과학기술정책 ODA 성공방식 정성철

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1 과학기술정책 ODA 성공방식 정성철

2 ODA 란? l ODA are official flows to or for developing countries that are provided: v For development purposes v By the official sector (Government, public sector) v As grants or soft loans : ODA loans are at times significantly softer than commercial transactions, and bear a grant segment of at least 25% compared with a loan at 10%) v Also as technical assistance l ODA: a measure of donors expenditures on aid vit is not a measurement of the amount of value received by a recipient country voda is a subset of foreign assistance 1

3 ODA 대상국 lspecifically defined set of countries lincludes all low and middle income countries lexceptions: G8 members, EU Members and countries with a firm date of accession to the EU lreviewed every three years by the DAC lcountries may graduate from the list, or change income groups 2

4 ODA 추세 3

5 G7 국가의 ODA 그리고한국 4

6 ODA 와경제발전 Pre Industrial Stage 1 l Subsistence agriculture l Raw material export l ODA dependency Initial FDI Engagement 2 l Dependence on FDI for technology and capital l Simple manufacturing l Capacity building ODA Tech Absorption & adaption 3 l Export based growth l OEMs Attracted Globally competitive value chains emerge l Knowledge driven business l Private investment greater than ODA Internalizing Skills and Tech 4 l Management & Technology l Production of high quality goods l Companies go to scaleglobalize l Graduate from ODA Internalizing Innovation 5 l Full technology & innovation capabilities l Create innovation & Technologies l Global positioning of a range of product Little Innovation Source: SQW Importing Technology to Incremental Innovation Increasing importance of Innovation 5

7 ODA Modality ODA Financial Non-financial Grants Concessional loans Technical Assistance 경제, 사회, 교육, 인프라, 산업, 빈곤, 보건, 과학기술, 6

8 ODA Modality l Assumption: Under-development was caused by gaps in poor countries: v Savings gaps (inability to invest) v Import gaps (lack of foreign exchanges) v Capacity gaps: lack of the necessary skills and knowhow to develop the economy l Financial assistance to fill the savings and import gaps l Technical assistance to fill the gaps in capacity v Donor countries provide experts to transfer knowledge to developing countries that were assumed to have little prior knowledge or expertise v The technical assistance advisor or development practitioner took the role of expert physician and diagnotician, transferring genetic technical solution to fill knowledge gaps that would then enable the counterpart to improve their performance 7

9 ODA 최근동향 l ODA 의증가 : 22 개 DAC 회원국의 ODA 가지난 2 년사이 1,000 억달러돌파 v DAC 비회원국의양자간 ODA 급증 : 중국, 인도, 브라질등 (80 억달러 ) 공여국과수원국간의경계모호 v v DAC 회원국의민간단체의지원증가 : 억달러 연간총 ODA: 1,800 억달러 l 다자원조공여기관의급증 : 현재 230 여개 v 다자기관의 ODA 비중 : 12% (official + private) l ODA 사업수의급증 사업규모의축소 사업의영세화 / 파편화 v 수원국당공여국수 : 12 개국 (1960 년대 ) 33 개국 (2005) v 사업수 : 17,000 개 (1960 년대 ) 81,000 개 (2005) v 평균사업규모 : 250 만달러 (1960 년대 ) 150 만달러 (2005) 8

10 문제점 l ODA 사업의파편화, 영세화 : 사업효과의감소 l ODA 공여국가 / 기관의증가 : v 수원국의 ODA 관리비용증가 voda 의특정국가집중 공여국간의경쟁현상 v 수원국의정책적관심저하 ; Ownership 약화 l ODA 의질적저하 : Phantom ODA 의증가 v118 억달러 : 비효과적인 technical assistance ( 전체의 15%) v57억달러 : 이중계상 v80억달러 : 공여국의관리비용등 9

11 Real and Phantom ODA 자료 : UN, UKAid, IDI 10

12 국가별 ODA 의진정성 (?) 자료 : UN, UKAid, IDI 11

13 한국의 ODA 무대본격적등장 l 2014 년 ODA 예산 : 2 조 2,666 억원 (ODA/GNI 0.16%) 유무상비율 무상 ODA 유상 ODA 51% 49% 7,890억원승인 : 1조 3,500억원집행 : 7,533 억원 <ODA 증가추이 > 12

14 l 약점 : v ODA 규모의영세성 한국 : 강점과약점 v ODA 경험부족 : 협상, 컨텐츠디자인, 지원방식등 v 공여국으로서의신뢰도 : New comer to the ODA market l 강점 : v 식민통치경험 : 대부분의개도국과공통의역사적경험공유 수원국과동질의식 v 수원국으로서의경험 : 개도국의수요에대한현실적이해, ODA 활용방법등에대한경험 v 성공적인경제사회발전경험 : ü 경제사회적혼란의극복과성장 ; 독립, 정부수립, 전쟁등 ü 분단, 이념갈등극복과사회안정 ü 자본, 자원, 기술의부족극복과산업화 ü 과학기술역량의단기적확보와첨단산업화 ü 경제발전과정치발전의달성등다른나라가갖지못한원조상품 Catalogue 13

