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1 대한소아소화기영양학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2007 위장관 학동기소아에서반복성재발성복통과불안성향과의관련성 조선대학교의과대학소아과학교실 문지영ㆍ문경래 The Relationship of between Anxiety Tendency and Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Elementary School Children Ji Young Moon, M.D. and Kyung Rye Moon, M.D. Department of Pediatrics and Adolescents, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea Purpose: It has been reported that children with chronic pain have higher levels of anxiety than age-matched controls. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the relationship between anxiety and recurrent abdominal pain in elementary school children. Methods: In 2005, we surveyed 1,254 elementary school children (592 boys and 662 girls) whose ages ranged from 7 to 12 years. The degree of trait and state anxiety was compared between agroup suffering from intermittent abdominal pain, a group suffering from recurrent abdominal pain and a normal control group following the Korean version of Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory YZ form (STAI-YZ). Results: 709 (56.5%) and 69 (5.5%) of the patients reported intermittent abdominal pain and and recurrent abdominal pain, respectively, during the 12 month period before this study was conducted, and trait and state anxiety values for each of these groups was 116 (9.3%) and 63 (5.0%), respectively. In addition, the State-Trait Anxiety score was significantly higher in the group with intermittent abdominal pain and RAP than the anxiety score of the normal control group. Additionally, the STAI-YZ score increased in proportion to the severity of abdominal pain, but was not correlated with the duration, frequency, onset time or location of abdominal pain. Furthermore, the proportion of the group with abdominal pain in the group that had trait or state anxiety was significantly higher than the proportion of the group that did not have trait and state anxiety. Conclusion: Recurrent abdominal pain during childhood is correlated with state and trait anxiety, therefore, psychological factors, such as anxiety duringtreatment, must also be considered when determining the cause of recurrent abdominal pain. (Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 10: ) Key Words: Recurrent abdominal pain, State-Trait Anxiety 접수 :2007 년 7 월 31 일, 승인 :2007 년 8 월 30 일책임저자 : 문경래, , 광주시서석동 588, 조선대학교의과대학부속병원소아과 Tel: , Fax: , krmoon@mail.chosun.ac.kr 본논문은 2005 년도제 55 차대한소아과학회추계학술대회에서구연발표하였음. 129

