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1 Journal of Life Science 2015 Vol. 25. No ~52 ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI : Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-cancer Effect of Methanol Extract of Pogostemon cablin Seung Geun Yun 1, Soojung Jin 2, Hyun Young Jeong 2, Hee Jung Yun 2, Mi young Do 1, Byung Woo Kim 1,2 and Hyun Ju Kwon 1,2 * 1 Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dong-Eui University Graduate School, Busan , Korea 2 Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dong-Eui University, Busan , Korea Received October 8, 2014 /Revised December 19, 2014 /Accepted January 16, 2015 In the present study, the substance that show anti-proliferation of cancer cells as well as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect was searched. As a results, the methanol extract of Pogostemon cablin (P. cablin), is a well-known herb for traditional medicine in Korea and China for treating the digestive disorders, less of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea, inhibited the growth of various cancer cells such as A549, HepG2, MCF7 and HT29 cells. Cytotoxic effect of methanol extraction of P. cablin was excellent in A549 cells. P. cablin extract induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase of A549 in a dose dependent manner. And it induced phosphorylation of p38 and Cdc25A and reduced expression of Cdc25A, Cdks, Cyclins and phospho-retinoblastoma (Rb) proteins. Therefore, P. cablin extract seems to act through the p38 - Cdc25A - Cdk - Cyclin Rb pathway in A549 cells. In addition, P. cablin extract showed anti-oxidant effect by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and anti-inflammation effect by inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) in RAW cells in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that P. cablin may be used as not only candidate materials for anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant, moreover, it would be possible utilized in various health functional food materials. Key words : Anti-cancer effect, anti-inflammatory effect, anti-oxidant effect, G1 arrest, Pogostemon cablin 서 암은흡연, 자외선, 방사선, 화학물질, 기타환경인자등매 우다양한요인에의해발생한다 [34]. 또한지속적인염증유발 환경및활성산소에의해서도유전자의손상이나발현에이상 을초래해암세포를유발시키는것으로알려져있다 [3]. 이렇 듯암은현대인의건강과생명을위협하는주요원인중하나 로, 21 세기에들어전세계적으로암발병률및사망률이꾸준 히증가하고있다 [20, 33]. 이에암치료를위한연구가지속적 으로이루어져왔고보다효율적인암치료제를개발하기위 해막대한자본과인력이투자되어항암제또한꾸준히진화 해왔다 [32]. 그러나암의다양한유발원인및발생부위에따른 치료제의효과차이등에의해이상적인항암제의개발은아 직이루어지지않고있다. 따라서정상세포에의독성이나내 *Corresponding author *Tel : , Fax : * hjkwon@deu.ac.kr This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 론 성등기존화학항암제에대한한계를극복하기위하여부작용이적으면서항암효능이높은천연소재의항암제개발에대한연구가꾸준히이루어지고있다 [7, 30]. 뿐만아니라한방치료나민간요법에기초한식품의섭취등암을극복하기위해다방면의노력이이루어지고있는것이현실이다. 생물은세포분열을통해생명을유지하고성장하고생식한다. 