는요인으로나타난것으로생각된다. 본연구에서중학생과고등학생은부모의과잉간섭이, 대학생은부모의과잉기대가스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 부모는자녀의연령에따라양육태도가달라진다. 대부분의부모는자녀가중학생과고등학생일때에는많은통제를하지만, 자녀가대학생이되면급격한환경변화와함께이전처럼자녀를통제하는것은적절하지않다고생각하는경향이있다 [14]. 또한대학생은진로결정과취업준비를통해미래를준비해야하는시기이기때문에이시기부모의과잉기대는자녀에게스트레스를유발하고죄책감과같은부정적정서를경험하게한다 [28]. 즉, 부모는자녀가성장함에따라자녀를대하는태도를변화시키기때문에청소년의연령에따라스마트폰의존도에미치는부모의양육태도요인이달라진다고생각해볼수있다. 향후연구에서는청소년의연령이증가함에따라부모의양육태도와스마트폰의존도가어떻게변화하는지살펴보는연구도필요할것으로생각된다. 부모양육태도는자아존중감과자아탄력성에도영향을미친다. 부모의양육태도가긍정적이면서자율성을존중하는경우자아존중감이높아지고, 부모의양육태도가긍정적이면서성취지향적인경우자아탄력성이높아진다 [7]. 또한부모가자녀의자율성을존중하지않고지배적이며, 통제적인양육을하면자녀의자아존중감을손상시킨다 [29]. 따라서부모의과잉간섭은낮은자아존중감과, 부모의과잉기대는낮은자아탄력성과관련이있다고생각해 볼수있다. 본연구에서중학생은자아존중감이, 고등학생과대학생으로연령이높아지면자아탄력성이스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는것과연관지어생각해볼수있다. 우리나라의스마트폰소지율과스마트폰의존도는매우높다. 이러한우려때문에스마트폰중독을치료하기위한많은프로그램이운영되고있다. 스마트폰중독청소년치료매뉴얼에는스마트폰중독에대한일반적인지식뿐아니라청소년이스마트폰중독을치료하기위해사용할수있는프로그램도제시되어있다 [1]. 또한여성가족부산하기관에서스마트폰중독을치료하기위한다양한프로그램을운영하고있으며, 특히가족치유캠프는아이의스마트폰중독치유에만국한하지않고부모가자녀의스마트폰중독에영향을미치는것을고려하여가족단위의스마트폰중독치료프로그램을운영하고있다 [30]. 본연구에서중학생, 고등학생, 대학생의스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인이차이가있었고, 또한대학생의스마트폰의존도점수가가장높은것으로나타났다. 그러나현재운영되는대부분의스마트폰중독치료프로그램이중학생에초점이맞추어져있는점은아쉬운부분이다. 또한본연구뿐아니라많은연구와조사에서여자청소년의스마트폰의존도가남자청소년보다높았다 [4,12]. 따라서향후에는추가연구를통해아동, 청소년, 성인별로스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인을비교, 규명하고, 이를바탕으로성장발달단계및성별에따른적절한프로그램을개발하여적용하면스마트폰중독예방에효과적일것으로생각된다. 결론 본연구는중, 고, 대학생의스마트폰의존도에미치는영향을비교함으로써성장발달단계에맞추어올바른스마트폰사용을지도하기위한프로그램개발의기초자료를마련하기위하여시도하였다. 중, 고, 대학생공통적으로스마트폰의존도에영향을미치는요인은성별, 공격성, 자아정체감, 부모감독이었다. 개인요인에서는중학생은낮은자아존중감이, 고등학생과대학생은낮은자아탄력성이스마트폰의존도를높이는것으로나타났고, 부모양육태도는중학생과고등학생은부모의과잉간섭이, 대학생은부모의과잉기대가스마트폰의존도를높이는것으로나타났다. 또래애착은중학생에는영향을미치지않았고, 고등학생과대학생에서또래신뢰나또래소외가스마트폰의존에영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 따라서스마트폰의존도를낮추기위한프로그램개발시본연구결과를바탕으로중, 고, 대학생의성장발달단계별로다양한프로그램을개발할필요가있다. 172 중학생, 고등학생및대학생의스마트폰의존도영향요인비교

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