2 130 ㆍ대한소아소화기영양학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2007 서론복통은소아에서흔히보는소화기증상중의하나로서, 감염이나신체적, 심리적인요인등원인이다양하다. 4세에서 16세사이의소아에서 3개월에 3회이상반복적으로발생하여일상생활에지장을초래하는기능성복통을만성반복성복통이라고한다 1,2). 학동기어린이의 10% 에서발생하며 1,3 6), 이중 10% 정도만기질적복통이고, 대부분은기능성반복성복통이다 7 9). 반복성복통을호소하는환아들은병원에여러차례입원하여각종진단적검사를받는일이흔히있으나대부분기질적원인은발견되지않으므로약 90% 가소위기능적위장관장애에의한것으로생각하고있다. 적절한치료를하지못하고복통이지속적으로반복되면불안이나우울증같은정서장애를호소하게되고, 결국인격형성에부정적인영향을미칠뿐아니라, 다른여러가지정신적신체적증상이나타날수있다 10). 불안은어떤특정한상황에서자신이위협을받는다고느낌으로써야기되는불쾌한감정적반응을말한다. 소아에서비교적적당하게낮은불안은동기유지, 집중, 학업성취나작업성취의향상에도움이된다. 하지만비정상적으로자주일어나거나과다한불안은일상생활이나발달에지장을초래한다. 분리불안장애의경우학교에서친구사귀기나등교방해로학습능력의저하를초래하고, 지나치게긴장하거나초조해하며복통과같은신체증상을동반하는경우가많다 11,12). 저자들은초등학생에서복통과불안성향의연관성을알아보고소아복통의치료에심리적인요인에대한고려가필요한지확인하기위하여본연구를시행하였다. 대상및방법 2005년 7월 1개월동안광주광역시에소재하는 1개초등학교 1학년부터 6학년학생 1,254명을대상으로설문지를배부하여복통의유형을조사하고, 복통과정서적인문제중하나인불안성향과의연관성을알아보기위하여조사를시행하였다. 아이가설문을작성하기어려운경우에는학부모와상의하여작성하도록하였으 며, 주로환아와환아의어머니의공동작성을통해이루어졌다. 설문지의내용은연령, 성별, 복통의유무, 만성반복성복통의유무, 복통의기간, 빈도, 지속시간, 발생시기, 복통의심한정도, 양상, 부위, 복통이외의동반된증상에대한문항을포함하였다. 만성반복성복통은 3개월이상만성적으로생활에지장을초래할만큼의복통이 3회이상반복되는것을기준으로하였다. 불안정도를평가하기위하여 Spielberger 13) 가개발하고, 김정택등 14) 이한국어로표준화한한국어판소아용상태및특성불안평가척도 (K-STAIC) 를사용하였다. 상태불안 (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children- State, STAIC-S) 이란시간의경과에따라그강도가변하는주관적인정서상태이며, 객관적위험과는상관없이어떤환경을위협적으로지각하면높아지고반면에위험이내재된환경이라하더라도그상황을위협적인것으로지각하지않을때는불안의정도가낮아진다. 특성불안 (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children- Trait, STAIC-T) 은불안을일으키는경향에대하여한개인이지니고있는개인적인특성을의미하며외적인위협에대하여대처하는개인적인차이를결정하는요소가되며, 한개인에있어서는일생동안변하지않고일정한양상을보인다고하였다. 상태불안및특성불안의측정은이와같은한국어판소아용상태및특성불안평가척도 (K-STAIC) 를이용한상태-특성불안검사 YZ형 (STAI-YZ: Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory YZ form) 설문지를이용하여불안정도를점수로측정하였다. 이로서각각의불안의정도를평가하였는데, 특성불안의경우 39 42점이면특성불안이약간높음, 43 46점은상당히높음, 47점이상이면매우높음으로분류하였으며, 상태불안은 41 44점이약간높음, 45 48점은상당히높음, 49점이상이면매우높은것으로평가하였다. 이를바탕으로자료분석은 SPSS 12.0을이용하였으며, 독립표본 t 검정, 분산분석및상관분석을통해복통과불안성향과의관련성을평가하였다. 결과 1. 대상환아의연령및성별분포총대상환아 1,254명가운데남아 592명, 여아 662명

3 문지영ㆍ문경래 : 학동기소아에서반복성재발성복통과불안성향과의관련성ㆍ 131 이었으며, 연령별로는 7세 163명 (13.0%), 8세 175명 (14.0%), 9세 217명 (17.3%), 10세 203명 (16.2%), 11세 213명 (17.0%), 12세 283명 (22.5%) 이었다 (Table 1). 2. 복통의유무에따른분류최근 1년간복통을경험하였던군은전체 1,254명중 709명 (56.5%) 이었으며, 이중 69명 (5.5%) 이만성반복성복통이었으며, 나머지 545명 (43.5%) 은최근 1년간복통을경험하지않았다 (Fig. 1). 3. 특성ㆍ상태불안의유병률특성불안의경우, 전체 1,254명중 116명 (9.3%) 이특성불안의진단기준에해당하였고, 상태불안은 63명 (5.0%) 이상태불안의진단기준에해당하였다 (Fig. 2). 4. 복통군및만성반복성복통군의특성및상태ㆍ불안척도의비교 비복통군의비교하였을때, 최근 1년간복통을경험한그룹은특성불안척도가 29.4±9.1점으로대조군의 28.2±7.3점과비교하여통계적으로유의한차이가있었으며 (p-value=0.017). 상태불안척도역시 26.2±7.5로 25.4±6.7과비교하여통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p-value=0.001). 최근 3개월간 3회이상의복통을경험한만성반복성복통군과복통이더드물거나없었던그룹을비교하였을때, 만성반복성복통군에서특성불안척도가 32.6±6.7로, 대조군의 29.9±5.9와비교하여통계적으로유의한차이가있었으며 (p-value=0.001), 상태불안척도도 30.8±7.2로대조군의 28.3±6.1과비교하여통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p-value=0.002) (Table 2). 5. 복통부위와특성및상태불안과의관계복통을호소하는부위중가장흔한곳은배꼽주위 최근 1 년간복통을경험한복통군과경험하지않은 Table 1. Distribution of Age and Sex Age (year) Male Female No. of case (%) (13.0) (14.0) (17.3) (16.2) (17.0) (22.5) Total ,254 (100) Fig. 1. Distribution of abdominal pain group and control group. Fig. 2. Prevalance of trait and state anxiety.