세포는세포내 외의신호에반응하여세포내 DNA를완전히복제하고복제된 DNA를정확하게나누어두개의완전한딸세포로분리되는데, 이러한일련의과정을세포주기라한다. 정상적인세포는여러가지환경상황에맞게세포주기를조절하여항상일정한수의세포를유지하는데, 세포주기는 S기를준비하는 G1기와 DNA를합성하는 S기, 복제된 DNA의확인및 M기를준비하는 G2기와복제된 DNA의분배및체세포분열을일으키는 M기로구분된다. 세포는자외선, IR, X-ray 등의방사선이나다양한화학물질, 감염뿐아니라세포내에서생긴활성산소등에의해지속적인자극을받게된다 [3, 34]. 정상적인세포는이러한자극들에적절히반응하여세포주기를조절하며항상성을유지하지만, 조절시스템에이상이생기면세포의변이가생기고, 변이된세포가과하게증식되어암이발생할수있다 [10]. 세포주기조절관점에서보았을때, 암세포는세포주기의비정상적인진행에기인된

2 Journal of Life Science 2015, Vol. 25. No 질병으로정의할수있으므로, 세포주기진행의차단이암세포증식억제연구의한방법으로인식되고있다 [39]. Nitric oxide (NO) 는잘알려진염증매개물질로정상생리적조건하에서는혈관확장, 신경전달등생체에긍정적인기능을하지만, 비정상적으로과다생성될경우산화적스트레스및세포괴사를야기할수있는부정적인기능도있다 [1, 8, 25, 29]. 최근들어 NO는발암 (carcinogenesis), 종양의진행 (tumor progression), 침윤 (invasion) 에관여할뿐만아니라, 암의성장과전이에필요한결정적단계인신생혈관형성 (angiogenesis) 을유발하여종양형성을촉진하는중요한인자중하나로인식되고있다 [19, 35, 37]. NO는 NO synthase (NOS) 에의해 L-arginine으로부터생성되며농도에따라세포기능유지에중요한작용을하거나세포독성을일으키기도한다 [28]. 포유동물세포의경우, endothelial NOS (enos), neuronal NOS (nnos), inducible NOS (inos) 등 3가지종류의 NOS가존재하며이중 enos, nnos는칼슘농도의존적으로, 자극에대한반응이아닌구성성분으로, 일시적이며소량발현된다. 반면 inos는칼슘농도에상관없이 interferon-γ, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 그리고여러가지염증 cytokine의자극에의해지속적으로다량생성이유도됨으로써염증반응에기여한다 [24]. 따라서염증매개물질인 NO의생성및 inos 의발현을억제하는물질에관한연구는항염증의효과와더불어새로운항암제발굴을위한표적으로인식되고있다 [36]. 광곽향 (Pogostemon cablin) 은꿀풀과 (Lamiaceae) 에속하며한국, 중국, 일본, 인도네시아등지에서서식하며, 다른이름으로는해곽향, 곽향, 두루파향등으로불린다. 한약재로널리사용되는광곽향은 Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth의지상부를건조시킨것으로식욕부진, 소화불량, 복통, 토사, 유행성감기예방등의치료에이용되고있다 [40]. 광곽향의정유성분은화장품이나방향제, 치약등의향기성분으로주로사용되고있고, 항구토, 항균, 항진균활성등의약리작용이보고되어있다 [26]. 최근광곽향추출물의 mouse 모델에서의항염증효과에대한보고가있었고 [22, 26], 항산화활성에대한보고도있었다 [18, 26]. 그러나광곽향의항암활성에대한보고는광곽향의정유성분에의한것만보고되어있는등아직미비한실정이다 [13]. 본연구에서는, 지속적인염증, 활성산소의과다생성등암의원인이다양하므로항염증, 항산화활성을가지면서동시에암세포의세포사멸을유도할수있는물질이있다면항암제로써개발가능성이더클뿐아니라, 기능성식품소재등다양한생리활성물질로서응용가능할것이라생각하고다양한생리활성을가지는물질을탐색하였다. 그결과, 광곽향메탄올추출물이암세포사멸효과와더불어 LPS로염증을유발한 RWA 264.7세포에서의 NO 생성억제효과, DPPH를사용한항산화효과를동시에가짐을확인하였기에보고하고자한다. 재료및방법세포주및배양실험에사용된인체폐암세포주 A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell), 인체유방암세포주 MCF7 (human breast cancer cell), 인체대장암세포주 HT29 (human colon adenocarcinoma cell), 인체간암세포주 HepG2 (human hepatic carcinoma cell), 마우스대식세포주 RAW (mouse macrophage cell) 및인간섬유아세포주 IMR90 (human lung primary fibroblasts cell) 은 American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, VA, USA) 에서구입하였으며, 10% FBS (Fetal bovine serum) 및 penicillin/streptomycin을첨가한 DMEM (Dulbecco s modified Eagle s medium) 배지에서 37 C, 5% CO 2 조건으로배양하였다. 추출물제조본실험에서사용한광곽향 (P. cablin) 은인도네시아산이며 대한생약 ( 부산광역시소재 ) 에서구입하였다. 광곽향 10 g을파쇄하여분말로만든후시료의 8배의메탄올용매를가하여 75 C에서 3회반복추출하였다 ( 수율 : 4.4%). 획득한메탄올추출물 (methanol extract of P. cablin) 을 Whatman No.2 (Whatman international Ltd., England) 에여과후감압농축기로농축하여 0.44 g을얻었으며, 동결건조 (FDU-2100, EYELA, Japan) 하여 200 mg/ml의농도로 dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) 에용해시켜상온에보관하고세포에처리전배지에희석하여사용하였다. WST assay 에의한세포독성관찰광곽향메탄올추출물이암세포의성장에미치는영향을확인하기위하여 WST (water soluble tetrazolium salt) assay 를수행하였다. 