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1 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제3권제1호 2008년 4월 Korean J UTII Vol.3, No.1, April 2008 원저 클라미디아항체양성을보인만성전립선염환자에서 항생제의항균효과 가톨릭대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실김성대 손동완 김세웅 조용현 [Abstract] The Antimicrobial Effect of Antibiotics to Patients with Chronic Prostatitis of Positive Reaction on Chlamydial Antibody Sung Dae Kim, Dong Wan Sohn, Sae Woong Kim, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Purpose: Chronic bacterial prostatitis is the most common urological disease in adult males, with antibiotic therapy being the gold standard for its treatment. Recent studies suggest that Chlamydia may play a role in chronic prostatitis but was difficult to prove the pathogen to the prostate. We evaluated the effect of three antibiotics (azithromycin, doxycycline, levofloxacin) in patients with chronic prostatitis of positive reaction on Chlamydial antibody. Material and Methods: The study included 54 patients who had symptoms of chronic prostatitis and proven presence of Chlamydia. The presence of Chlamydia was confirmed in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) immediately after prostatic massage by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The patients were randomized to receive azithromycin 1.0g (n=16) once, or doxycycline 100mg b.i.d. (n=19) for 21 days or levofloxacin 100mg t.i.d. (n=19) for 21 days. Patients sexual partners were treated at the same time. Clinical and bacteriological efficacy (leukocyte count, pathogen eradication rate, NIH-CPSI) was evaluated after the end of therapy. Results: After treatment of antibiotics, the leukocytes counts in the EPS was significantly decreased in all groups (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in three groups. Also, all of groups was superior to control Chlamydia (azithromycin:doxycycline:levofloxacin=93.75%:78.94%:89.47%) and there was no significant difference of the pathogen eradication rates in three groups. The total NIH-CPSI score was significantly decreased, especially pain domain and quality of life domain (p<0.05), and there was no 교신저자 : 조용현, 가톨릭대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실서울시영등포구여의도동 62 번지 Tel: , Fax: , cyh0831@catholic.ac.kr 81

2 82 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 3 권제 1 호 2008 년 4 월 significant difference in three groups. Conclusions: These data suggest that antibiotics of three groups was effective to the patient with chronic prostatitis of positive reaction on Chlamydia antibody. (Korean J UTII 2008;3:81-88) Key Words: Chronic prostatitis, Chlamydia, Antibiotics 서론만성전립선염은단순한단일질환이라기보다는다양한원인에의해다양한병태를나타내는복합성질환이다. 또한생활전반부에걸쳐불편을초래하여삶의질에심각한영향을미치고, 성인남성의 50% 가평생에한번은증상을경험하게되고, 50대이하의가장흔한비뇨기과질환으로외래환자의 25% 가만성전립선염환자군으로추정될정도로흔한질환이다. 