4 132 ㆍ대한소아소화기영양학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2007 Table 2. Mean Score (±SD) for the Anxiety Score of AP and RAP Group AP group* No AP group p-value RAP group No RAP group p-value Trait anxiety score 29.4± ± ± ± State anxiety score 26.2± ± ± ± *AP group: abdominal pain group, RAP group: recurrent abdominal pain group. Table 3. Trait and State Anxiety with Respect to Site of Abdominal Pain Site Number Mean of trait anxiety score Mean of state anxiety score Periumbilical Epigastric RUQ* RLQ LUQ LLQ Whole p>0.05, *RUQ: right upper quadrant, RLQ: right lower quadrant, LUQ: left upper quadrant, LLQ: left lower quadrant. Table 5. Trait and State Anxiety with Respect to Time of Abdominal Pain Time Number Mean of trait anxiety score Mean of state anxiety score Early morning Before school In school After school After meals Before meals Before going to sleep While asleep Etc p>0.05. Table 4. Trait and State Anxiety with Respect to Duration of Abdominal Pain Duration Number Mean of trait Mean of state (%) anxiety score anxiety score <5 minutes 200 (28.2%) minutes 170 (23.9%) minutes 103 (14.5%) minutes 109 (15.4%) min 1 hour 69 (9.8%) hour 2 hours 27 (3.8%) >2 hours 31 (4.4%) p>0.05. 로 407예이었으며, 오목가슴 114예, 우하복부 64예, 우상복부 36예, 복부전체 35예, 좌하복부 33예, 좌상복부 20예순이었으며, 각부위에따른특성불안척도나상태불안척도와통계학적으로유의한상관관계는없었 다 (p-value>0.05) (Table 3). 6. 복통의지속시간과특성및상태불안과의관계복통의지속시간을구분하여특성불안척도나상태불안척도를구분하였는데, 복통기간이 5분이내인경우가가장많았다. 복통의지속시간과특성및상태불안척도에통계학적으로의의있는상관관계는보이지않았다 (Table 4). 7. 복통의하루중시기와특성및상태불안과의관계하루중특히복통을많이호소하는때는식후가 146 명으로가장많았으며, 방과후 103예, 학교에서 81예, 학교가기전 69예, 아침에바로일어났을때 66예, 취침전 49예, 식사전 30예, 취침중 21예의순이었으며, 각그룹과특성및상태불안척도에의의있는상관관계는보이지않았다 (Table 5). 8. 복통이심한정도와특성및상태불안과의관계복통의심한정도를 1점부터 10점까지점수화하여

5 문지영ㆍ문경래 : 학동기소아에서반복성재발성복통과불안성향과의관련성ㆍ 133 Table 6. Trait and State Anxiety according to the Severity of Abdominal Pain Trait Anxiety State Anxiety Severity Trait anxiety State anxiety Severity Pearson's coefficient of correlation Significant probability Pearson's coefficient of correlation Significant probability Pearson's coefficient of correlation Significant probability Table 7. Proportion of Children's Group with Abdominal Pain and Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Trait and State Anxiety Group Trait No Trait State No state Odd anxiety anxiety p-value anxiety anxiety p-value ratio (n=116) (n=1138) (n=63) (n=1191) AP group* (n=709) 80 (69.0%) 629 (55.3%) p< (73.0%) 663 (55.6%) p<0.01 RAP group (n=69) 11 (9.5%) 58 (5.1%) (11.5%) 62 (5.2%) 2.47 *AP group: abdominal pain group, RAP group: recurrent abdominal pain group. Odd ratio 구분한그룹에대해특성및상태불안척도를측정하여 Pearson 상관계수를이용한통계학적분석에서, 상관계수는크지않았으나복통의정도와특성불안및상태불안척도는통계학적으로유의한상관관계를보였다 (Table 6). 