암세포인 A549, HT29, MCF7, HepG2 및정상세포인 IMR90을 24-well culture plate에 cells/well로분주한다음 24시간후광곽향메탄올추출물을농도별 (0-200 μg/ml) 로첨가하여 37 C, 5% CO 2 에서 24시간동안배양하였다. 각각의 well에 WST solution (TAKARA Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan) 50 μl를첨가하여 30분간반응시킨다음, multi-plate reader (Molecular Devices, CA, USA) 로 450 nm에서흡광도를측정하였다. 측정값은 3회반복실험을하여평균값으로나타내었으며, 본실험결과를바탕으로이후적정처리농도를결정하였다. A549 의세포형태변화관찰광곽향메탄올추출물의처리에따른 A549의세포형태변화를관찰하기위하여 6-well culture plate에 cells/well 의 A549를분주하고 24시간뒤광곽향메탄올추출물을농도별 (0-200 μg/ml) 로처리하여 24시간동안배양하였다. 이후

3 46 생명과학회지 2015, Vol. 25. No. 1 도립현미경을사용하여 A549 의형태변화를관찰하였으며, Axio Vision program 을사용하여촬영을하였다. Flow cytometry 에의한세포주기분석 광곽향메탄올추출물이 A549 의세포주기에미치는영향을알아보기위하여 CycleTES T PLUS DNA Reagent Kit (Becton Dickinson, CA, USA) 로세포주기를분석하였다. A549 를 6-well culture plate 에 cells/well 의농도로분주 하고 24 시간뒤광곽향메탄올추출물을농도별 (0-200 μg/ml) 로처리하여 24 시간동안배양하였다. 각 well 의세포를회수 한다음 PBS 로세척후, ribonuclease A 를실온에서추가 10 분 간처리하였다. 이후 propidium iodide (PI) 용액을첨가하여 4 C 에서 10 분간염색하였다. 염색된세포의세포주기는 Flow cytometry (Cell Lab Quanta SC; Beckman Coulter, CA, USA) 로측정하고 Flowjo program 을사용하여분석하였다. Western blotting 에의한단백질발현분석 광곽향메탄올추출물을처리한 A549 의세포주기에관련된 단백질의발현양상및 RAW 의 LPS 에의해유도된 inos 발현양상을확인하기위하여 Western blotting 을수행하였다. 광곽향메탄올추출물을처리한세포를회수하여적정량의 lysis buffer [10 mm PIPES (ph 6.8), 100 mm NaCl, 1 mm MgCl 2, 1 mm EGTA, 1 mm dithiothreitol (DTT), 0.1% Triton X-100, 1 mm ATP, 1% Protease inhibitor Cocktail (BD Pharmingen)] 를첨가하여 4 C 에서 15 분간반응시키고 sonication 한후 14,000 rpm 에서 20 분간원심분리를하여상등액 을취하였다. 상등액에서얻은단백질은 BCA 법으로정량한 다음, 30 μg 의단백질을사용하여 SDS-PAGE 를수행하였다. 전기영동후 gel 내의단백질을 PVDF membrane 에 transfer 한 후 blocking buffer [0.15 M NaCl, 1 M Tris-HCl (ph 7.5), 0.1% Triton X-100, 5% BSA] 를사용하여상온에서 1 시간동안 blocking 하였다. 이후 1 차항체를넣고 4 C 에서 24 시간반응시 켰으며, HRP (horse radish peroxidase) 가부착된 2 차항체를 상온에서 4 시간처리하였다. 반응이끝난 membrane 을세척 후단백질은화학발광시스템 (Chemi-luminescence system; WesternBright ECL HRP substrate, Advansta, Menlo Park, CA, USA) 으로검출하였다. 본실험에사용된 Cdk2, Cdk4, Cdk6, Cyclin D, Cyclin E, Cdc25A, p-cdc25a, p38, Actin 항 체는 Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA) 에서구입하였고 p-p38, p-rb 항체는 Cell Signaling Technology (MA, USA) 에 서구입하였다. DPPH radical 소거활성측정을통한항산화능분석 전자공여능은인체내에서생성되는 free radical의전자를공여하여 free radical에의한노화와질병을억제하므로항산화작용의지표로사용된다. 따라서광곽향메탄올추출물의 항산화능분석을위하여 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical 소거능분석을수행하였다. 메탄올에용해된 M DPPH 40 μl와메탄올에녹인광곽향메탄올추출물을농도별 ( μg/ml) 로 160 μl씩 96-well plate에분주하여, 혼합액을실온에서 30분간반응시킨후, 520 nm에서흡광도를측정하였다. 음성대조군과비교하여 free radical 소거정도를백분율로나타내고, 50% 저해농도 (Inhibitory concentration, IC 50) 를계산하였다. 양성대조군으로는널리사용되는 ascorbic acid를사용하였으며, 측정값은 3회반복실험의평균값으로나타내었다. 