1,2 그리고, 이질환은남성에서재발성요로감염의가장흔한원인으로반복적인요로감염과전립선액에지속적인병원성세균을특징으로하는질환이다. 3 하지만원인과병인이다양하여진단, 치료에대하여아직확실히알려진것이없어많은비뇨기과의사들과환자들에게어려움을주고있다. 4 만성전립선염의진단은임상증상, Meares와 Stamey 방법을이용한요검사표본이나전립선마사지액 (expressed prostatic secretion; EPS) 에서세균이나백혈구의존재유무와같은징후로판단한다. 5,6 임상증상은최소 3개월이상지속적으로나타날때만성으로판정한다. 그런데이러한전립선염에걸린사람들중반수이상이무증상의상태로있거나증상이아주경미하여원인균중하나인클라미디아균이언제감염되었는지아는것은어렵다. 7 그럼에도클라미디아균은전세계에서성전파성질환의가장흔한원인균중의하나이면서, 이미생물의진단에대한연구결과만성전립선염의원인균으로추측하고있다. 8 클라미디아균배양에의한전립선염의진단이어려운이유는이전에경험적항생제치료를시행한경우가많고, 관습적인배지에의해서균이배양될확률이매우낮기때문이다. 최근들어다중중합효소연쇄반응 (polymerase chain reaction; PCR) 에의해클 라미디아균의검출이가능해져진단하기가수월해졌다. 그럼에도불구하고, 클라미디아균에의한전립선염의치료에있어서현재여러항생제가사용되고있으나국내에서이러한항생제의항균효과에대한연구결과는아직까지보고된바없는실정이다. 따라서본연구는클라미디아균양성을보인만성전립선염에서국내에서대표적으로사용되고있는세가지항생제인 azithromycin, doxycycline, levofloxacin을사용한후, 각각의치료효과를전향적으로분석하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상 2006년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지전립선증상을주소로본원비뇨기과를방문한환자중소변검사, 소변배양검사, 전립선분비액검사등을시행하여만성전립선염으로진단된 209명을대상으로하였다. 환자중이전에성병이나전립선염의치료력이있거나최근 3개월내항생제투여한경우등을제외하였다. PCR을위한검체는내원당일전립선마사지후 EPS 를사용하였으며, 209명중 155명의환자에서 EPS의채취가가능하였다. 2. DNA추출 DNA는 EPS에 proteinase K (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) 를포함한완충액 (10mM Tric HCl, ph8.3, 50mM KCl, 0.1mg/ml gelatin, 0.45% NP40, 0.45% Tween 20) 을넣어 56 에서 3시간이상반응시킨후 phenol-chloroform으로처리하고, sodium acetate와 ethanol을첨가하여 -20 에밤동안방치하면서 DNA를침전시켜추출하였다. 침전된 DNA는 14,000rpm에서 5

3 김성대외 : 클라미디아항체양성을보인만성전립선염환자에서항생제의항균효과 83 분간원심분리하여 DNA pellet 을얻은후 70% ethanol 로세척하고멸균증류수에 DNA를녹여다중 PCR을위한주형으로사용하였다. 3. 다중 PCR을통한클라미디아균확인다중 PCR은한염기의차이까지구별함으로매우특이하게주형 DNA에결합할수있는 Dual Specificity Oligo [DSOTM, ( 주 ) 씨젠, 서울, 대한민국 ] 9 시발체로고안된 Seeplex TM STD Detectionkit [( 주 ) 씨젠 ] 를사용하여검출하였다. PCR 반응액은각각의시발체 5 pmole 과 DNA 3µl를첨가하여총 20µl로하였으며, PCR반응은자동온도조절기 (96 well GeneAmp R PCR system 9700, Applied Biosystems, Fostercity, USA) 를이용하여 94 에서 15분간전변성시킨후, 94 에서 30초, 6 3 에서 1분 30초및 72 에서 1분 30초씩 40회증폭하고마지막으로 72 에서 10분동안연장반응시켰다. 양성대조는이전에양성이나왔던검체의 DNA를 3균종씩혼합하여만든자체양성대조물질을매 PCR 마다동시에검사하여확인하였다. 각각의증폭산물은 2% 아가로오스겔에서 100V로 40분간전기영동한후브롬화에티듐 (ethidiumbromide; EtBr) 으로염색하여 Image system (ChemiDoc XRS system, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA) 으로분절의유무와크기를확인하였다. 4. 항생제투여 PCR을통하여클라미디아균검출이확인된 54명을대상으로각각항생제의권장복용방식에따라 16명에게 azithromycin 1g을 1회경구투여하였고, 19명에게 doxycycline 100mg을매일 2회씩, 19명에게는 levofloxacin 100mg을매일 3회씩모두 3주간투여하였다. 투약종류후 EPS, 클라미디아 PCR 반응, 만성전립선염증상점수 (National Institute of Health- Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index; NIH-CPSI) 를측정하여투약전과비교하였다. 치료후임상호전은만성전립선염증상점수에서 30% 이상의의미있는감소와유의한주관적임상호전을보인경우로정의하였다. 5. 통계분석통계는 SPSS R for Microsoft Window R 프로그램 (ver. 12.0) 을이용하였다. 통계학적검증은 Student's t-test, Wilcoxon ranks sum test, Fisher's exact test 등을사용하였으며, 각각의 p값이 0.05 미만일경우통계학적으로유의하다고인정하였다. 