9. 특성불안군및상태불안군에서복통과의관계특성불안군에해당하는학생 116명중, 지난 1년간복통이있었던학생수는 80명 (69.0%) 로비특성불안군의 1138명중 629명 (55.3%) 보다의의있게많았으며, 상태불안군역시 63명중 46명 (73.0%) 으로비상태불안군 1191명중 663명 (55.6%) 에비해의의있게많았다 (Table 7). 10. 특성불안군및상태불안군에서만성반복성복통과의관계특성불안군에해당하는학생 116명중, 만성반복성복통이있었던학생수는 11명 (9.5%) 로비특성불안군의 1138명중 58명 (5.1%) 보다많았으며만성반복성복통의특성불안에대한비교위험도는 1.96배였다. 상태불안군역시 63명중 7명 (11.5%) 으로비상태불안군 1,191명중 62명 (5.2%) 에비해많았고, 만성반복성복 Table 8. Proportion of Anxiety Group of AP and RAP Group AP group* RAP group (n=709) (n=69) Trait anxiety 80 (11.3%) 11 (15.9%) State anxiety 46 (6.5%) 7 (10.1%) *AP group: abdominal pain group, RAP group: recurrent abdominal pain group, p<0.05. 통의상태불안에대한비교위험도는 2.47 배였다 (Table 7). 11. 복통군및만성반복성복통군의특성및상태ㆍ 불안군의비율 복통군에해당하는학생 709명중, 특성불안군에해당하는경우는 80명 (11.2%), 상태불안군에해당하는경우는 46명 (6.4%) 에해당하였다. 또, 만성반복성복통군 69명중에서특성불안군에해당하는경우는 11명 (15.9%), 상태불안군에해당하는경우는 7명 (10.1%) 에해당하였다 (Table 8). 12. 복통이외에동반한증상의분포 복통이있었던 709 명중복통이외에동반한증상으

6 134 ㆍ대한소아소화기영양학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2007 Table 9. Distribution of Other Symptoms except for Abdominal Pain Symptoms Number (%) Diarrhea 220 (31.0) Headache 125 (17.6) Fart 95 (13.4) Constipation 80 (11.3) Vomiting 71 (10.0) Bad breath 58 (8.2) Nausea 56 (7.9) Abdominal distension 42 (5.9) Milk intolerance 34 (4.8) Burp 34 (4.8) Chest pain 29 (4.1) 로는설사가 220예 (31%) 로가장많았고, 두통 125예 (17.6%), 방귀 95예 (13.4%), 변비 80예 (11.3%), 구토 71 예 (10.0%), 입냄새 58예 (8.2%), 오심 56예 (7.9%), 복부팽만 42예 (5.9%), 우유를먹은후에발생하는설사및구토등의증상 34예 (4.8%), 흉통 29예 (4.1%) 순이었다 (Table 9). 고 복통은학동기아동에서흔하게호소하는소화기증상의하나로, 반복성복통은주로배꼽주위에서발생하며, 4세에서 16세사이의소아에서흔하며, 학동기아동의 9 25% 에서발생한다고보고하고있다 1,3 6). 대개 5세이하에서는드물며가장흔한소아연령은 10 12세이다 15). 반복성복통의원인중 10% 정도만기질적원인으로생각되며대부분은병리기전이확실치않은소위기능성반복성복통이다 8,9). 본연구에서확인한최근 1년간복통을경험한학생은전체 1,254명중절반이약간넘는 709명 (56.5%) 이었으며, 이중 5.5% 가만성반복성복통으로평균에는못미치는것으로확인하였다. 반복성복통은진정한복통임에는틀림이없으나그원인과병리기전이확실치않아진단과치료에어려움이있다. 그병리기전으로소화관운동장애, 위장관과민증, 자율신경장애, 염증, 유전적소인등으로보고되고있다 16,19). 그러나기전이분명치않아서진단및치료가지연되고소아는계속적으로복통을호소하여장기간의무력감과정서적인문제를초래한다. 지속되 찰 는통증으로인해발생되는정서적인문제는불안, 우울, 학교생활문제등과밀접하다. 불안한아이들은본인이왜불안한지모르는채마음이불편하고불안정한상태인경우가많다. 또한근육이긴장되거나주의력이떨어지고하찮은일에도화를내기도하고초조하며, 우울한심정에빠지기도한다. 또불안장애로인해복통, 오심, 구토등의소화계증상을자주호소하거나심계항진, 어지럼증, 기절, 질식감등의심혈관계계통의증상을호소하기도한다. Spielberger 13) 는불안을상태불안과특성불안으로두가지로나누어설명했다. 