억제능의백분율공식은다음과같다. DPPH radical scavenging activity (%)={1-(A-B)/C} 100 A: sample absorbance 520nm B: color control absorbance 520nm C: control absorbance 520nm Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Nitric Oxide (NO) 생성억제효과분석광곽향의항염증활성을알아보기위하여마우스대식세포주 RAW 264.7을사용하여 LPS에의해유도된 NO 생성억제효과를분석하였다. 염증을유발시키기위해 RAW 264.7을 24-well culture plate에 cells/well 농도로분주하고 24 시간뒤 LPS (1 μg/ml) 를처리하였으며이때음성대조군은 LPS를처리하지않았다. 또한 LPS를처리한세포에광곽향메탄올추출물을농도별 (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 μg/ml) 로처리하여 24시간배양하였다. RAW 264.7의배양상등액 100 μl를 96-well plate에넣고 100 μl의 Griess reagent (1% sulfanilamide and 0.1% naphthyl-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride in 2.5% phosphoric acid) 를첨가한다음상온에서 10분간반응시킨후 multi-plate reader를사용하여 540 nm에서흡광도를측정하였다. 측정값은 3회반복실험을하여평균값으로나타내었다. 통계분석모든결과는 mean ± SD (Standard deviation) 로나타내었으며, 분석된실험데이터의통계적유의성은대조군과각시료처리군의실험데이터로부터 Student s t test를통하여검증하였다. 결과및고찰광곽향메탄올추출물에의한암세포사멸효과및정상세포독성확인광곽향메탄올추출물이다양한암세포의생존율에미치는영향을확인하기위하여 A549, HT29, MCF7, HepG2를이용하여광곽향메탄올추출물을적정농도로 24시간동안처리한후 WST assay를실시하였다. 그결과 Fig. 1A에서나타낸바와같이대부분의암세포에서광곽향메탄올추출물농도

4 Journal of Life Science 2015, Vol. 25. No A B Fig. 1. Cytotoxic effect of methanol extract of P. cablin on A549 cells. (A) Various cancer cells were treated with P. cablin extract for 24 hr and then, cell viability was determined by WST assay. The data was expressed as a percentage of the control value of three independent experiments. (B) A549 cell morphology was visualized after P. cablin extract treatment by light microscopy. Magnification, 100. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 as compared with the control. 의존적으로생존율이감소되었다. 특히인체폐암세포인 A549에서다른암세포에비해특이적으로높은암세포사멸효과를나타내었다. 또한광곽향메탄올추출물처리에따른 A549 세포의형태변화를관찰한결과, 광곽향메탄올추출물의농도가높아질수록 A549 세포의형태가불규칙하게변화되고세포밀도가감소하는것을확인할수있었다 (Fig. 1B). 그러나정상세포인 IMR90에서는광곽향메탄올추출물에의한세포독성이보이지않는것으로나타나 (Fig. 1A), 광곽향메탄올추출물의 A549에대한효과는항암효과가분명한것으로보인다. 따라서, 이후 A549에대한사멸효과의기전을확인하고자하였다. 기의세포분포수는광곽향메탄올추출물농도의존적으로감소하여대조군각각 23.16%, 14.39% 에서 200 μg/ml 농도에 A 광곽향메탄올추출물에의한폐암세포주 A549 의 G1 arrest 유도암세포에서는세포손상에따른정상적인세포주기제어기능이저해되어비정상적인세포의무한증식이일어난다 [11]. 최근에는이러한암세포의특징을이용하여암세포의비정상적인세포주기진행을제어하여암세포의사멸을유도하는항암제의연구개발이활발하게진행되고있다 [39]. 따라서본연구에서는광곽향메탄올추출물처리에의해유발되는 A549 사멸효과가세포주기에영향을주는지확인하기위하여적정농도의광곽향메탄올추출물을 24시간처리한후세포주기변화를 flow cytometry를이용하여분석하였다. 그결과, Fig. 2에나타낸바와같이 G1기의세포분포가대조군 62.44% 에서농도의존적으로증가하여최고농도인 200 μg/ml에서 88.44% 의세포가 G1기에정체되어있었다. 반면 S기및 G2/M B P. cablin MeOH extract (μg/ml) % of cell G1 S G2/M Fig. 2. G1 arrest induction of A549 cells by P. cablin methanol extract treatment. After treatment of P. cablin extract, A549 cells were stained with propidium iodide and analyzed by flow cytometry. (A) Percentage of cell cycle distribution in P. cablin extract-treated A549 cells. (B) Cell cycle distribution of A549 cell treated with P. cablin MeOH extract.