결과만성전립선염으로진단되고 EPS 채취가가능하였던환자 155명중에서원인균으로클라미디아균이검출되어확진된환자는 54명 (34.8%) 이었다. EPS 결과는 grade 0-4 단계로나누어고배율시야당백혈구수가 5개미만이면 grade 0, 5 9개관찰되는경우 grade 1, 10-29개관찰되는경우 grade 2, 30개이상의백혈구가시야 1/2 이하로관찰되는경우 grade 3, 시야 1/2 이상관찰되는경우를 grade 4로정의하였다. Azithromycin 투여군은치료전평균 grade가 3.02±1.23에서치료후 1.88±0.94 (p=0.005) 으로, doxycycline 투여군과 levofloxacin 투여군은치료전각각 grade가 3.12±0.88 (p=0.011), 3.45±1.64에서치료후 2.04±1.48, 2.27±1.02 (p=0.005) 으로감소하여치료를받은후통계학적으로유의하게호전을보였다. 그러나세군사이의호전정도의차이는통계학적으로유의하지않았다 (p=0.405) (Table 1). 또한클라미디아 PCR 반응을통해각항생제의항균력을평가한결과 azithromycin 투여군은 16명중 15명, doxycycline 투여군은 19명중 15명, levofloxacin 투여군은 19명중 17명이완치를보여클라미디아제균율이각각 93.75%, 78.94%, 89.47% 로모두우수한성적을보였으며, 세군간의통계학적유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.413) (Fig. 1). 그리고만성전립선염증상점수에대한것을보면, azithromycin 투여군은치료전총 28.3점에서 14.9점, doxycycline 투여군은 29.4점에서 16.3점으로, levofloxacin 투여군은 27.5에서 15.8점으로감소하여모든군에서통계학적으로유의하게증상의호전을보였다. 특히영역별점수를보면, 배뇨증상은통계학적으

4 84 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 3 권제 1 호 2008 년 4 월 Table 1. The expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) results according to the treatment Groups EPS grade* Pre-treatment Post-treatment P-value Azithromycin (n=16) 3.02± ± Doxycycline (n=19) 3.12± ± Levofloxacin (n=19) 3.45± ± *: 0= 1-4 white blood cells/high-power field (WBC/HPF) 1= 5-9 WBC/HPF, grade 2= WBC/HPF, 3= 30 more than 1/2 visual field WBC/HPF, 4= 30 more than 1/2 visual field WBC/HPF : there are signifiacnt differences statistically compared to pre-treatment, but, there are not significant difference among each antibiotics group (15/16) (15/19) (17/19) % azithromycin doxycycline levofloxacin Chlamydia eradication Fig. 1. The bacterial evaluation of efficacy among three antibiotics in the treatment of chronic chlamydial prostatitis. The bacteriological efficacy of all groups are effective to chlamydia, but there are not significant difference statistically among three groups. 로유의한차이를보이지않으나통증과삶의질영역에서상당한호전을보이는것으로나타났다. 그리고항생제세군간의통계학적차이는없었다 (p=0.514) (Table 2). 고찰만성세균성전립선염은임상에서흔히접하는질환으로서지속적으로연구되고있는질환중하나이다. 임상양상이비특이적이며병인에대해서도아직까지뚜렷이밝혀진바는없어이에대한여러가지병인론이제기되고있다. 만성세균성전립선염은확진이어렵고치료후에도재발하는경우가흔하다. 그래서 Stamey는전립선염을 임상적인무지의쓰레기통 (a wastebasket of clinical ignorance) 이라표현하여, 전립선염의정확한원인과치료를알지못한다는것을강조하였다. 또한 Nickel은 전립선에발생하는질환중에서검은양 (black sheep of the prostate family of

5 김성대외 : 클라미디아항체양성을보인만성전립선염환자에서항생제의항균효과 85 Table 2. The changes of National Institute of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) in pre-treatment and post-treatment Groups Domain Pre-treatment score Post-treatment score p-value Azithromycin (n=16) Doxycycline (n=19) Levofloxacin (n=19) pain (0-21) * urination (0-10) quality of life (0-12) * total * pain (0-21) * urination (0-10) quality of life (0-12) * total * pain (0-21) * urination (0-10) quality of life (0-12) * total * *: There are significant difference statically compared to pre-treatment but, there are not significant difference among each antibiotics group. disease) 이라고표현하여, 만성전립선염환자의특성과비뇨기과의사의정신적인고통을강조하였다 만성전립선염은만성세균성전립선염과비세균성전립선염또는만성골반통증후군을포함하는것으로미국에서만매년약 200만명이새로이진단되는매우흔한남성질환이다. 