상태불안이란특수한상황에서긴장감, 걱정, 두려움의느낌을갖고, 자율신경계통의기능이항진되면서야기되는일시적인감정적상태를말하며, 위협을어떻게받아들이는가에따라서불안의정도가변화될수있다. 특성불안이란불안을일으키는경향에대하여한개인이지니고있는특성을의미하며, 외적인위협에대하여대처하는개인적인차이를결정하는요소가되고, 한개인에있어서는일생동안변하지않고일정한양상을보이는것이특징이다. Astrada 등 20 22) 은복통이있는소아에서불안하거나, 신경질적이거나, 심한우울증등정서적인장애를나타낸다고보고하였다. 기능성만성반복성복통이있는환아의약 80% 에서불안장애를보이며, 약 40% 에서우울장애를보일수있다고한다 23). Garber 등 24) 의연구에서는만성반복성복통환아의 85% 에서불안장애를보였으며, 주요우울장애는 38% 에서나타났다. Liakopoulou-Kairis 등 25) 은만성반복성복통이있는환아의 82% 에서심리적문제가있으며, 후에청년기의분노, 우울, 공포, 신체건강에대한근심과연관성이있다고하였다. 소아에서위험회피성향과행동억제, 신경증이나부정적인태도같은개인적성향이비관적근심, 불확실에대한두려움, 환경변화에대한민감한반응, 불안과우울성향, 위장증상등의발생과관련이있다고한다. 부정적생각은기능적만성반복성복통이있는환아에서복통에대한반응성을증가시킨다. 또한소아에서행동적으로억제된감수성이스트레스에대한반응에차이를초래하며, 잠재된위험성이나자극에대한반응에연관된신경회전을활성화시키고, 불안장애의발생과신체화반응과관련된다. 만성반복성복통환아에서우울이나불안장애에효

7 문지영ㆍ문경래 : 학동기소아에서반복성재발성복통과불안성향과의관련성ㆍ 135 과적인행동정신치료를하여정신적스트레스의감소시키거나선택적세로토닌흡수억제제하면복통치료에효과적이라는연구가있다 26,27). 또한만성복통환아치료에삼환성항우울제사용하면효과적이라는연구보고도있으나아직은논란이있다 28). 기존연구들에의하면만성복통군의 33 70% 에서불안성향이있다고한다 20 22,29). 본연구결과에서도최근 1년간복통을경험하였던군이복통을경험하지않은군에비해상태및특성불안이모두의의있게증가되어있었다. 또한복통이자주지속적으로재발하는만성반복성복통환아에서특성및상태불안에대한위험도가의의있게높았으며, 특성불안및상태불안척도모두복통이심할수록의의있게높았다. 만성반복성복통환아중특성불안이 15.9%, 상태불안이 10.1% 있어불안성향과관계가있었으나다른외국의연구보다는낮았다. 이는우리나라소아들이외국소아들보다덜불안하다고할수도있겠으나, 설문문항에대한응답의문화적인차이도있을것으로판단된다. 따라서우리나라문화와환경에적합한새로운소아불안척도의기준이개발되어야할것으로생각된다. 본연구에서는복통의부위와특성및상태불안척도사이에의의있는차이는없었으며, 복통을호소하는위치는배꼽주위가가장많았다. 배꼽주위가아프다는것은임상적으로기능성복통환아들에서많이보이는소견으로, 본연구에서검사를시행하지않았지만비기질적인복통이만성복통의주요요인중에하나라는것을시사한다. Bury 등 21,30) 은만성반복성복통환아에서오심, 피로감, 편두통, 구토, 설사, 변비등의증상을 14 90% 정도동반한다고하였는데, 본연구에서도불안척도가높은군의상당수에서복통이외의증상을동반함을확인할수있었다. 이는학동기소아에서잦은복통이불안장애를유발하기도하고, 반대로불안장애가복통과같은신체화증상을일으킨다는것을의미한다. 소아의반복성복통은 30 50% 에서성인에이르기까지지속된다고알려져있다 31). 이는학동기에반복성복통으로발생한불안장애가성인기까지정신적질환에영향을끼칠수있음을시사한다. 따라서소아의복통은불안성향과유의한상관관계가있으므로, 복통특히반복성복통을호소하는환아 를치료하는데있어서상태및특성불안장애와같은정서적인요인을고려한심리적지지요법이필요할것으로생각된다. 요약목적 : 복통은소아에서흔히보는소화기증상중의하나이다. 복통이지속적으로반복되면불안이나우울증같은정서적장애를호소하게된다. 그리고이로인해어린이들의정서적발달및인격형성에부정적인영향을미치고, 다른여러가지정신적신체적정상을유발시키기도한다. 이에저자들은복통과불안성향의연관성을알아보고소아복통의치료에심리적인요인의고려의필요성을확인하기위하여연구를시행하였다. 방법 : 광주광주광역시에소재하는 1개초등학교 1 학년부터 6학년학생 1254명, 남아 592명, 여아 662명을대상으로복통의양상을평가하였으며, 불안의정도는한국판상태-특성불안검사 YZ형 (STAI-YZ: Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory YZ form) 설문지를이용하여비교ㆍ분석하였다. 결과 : 1) 전체 1,254명중지난 1년간복통이있었던아이의수는 709명 (56.5%) 이었으며, 이중 69명 (5.5%) 이만성반복성복통이었다. 2) 특성불안및상태불안으로진단한아이는각각 116명 (9.3%), 63명 (5.0%) 이었다. 3) 최근 1년동안복통이있었던군과만성반복성복통이있었던군에서없었던군에비해특성및태불안척도가모두의의있게높았다. 4) 복통의정도가심할수록특성및상태불안척도가의의있게높았다. 5) 상태불안척도가높은아이는상태불안척도도높았다. 6) 복통의기간, 빈도, 지속시간, 발생시기, 복통의부위를구분하였을때특성및상태불안척도에유의한차이가없었다. 7) 특성불안이있는군이복통을경험한학생의비율은전체 116명중 80명 (69.0%) 로특성불안이없는군 1,138명중 593명 (52.1%) 에비해의의있게많았다. 상태불안군에서도 63명중 46명 (73%) 으로상태불안이없는군 1,191명중 645명 (59.2%) 에비해의의있게많았다. 8) 특성불안이있는군의 RAP 에대한위험도는특성불안이없는군에비해 1.96배높았고, 상태불안이있는군은없는군에비해 2.37배