5 48 생명과학회지 2015, Vol. 25. No. 1 서는각각 5.51%, 6.05% 로감소하였다. 이상의결과들은광곽향메탄올추출물에의한 A549의생존율감소가 G1 arrest에의한세포주기정지에따른것임을시사한다. 광곽향메탄올추출물에의한 G1 arrest 유도의분자메커니즘세포주기분석결과광곽향이 A549 세포를 G1기에서정지시킴을확인하였고, 이러한결과가단백질수준에서도나타나는지확인하기위해 G1기관련단백질들의발현변화를확인하였다. 세포주기의조절은기본적으로각주기에서특정적인 Cyclin 이발현되어 Cyclin-depandent kinases (Cdks) 와복합체를형성하여세포주기진행에필요한단백질들을인산화시켜세포주기가진행된다 [31]. 세포주기중 G1기에서는 Cyclin D가 Cdk4 또는 Cdk6과복합체를형성하여 retinoblastoma protein (Rb) 을인산화시키고, Rb에결합되어있던 E2F가방출되어 Cyclin E의발현이유도된다. 유도된 Cyclin E는 Cdk2와복합체를형성하고이것이 p-rb를완전히인산화시켜 G1기에서 S기로전환이일어난다 [6, 7]. 따라서 G1기에서 S기로진행하기위해서는 Cyclin E와 Cdk2가충분히존재하여야한다. 이에본연구에서는광곽향메탄올추출물을처리한 A549 에서 G1기관련단백질들의발현변화를 Western blotting을통하여분석하였다. 그결과, Fig. 3A에서와같이 Cdk2, Cdk4, Cdk6, Cyclin D 및 Cyclin E의발현이농도의존적으로감소하였고, Rb의인산화가감소되는것을확인하였다. 따라서 Cdk/Cyclin 복합체의감소에의하여 G1/S전이에필요한 Rb 인산화가감소되고그결과 G1 arrest가일어나는것으로사료된다. 다양한연구결과에의하면, 세포는 DNA 손상을유도하는화학물질이나 UV, IR, 산화적스트레스등의자극에대한반응으로세포주기의진행을지연시키는 checkpoint를활성화 시킨다. 이들 checkpoint는 G1/S, S, G2/M 등세포주기의각단계에서활성화될수있고, 다양한단백질들에의해조절된다. 광곽향메탄올추출물에의한 A549의 G1 arrest가유도되는분자기전을확인하기위해 G1/S checkpoint 관련단백질의발현변화를확인하기로하였다. 먼저, G1/S checkpoint를유도하는기전은크게 p53 의존형과비의존형으로분류할수있다 [23]. p53 의존형 G1/S checkpoint는 DNA 손상등의자극으로인해 p53이활성화되고, 이로인해 Cdk inhibitor인 p21의발현이증가된다. 증가된 p21은 Cdk와결합하여 Cdk/ Cyclin 복합체의활성을억제함으로써세포주기의진행을저해하고 G1 arrest가유도되는것으로알려져있다 [27]. p53 비의존형 G1/S checkpoint는 Cell Division Cycle 25 homolog A (Cdc25A) 에의해매개되는경로가알려져있다. Cdc25A는 Cdk에있는불활성형의인산기를제거시켜 Cdk의활성화를유도함으로써세포주기진행을촉진시키는탈인산화효소로, 다양한종류의암에서과발현된다고알려져있다 [17]. Cdc25A 는 G1/S 전이기에서 Cdk2/Cyclin E 복합체를활성화시켜세포주기를진행시키는데, genotoxic stress 등의문제가생길경우 Cdc25A의인산화가이루어지고, 인산화된 Cdc25A는 ubiquitination 반응으로분해되어세포주기의진행이지연된다. 광곽향메탄올추출물을처리한 A549에서 p53 및 p21 단백질의발현변화는관찰되지않았고 (data not shown), Cdc25A 의농도의존적인발현저하를확인할수있었다 (Fig. 3B). 따라서, Cdc25A를조절하는단백질의발현변화를확인하고자하였다. Cdc25A의인산화를유도하여 G1 arrest 유발에관여하는상위단백질은 Chk1/2와 p38이있다. Chk1/2는주로 DNA damage에의해활성화되는 ATM/ATR에의해인산화되어활성화되고, 활성화된 Chk1/2가 Cdc25A를인산화시켜세포주기를정지시킨다. p38은 mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) 의하나로 DNA damage, osmotic stress, ROS 등에의해자극되어 Cdc25A를인산화하여분해를촉진시킴으로써 A B Fig. 3. Effects of P. cablin methanol extract on the expression of cell cycle-related proteins. A549 cells were treated with various concentration of P. cablin extract for 24 