13 세계적으로도만성전립선염증후군은남성에서흔한질환이라고알려져있는데남성의 50% 는적어도한번은전립선염증상을경험한다고보고하고있다. 그럼에도불구하고전립선염의유병률은아직정확히알려져있지않다. 14 또한전립선염은재발이빈번하며일부에서는발병시수개월간지속된다. 이러한만성증상은환자의삶의질을낮추게된다. 만성전립선염의특징적인증상은만성적으로회음부, 치골상부, 성기의통증과불쾌감, 혹은성관계시사정전, 후의통증등이있으나대부분증상이모호하거나유동적이다. 15 만성전립선염의원인으로는미생물의감염, 자가면역, 전립선내로의요역류, 호르몬, 신경정신학적장애및요역동학이상등여러원인이거론되고있지만현재까지도이의원인에대해서는아직까지도명확히밝혀지지않고있다. 상기원인중가장흔하고중 요한원인의하나로여겨지고있는미생물학관점에서볼때, 발병가능한원인균으로는일반세균검사에서배양되지않는 Haemophilus 종, Treponema 종, Brucella 종등의혐기성세균과 Chlamydia, U. urealyticum 등의세균및 Fungus, Virus, Trichomatis 등이있다. 16 이들중특히클라미디아균은성전파성질환의중요한원인균으로남성에게있어서는요도, 부고환, 전립선질환을, 여성에게있어서는질, 요도및상부요로질환과더불어자궁경부염, 요도염, 난관염, 자궁내막염등을일으키는중요한원인균이다. 여성의경우대부분증상은없으나나팔관폐쇄를초래하여자궁외임신및불임등의심각한합병증 17 을유발할수도있기때문에이들세균에의한감염여부를확인하는것이중요하다. 이들세균감염에의한만성전립선염의진단은임상검체의직접검경, 혈청학적방법, 배양에의한원인균의분리및분자생물학적방법등이있지만현재까지가장효과적인검사는균배양검사이다. 하지만전립선염환자의피검물에서세균을증명하기위한방법에는여러가지문제점이있는것으로알려져있다. 즉, 전립선분비액및전립선마사지후소변을이용한일반적인배양검사는전립선염환자의대부

6 86 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 3 권제 1 호 2008 년 4 월 분이전에항생제를장기간복용한경우가많고, 전립선및정낭액의세균억제성물질들이존재하여균주가잘자라지않을수있으며, 동시에대부분의병원에서는전립선염환자의피검물을사용하여호기성및혐기성구분없이일반배양검사만을시행하여세균성인지비세균성인지감별하고있는실정이다. 또한원인균으로가장중요시되고있는클라미디아균등은일반배양검사에서는자라지않고특수배양검사를해야하기때문이다. 18 또한이러한배양검사도넓은장소와많은시설및장비를필요로하기때문에일반검사실에서는시행하기어려운실정이며, 검체를보관하고운반하는상태에따라이배양검사의결과에큰차이를보인다. 더욱이균수가적거나, 불완전한균주이거나균주가배지로옮기는도중에생존하지못하는경우에는위음성이나올수있다. 이러한이유로클라미디아균등의세균검출에있어서빠르고신뢰성있고민감하며비용이적게드는방법이절실히요구되고있다. 이에맞추어최근분자생물학의발전으로 PCR로균을검출할수있다. 이방법을사용하면쉽게클라미디아균을비롯한비세균성전립선염의원인균을검출할수있고, 2 4시간이면균검출이가능하여빠르고신뢰성이있으며, 배양검사에비해민감도와특이도가높다는장점이있다. 18,19 본연구에서는원인균으로클라미디아균이검출되어확진된환자는 54명 (34.8%) 으로이전에 Ha 등 20 이보고한검출률보다비교적높은검출률을보였다. 이는본연구가 EPS를표본으로검사를시행하였고이전에성병이나전립선염의치료력이있거나최근항생제투여를한경우를제외한점이영향을주었을것으로생각한다. 이러한만성전립선염에대한가장적절한치료는항생제치료라고알려져있다. 그러나만성전립선염에서항상항생제치료가가능하지는않다. 이는만성전립선염의치료에사용되는약제는분자무게가적고, 지용성으로혈장단백질에결합이용이하지않아전립선상피막을통과하기가어렵기때문이다. 이때문에만성세균성전립선염치료가대부분에서어렵고 21,22 치료시고용량항생제의장기간투여가필요하다. 클라미디아균에의한만성전립선염을치료할경우항생제의선택에있어서두가지기준을고려해야한 다. 항생제가클라미디아균에대한높은감수성을가져야하고또한만성염증에대해서전립선조직과분비물에고농도의축적이있어야한다. 23 클라미디아균은생체외실험에서는 tetracycline, doxycycline, rifampicin, erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, rifampicin, ofloxacin, clindamycin에효과가있는것으로알려져있으나생체내임상시험에서는특히, 전립선염에있어서는임상적으로아직까지그효능이확실하게증명되지않고있다. 24 Azithromycin 은 macrolide 계열의항생제로경구복용후흡수가빠르고인체조직내로흡수가빠르고늦게배설되어고농도로유지되는경향이있으며, 클라미디아균에대한 MIC90은 mg/dl이다. 25 Levofloxacin은 quinolone 계열의항생제로 azithromycin과마찬가지로흡수가빠르고, 혈청내보다전립선조직내에서 2 3배정도높은농도를보이며, 클라미디아균에대한 MIC90은 1 1.3mg/dl이다. 26 Doxycycline은 tetracycline 계열의항생제로, 전통적으로가장널리사용된항생제로그람양성균외에도그람음성균, 리케치아등에도효과가있으며, 클라미디아균에대한 MIC90은 mg/dl이다. 외국의문헌을살펴보면 azithromycin, doxycycline, levofloxacin 3 가지항생제를상호비교한결과는없으며, Skerk 등 27,28 이클라미디아균이원인균으로확인된만성전립선염에서 azithromycin과 doxycycline간, azithromycin 과 ciprofloxacin간의두가지항생제를비교한자료가있다. 