15 l USAID 의평가 : 한국의 ODA 전략적활용 v 무엇보다도... 원조사업에대해양국간이견이있을때마다한국의입장이우선시되었다... 따라서미국의지원은대개한국의정책과우선순위를따라야했다. 즉, 미국의대한국 ODA사업은한국의수요를반영한것이었다. v v v v 둘째, ODA 사업은한국과학기술발전과연계되어있었기때문에매우성과중심 (result-oriented) 으로짜여져있었다. 그리고셋째, 한국은사업의수립단계에서부터미국과긴밀히협력하였을뿐아니라사업종료후에도사업을더욱조직화혹은확장 / 강화하여지속가능한사업으로만들었다. USAID 의이러한평가는공여국의지원역량과수원국의활용역량이잘결합되어야과학기술 ODA 가성과를거둘수있다는것을설명해준다. 또한이로부터앞으로우리가대개도국과학기술 ODA 를어떻게디자인하고실행하는것이우리의국익과수원국의발전에기여할수있을것인가에대한해답도찾을수있을것이다. 14

16 ODA 공여국으로서한국의선택 l ODA 규모의상대적영세성 v 대규모재원을요하는사업에서불리 l 그러나개도국이겪는공통적장애를극복하고성공한경제 / 사회 / 정치발전경험 l 특히과학기수불모지에서첨단산업을일으킨경험 l Financial assistance 보다는 Technical assistance에상대적비교우위 l 과학기술정책 : 한국 ODA의전략적분야로적합 15

17 S&T Policy ODA l 기본적으로 Technical assistance l 한국의과학기술정책 vpragmatic approach vtuned to industrialization vstrategically designed and implemented vrapid growth from learning to innovation vstrategic utilization of ODA 개도국의수요에아주적합한모델 16

18 그러나쉽지않다 l OECD: There is little data-based analysis of the overall effectiveness of technical assistance as an aid instrument, whether in terms of B/C, impact on growth, fiscal impact, or others. l Agreement in the development community: Technical assistance has fallen short of expectations in terms of capacity building. l World Bank, UNDP and other international development agencies concur with the above. 17

19 ODA 의비현실적가정? 자료 : Paris Declaration

20 S&T 정책 ODA l 먼저과학기술발전은수원국의입장에서이해하고추진해야함 v 따라서수원국이 ODA 사업수립과정에적극적으로참여하고 v 그들의수요를바탕으로추진되어야함 l 가장이상적인방법 : 공여국은수원국의과학기술역량강화계획을검토하고이를재정적으로지원하되실제사업추진방법, 전문가등은수원국이선택하도록하는것 l 사업추진과정에서필요한자재, 서비스등의현지구매를원칙으로함 l 정책제안은수원국의선택을위한대안제시에국한함 l 사업추진은투명하게 19

21 STP ODA: 갖추어야할요건 l Contents of policy advice: v Quality v Consistency v Demand-orientation l Effective delivery: v Clarity v Audience: Top decision-makers, opinion leaders, practitioners, etc. l Linkage with other projects: v Back-up policy consultation with material assistance v Take advantage of local and/or international programs l Evaluation and feedback: 20

22 ST 정책 ODA 가피해야할것 l Donor-driven l Lack of ownership and leadership: Viewed by recipient government as a free good l Inconsistence between different projects l Consultant tries to meet the demand of donors rather that that of recipient. l Outdated model of development, failing to recognize the country-specific context l Lack of follow-up programs, etc. 21

23 한국의 S&T ODA 전략 l 과학기술정책 ODA를시장, 자원확보등과연계하지말아야 v 과학기술 ODA 사업이성공하면자연적으로기회가생긴다 l 인기있는대상국에집착하지말아야 v 자원, 시장잠재력이큰나라에대해서는 ODA 가집중되어 ODA 경쟁현상이나타남 v 한국의경험을가장절실히필요로하는날중심으로대상국을선정하면장기적인국익이확보가능 l 사업의내용은철저하게수요중심으로 v 수원국이무엇이필요하며왜필요한지에대한충분한이해가필요 v 한국의정책이현지에그대로적용될수없다는것인식 l 경험을바탕으로한실용주의적정책자문 v 개도국이필요한것을개도국의눈높이에서자문 l 경험 / 지식의공여능력강화 v 정책경험을효과적으로전달, 이해시킬수있는전문가의양성 22

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