hr, followed by Western blot analysis using indicated antibodies. Numerical bottom panel of each band indicates the fold change in the band intensity compared with that of control. (A) The expression of the G1 phase-related Cdks, Cyclin and p-rb proteins. (B) The expression of proteins regulating activity of Cdks such as p38, p-p38, Cdc25A and p-cdc25a.

6 Journal of Life Science 2015, Vol. 25. No G1 arrest를유도하는것으로알려져있다 [38]. 광곽향메탄올추출물에의한 A549의 Cdc25A 분해가어떤단백질에의해유도되는지확인해본결과, osmotic stress나 genotoxic stress, UV 등에의해활성화되는 p-p38 (Thr180/Thr182) 의발현증가를확인할수있었다. 이들결과에의해, 광곽향메탄올추출물은 p38 MAPK의활성화에의해 Cdc25A의분해반응이유도되고 Cdk, Cyclin 및 p-rb의발현저하를통해 G1 arrest가유도되는것으로사료된다. 이러한결과는 Jin 등의결과와유사하다 [13]. Jin 등은광곽향에서추출한정유성분인 Patchouli alcohol(pa) 이인간대장암세포주인 HT29 에서 Cyclin D와 Cdk4의발현을감소시키고 G1 arrest 를유도한다고보고한바있다 [13]. 이결과와유사하게광곽향메탄올추출물또한 A549에서 G1 arrest를유도하였고 Cyclin D와 Cdk4의발현을감소시켰다. 그러나 Jin 등과는다르게 A549에서의광곽향메탄올추출물에의한 G1 arrest는 p53 및 p21의발현이유도되지않았고, p38의활성화와 Cdc25A 발현저하가확인되었으며, Apoptosis 의유도없이 (1% 이하 ), G1기에서의세포주기정지만유도되었다. 본연구에서도 HT29를포함한다양한암세포주에서의증식억제활성을확인하였고, 그결과 A549에서가장높은활성을보였으며 HT29에서는증식억제활성이높지않았다 (Fig. 1A). 이러한차이는추출물의차이에의한것으로사료되며, 따라서광곽향의암세포증식억제효과는세포주특이적이고물질특이적인것으로보인다광곽향메탄올추출물의항산화능분석생체내에서일어나는대사과정에서는 superoxide ( 1 O 2- ), hydroxy radical ( OH), 과산화수소 (H 2O 2) 등의활성산소가발생하게되며대부분의활성산소는항산화방어체계에의해분해된다. 그러나활성산소와항산화방어체계의균형이깨지는경우, 활성산소가축적되어여러질병들이유발될수있다 [4, 15, 21]. 축적된활성산소로인한산화적스트레스는세포구성성분인지질, 단백질, 당및 DNA 등에대한비선택적, 비가역적인파괴작용을하여암을비롯한뇌졸중, 파킨슨병등의뇌질환과심장질환, 허혈, 동맥경화, 피부질환, 소화기질환, 염증, 류마티스, 자가면역질환등의각종질병및노화의주원인이된다고알려져있다 [2, 5, 9, 16]. 따라서다양한생리활성, 특히항암활성을보유하는후보소재의항산화능보유유무의확인은매우중요하다 [3]. 체내에존재하는활성라디칼에전자나수소원자를공여하여안정한형태의라디칼로전환시켜산화를막는것을항산화작용이라고하며이러한라디칼소거능이큰경우높은항산화활성을가진다고할수있다. 본연구에서는광곽향메탄올추출물의항산화능을확인하기위하여 DPPH를사용하여 free radical 소거정도를분석하였다. 그결과, Table 1에서나타낸바와같이광곽향메탄올추출물을농도별로 DPPH Table 1. DPPH radical scavenging activity by methanol extract of P. cablin P. cablin MeOH extract Ascorbic acid Concentration (μg/ml) Inhibition (%) 33.61± ± ± ± ± ±0.13 IC 50 (μg/ml) 와반응시켰을때, 농도의존적으로 free radical 소거능을보였 다. 즉광곽향메탄올추출물 12.8, 64, 320 μg/ml 농도에서 DPPH radical 소거능이각각 33.61, 72, 94.57% 였으며, 50% 저해농도를나타내는 IC 50 값은 μg/ml 이었다. 이러한결 과는양성대조군으로사용된 ascorbic acid 의 IC 50 인 5.83 μg/ ml 에비해서는다소높았으나, 추출물인것을감안할때광곽 향메탄올추출물은우수한항산화능을보유하고있다고할 수있다. 