여기에서그는 azithromycin과 doxycycline 비교에서항생제제균율과실제임상적치료율에있어서두군간유의한차이는없었으며, azithromycin 과 ciprofloxacin 비교에있어서는 azithromycin이 ciprofloxacin보다항생제제균율및임상적치료율에있어서더우수하다고발표하였다. 본연구에서는 azithromycin, doxycycline, levofloxacin 세가지항생제의효능을 EPS에서백혈구세포수, 클라미디아제균률, 만성전립선염증상점수를기준으로상호비교하였는데, 이는객관적효능을살펴보는데적합한기준이라고생각한다. EPS에서백혈구세포수와클라미디아제균률를보면, 치료후가치료전에비해통계적으로유의한감소를보여세가지모두가우수한항균작용을보였다. 그리고세가지약물간차이를보이지않아만성전립선염에서첫번째치료약물로어

7 김성대외 : 클라미디아항체양성을보인만성전립선염환자에서항생제의항균효과 87 떠한약물을선택해도괜찮다고생각한다. 또한만성전립선염증상점수에서증상의호전이통증영역에서가장급격한감소를보이고, 이로인해삶의질또한상당히개선되는반면에배뇨영역에서는별다른차이를보이지않아만성전립선염이단순히미생물의감염과염증때문이아니라요도역류, 요역동학적배뇨장애등여러가지요인이관여한다는사실을다시한번알수있었다. 결론만성전립선염의원인중가장많이차지하는것이미생물감염이나전립선염환자의피검물에서세균을증명하기위한방법에는여러가지문제점이있는것으로알려져있다. 그러나최근분자생물학의발전으로중합효소연쇄반응으로균을검출할수있다. 이방법을사용하면일반배양검사로동정이어려운클라미디아균을비롯한비세균성전립선염의원인균을쉽게검출할수있고, 2 4시간이면균검출이가능하여빠르고신뢰성이있으며, 배양검사에비해민감도와특이도가높다는장점이있다. 이를통하여클라미디아균의검출율을높일수있었고, 대표적으로쓰이는항생제 3가지즉, azithromycin, doxycycline, levofloxacin의효능을상호비교하여본결과모두효능이우수한것으로나타났으며, 특이증상개선에있어서는통증의감소, 삶의질향상이두드러졌다. 또한추후더많은환자를대상으로보다정확하고재현성있는방법을통해만성전립선염의원인균과더다양한항생제의효능을평가하여야할것으로생각한다. REFERENCES 1. Roberts RO, Lieber MM, Rhodes T, Girman CJ, Bostwick DG, Jacobsen SJ. Prevalence of a physician-assigned diagnosis of prostatitis: the olmsted county study of urinary symptoms and health status among men. Urology 1998;51: Collins MM, Stafford RS, O'Leary MP, Barry MJ. Distinguishing chronic prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms: results of a national survey of physician visits. Urology 1999;53: Pfau A. Prostatitis: a continuing enigma. Urol Clin North Am 1986;13: Nickel JC, Olson ME, Costerton JW. Rat model of experimental bacterial prostatitis. Infection 1991;19 (Suppl 3): Meares EM, Stamey TA. Bacteriologic localization patterns in bacterial prostatitis and urethritis. Invest Urol 1968;5: Gelderl D, Arnhem V. Guidelines on urinary and male genital tract infections. European Association of Urology. 2002; Quinn TC, Gaydos C, Shepard M. Epidemiologic and microbiologic correlates of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in sexual partnerships. JAMA 1996;276: Bjerklund JTE, Gruneberg RN, Guibert J, Hofstetter A, Lobel B, Naber KG, et al. The role of antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: a consensus statement. Eur Urol 1998;34: PCT/KR2006/000746, Seegene Inc., Processes using Dual Specificity Oligonucleotide and Dual Specificity Oligonucleotide. 