8 136 ㆍ대한소아소화기영양학회지 : 제 10 권제 2 호 2007 높았다. 결론 : 소아복통은상태및특성불안과밀접한연관성이있으므로, 복통의치료에불안과같은요인을고려해야할것으로판단된다. 참고문헌 1) Apley J, Naish N. Recurrent abdominal pains: a field survey of 1,000 school children. Arch Dis Child 1958; 33: ) Scharff L. Recurrent abdominal pain in children: a review of psychological factors and treatment. Clin Psychol Rev 1997;17: ) Oster J. Recurrent abdominal pain, headache, and limb pains in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1972;50: ) Abu-Arafeh I, Russell G. Prevalence and clinical features of abdominal migraine compared with those of migraine headache. Arch Dis Child 1995;72: ) Borge AI, Nordhagen R, Moe B, Botten G, Bakketeig LS. Prevalence and persistence of stomach ache and headache among children. Follow-up of a cohort of Norwegian children from 4 to 10 years of age. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: ) Apley J, Hale B. Children with recurrent abdominal pain: how do they grow up? Br Med J 1973;3:7-9. 7) Gaylord N, Carson S. Assessing recurrent abdominal pain in children. Nurse Pract 1983;8: ) Liebman WM. Recurrent abdominal pain in children: a retrospective survey of 119 patients. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1978;17: ) Drossman DA, Thompson WG, Talley NJ, Funch JP, Janssens J, Whitehead WE. Identification of subgroups of functional bowel disorders. Gastroentero Int 1990;3: ) Hotopf M, Carr S, Mayou R, Wadsworth M, Wessely S. Why do children have chronic abdominal pain, and what happens to them when they grow up? Population based cohort study. BMJ 1998;316: ) Campo JV, Bridge J, Ehmann M, Altman S, Lucas A, Birmaher B, et al. Recurrent abdominal pain, anxiety, and depression in primary care. Pediatrics 2004;113: ) Livingston R, Taylor JL, Crawford SL. A study of somatic complaints and psychiatric diagnosis in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1988;27: ) Spielberger CD. Anxiety: current research trends in theory and research (vol 1). New York: Academic Press, 1972; ) 김정택, 신동균. STAI 의한국표준화에관한연구. 최신의학 1978;21: ) Coleman WI, Levine MD. Recurrent abdominal pain: the cost of the aches and the aches of the cost. Pediatr Rev 1986;8: ) Walker WA, Durie PR, Hamilton JR, Walker-Smith JA, Watkins JB. Abdominal pain. In: Boyle JT, editor. Pediatric gastrointestinal disease. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996: ) Zighelboim J, Talley NJ. What are functional disorder? Gastroenterology 1993;104: ) Talley NJ, Philips SF. Non-ulcer dyspepsia: potential causes and pathophysiology. Ann Intern Med 1988;108: ) Lynn RB, Friedman LS. Irritable bowel syndrome. N Engl J Med 1993;329: ) Astrada CA, Licamele WL, Walsh TL, Kessler ES. Recurrent abdominal pain in children and associated DSM-III diagnosis. Am J Psychiatry 1981;138: ) Bury RG. A study of 111 children with recurrent abdominal pain. Aust Paediatr J 1987;23: ) Howell S, Poulton R, Caspi A, Talley NJ. Relationship between abdominal pain subgroups in the community and psychiatric diagnosis and personality. A birth cohort study. J Psychosom Res 2003;55: ) Garber J, Zeman J, Walker L. Recurrent abdominal pain in children: psychiatric diagnoses and parental psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29: ) Liakopoulou-Kairis M, Alifieraki T, Protagora D, Korpa T, Kondyli K, Dimosthenous E, et al. Recurrent abdominal pain and headache--psychopathology, life events and family functioning. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;11: ) Sanders MR, Rebgetz M, Morrison M, Bor W, Gordon A, Dadds M, et al. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of recurrent nonspecific abdominal pain in children: an analysis of generalization, maintenance, and side effects. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989;57: ) Sanders MR, Shepherd RW, Cleghorn G, Woolford H. The treatment of recurrent abdominal pain in children: a controlled comparison of cognitive-behavioral family intervention and standard pediatric care. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994;62: ) Hyams JS, Hyman PE. Recurrent abdominal pain and the biopsychosocial model of medical practice. J Pediatr 1998;33: ) Crushell E, Rowland M, Doherty M, Gormally S, Harty

9 문지영ㆍ문경래 : 학동기소아에서반복성재발성복통과불안성향과의관련성ㆍ 137 S, Bourke B, et al. Importance of parental conceptual model of illness in severe recurrent abdominal pain. Pediatrics 2003;112: ) Dimson SB. Transit time related to clinical findings in children with recurrent abdominal pain. Pediatrics 1971; 47: ) Stickler GB, Murphy DB. Recurrent abdominal pain. Am J Dis Child 1979;133:486-9.

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