이러한효능은 mouse 모델에서도유사한효능을나 타내는것으로보고되어있다 [18, 22, 26]. 따라서광곽향은강 력한항산화활성을가지는것으로사료된다. 대식세포에서광곽향메탄올추출물의 NO 생성저해능분석 NO는생체내에서생성되는활성질소종 (reactive nitrogen species) 으로생체내에서중요한세포신호전달물질로작용하며, 다양한 NO synthase (NOS) 에의해생성된다. 특히염증성 NOS인 inducible NOS (inos) 에의한 NO의과잉생산은산화적스트레스를유발하여세포손상및염증유발의원인이된다 [14]. 최근들어 NO의과다생산은많은암종의발생과진행을촉진하는것으로알려져있으며, 특히지속적인염증의진행에따른암세포의형성촉진인자중하나로인식되고있다. 따라서 inos의차단에의한 NO 생성억제는염증억제뿐아니라암예방을위해서도긍정적인결과를나타낼수있다 [12]. 본연구에서는광곽향메탄올추출물이 inos에의해유도되는 NO 생성억제와도관련있는지알아보기위하여, LPS로자극한마우스대식세포주 RAW 264.7에농도별광곽향메탄올추출물을처리하여 NO 생성량을분석하였다. Fig. 4A에서알수있듯이 LPS 처리에의하여약 30 μm의 NO가 RAW 세포배양액내에축적되었으며, 유도된 NO 양은광곽향메탄올추출물처리 (50, 75 μg/ml) 에의해유의적으로감소하는것을알수있었다. 이러한광곽향메탄올추출물에의한 NO의감소는세포사멸에의한효과가아님을 WST assay를통하여확인하였다 (Fig. 4B). 또한 LPS에의해유도되는 NO 생성은 NO synthase 중에서도염증성 NOS인 inos에의하여일어나며이러한 inos의과다생성은많은암종의생성및진행을촉진하는것으로알려져있다 [41]. 따라서광곽향메탄올추출물에의한 inos 발현변화를 Western blot analy-

7 50 생명과학회지 2015, Vol. 25. No. 1 A B C Fig. 4. Effects of P. cablin methanol extract on LPS-induced NO production and LPS-induced inos expression in RAW murine macrophages. Cells were treated with 1 μg/ml LPS and various concentration of P. cablin methanol extract for 24 hr. NO production in culture supernatant (A) and cell viability (B) were measured using the Griess method and WST assay, respectively. Data represent the mean ± SD. (C) LPS-induced inos expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Numerical bottom panel of each band indicates the fold change in the band intensity compared with that of control. *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 as compared with the control. sis를통하여확인하였으며, 그결과 LPS에의해유도된 inos 의발현양은광곽향메탄올추출물처리에의해농도의존적으로감소하였다 (Fig. 4C). 이때 inos 발현양의감소는 NO 생성량의감소양상과일치하였으며, 50, 75 μg/ml의광곽향메탄올추출물처리시매우유의적으로감소하였다. 이와같은결과로부터광곽향메탄올추출물이 inos 발현을억제하여 NO 생산을감소시키는것을알수있었다. 또한, 이러한결과는 mouse 모델에서광곽향추출물에의한항염증결과와유사한결과이다 [22, 26]. 따라서광곽향은생체및 in vitro 에서도염증성 cytokine 억제를통해항염증효과를나타낸다. 암을유발하는원인은매우다양하며, 따라서다양한암유발원인들을제어할수있는물질이있다면보다궁극적인암예방및완화가가능하지않을까생각하였다. 즉, 지속적인염증환경의완화및활성산소의제거, 산화억제를통해암의발병가능성및진행속도를낮춰줄수있을것이다. 본연구에서는광곽향메탄올추출물이다양한암세포사멸효과를나타내며, 그중폐암세포에서 G1 arrest를유도하여세포의증식을억제하는것을확인하였다. 또한대식세포에서과발현된 NO 생성을억제하고, 항산화활성도나타냄을확인하였다. 본연구결과를바탕으로광곽향메탄올추출물내항암활성성분의분리, 동물실험등실질적인항암활성연구와, 보다다양한생리활성연구를통해항산화, 항염증, 항암후보물질소재로활용가능할뿐아니라다양한건강기능성식품소재로도활용가능할것으로사료된다. 