10. Moon TD. Questionnaire survey of urologist and primary care physicians' diagnostic and treatment practices for prostatitis. Urology 1997;50: Terai A, Yamamoto S, Mitsumori K, Okada Y, Kurazono H, Takeda Y, et al. Escherichia coli virulence factors and sero-types in acute bacterial prostatitis. Int J Urol 1997;4: Neal DE Jr, Moon TD. Use of terazosin in prostatodynia and validation of a symptom score questionnaire. Urology 1994;43: Schaeffer AJ, Landis JR, Knauss JS, Propert KJ, Alexander RB, Litwin MS. Demographic and clinical characteristics of men with chronic prostatitis: the national institutes of health chronic prostatitis cohort study. J Urol 2002;168: Winningham DG, Nemoy NJ, Stamey TA. Diffusion of antibiotics from plasma into prostatic fluid. Nature 1968;219: Roberts RO, Lieber MM, Bostwick DG, Jacobsen SJ. A review of clinical and pathological prostatitis syndromes. Urology 1997;49:809-21

8 88 대한요로생식기감염학회지 : 제 3 권제 1 호 2008 년 4 월 16. Berger RE, Kriegger JN, Rothman I, Muller CH, Hiller SL. Bacteria in the prostate tissue of men with idiopathic prostatic inflammation. J Urol 1997;49: Mouton JW, Verkooyen R, van der Meijden WI, van Rijsoort Vos TH, Goessens WH, Kluytmans JA, et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in male and female urine specimens by using the amplified Chlamydia trachomatis test. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35: Roberts RO, Lieber MM, Bostwick DG, Jacobsen SJ, A review of clinical and pathological prostatitis syndrome. Urology 1997;49: Class HC, Melchers WJ, de Bruijin IH, de Graaf M, van Dijk WC, Lindeman J, et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in clinical speciments by the polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Clin Microbil Infec Dis 1990;9: Ha JS, Kim SW, Cho YH. Detection of cryptic microorganism by polymerase chain reaction assay in chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Korean J Urol 2002;43: Winningham DG, Nemoy NJ, Stamey TA. Diffusion of antibiotics from plasma into prostatic fluid. Nature 1968;219: Stamey TA, Meares EM Jr, Winningham DG. Chronic bacterial prostatitis and diffusion of drugs into prostatic fluid. J Urol 1970;103: Naber KG, Weidner W. Prostatitis, epididymitis and orchitis. In: Armstrong D, Cohen J, editors. Infectious diseases. London: Mosby; 1999;2: Jones RB, Vander Pol B, Martin DH, Shepard MK. Partial characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates resistant to multiple antibiotics. J Infect Dis 1990;162: Steigbigel NH. Macrolides and clindamycin. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, DolinR, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2000; Hopper DC. Quinolones. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2000: Skerk V, Krhen I, Lisić M, Begovac J, Strugar-Suica J, Vuković J. et al. Comparative randomized pilot study of azithromycin and doxycycline efficacy in the treatment of prostate infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004;24: Skerk V, Schönwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Tomas M, et al. Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003;21:457-62

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