감사의글 본연구는산업통상자원부 부산광역시지원지역혁신센터사업 (RIC ) 동의대학교블루바이오소재개발및실용화지원센터의지원으로이루어졌습니다. References 1. Bonfoco, E., Krainc, D., Ankarcrona, M., Nicotera, P. and Lipton, S. A Apoptosis and necrosis: two distinct events induced, respectively, by mild and intense insults with N-methyl-D-aspartate or nitric oxide/superoxide in cortical cell cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, Bouayed, J. and Bohn, T Exogenous antioxidants - Double-edged swords in cellular redox state: Health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high doses. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 3, Choi, I. P Reactive oxygen species and cancer. Hanyang Med. Rev. 33, Choi, P. S., Kim, H. S. and Chin, K. B Antioxidant activities of water or methanol extract from cherry (Prunus yedoensis) and its utilization to the pork patties. Kor. J. Food Sci. An. 33, Dicker, E. A., Crum, A. D. and Calvert, J. T Differences in the antioxidant mechanism of carmosine in the prescence of copper and iron. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40, Donzelli, M. and Draetta, G. F Regulating mammalian

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9 52 생명과학회지 2015, Vol. 25. No. 1 Liu, G. D Genetic diversity analysis among and within populations of Pogostemon cablin from China with ISSR and SRAP markers. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 38, Yang, G. Y., Taboada, S. and Liao, J Induced nitric oxide synthase as a major player in the oncogenic transformation of inflamed tissue. Methods Mol. Biol. 512, 초록 : 광곽향메탄올추출물의항산화, 항염증및암세포증식억제효과윤승근 1 진수정 2 정현영 2 윤희정 2 도미영 1 김병우 1,2 권현주 1,2 * ( 1 동의대학교일반대학원자연생활과학대학생명응용학과, 2 동의대학교블루바이오소재개발센터 ) 본연구에서는, 암세포증식억제효능과항산화, 항염증효능을동시에가지는물질을탐색하였다. 그결과, 광곽향메탄올추출물이 A549, HepG2, MCF7, HT29 등다양한암세포에대하여세포성장억제효과를보였고, A549에대해특이적으로뛰어난사멸효과를보였다. 광곽향메탄올추출물에의한 A549에서의항암효과는 p38 - Cdc25A - Cdk - Cyclin - Rb pathway를통해 G1 arrest 유도로연결되는것으로사료된다. 또한 DPPH를통한 free radical의소거능확인결과항산화효과를가지고있는것을확인하였고, 대식세포 (RAW 264.7) 의 inos 발현을감소시켜 LPS에의해유도되는 NO의생성을유의적으로억제함을확인했다. 이러한결과들로부터광곽향메탄올추출물이항산화, 항염증, 항암후보물질소재로활용가능할뿐아니라, 다양한건강기능성소재로활용가능할것이라사료된다.

Journal of Life Science 2011, Vol. 21. No μ μ

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