Original article J Korean Child Neurol Soc 2017;25(3): pissn eissn 미취학아동의양성돌발행

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1 Original article J Korean Child Neurol Soc 2017;25(3): pissn eissn 미취학아동의양성돌발행동에서철분보충요법의효용 충남대학교의과대학소아과학교실 1, 충남대학교의과대학의과학과 2 이진선 1 최진혁 1 권혁희 2 강준원 1,2 Iron Supplement in Paroxysmal Non-epileptic Events in Children Purpose: Paroxysmal non-epileptic event (PNE) is a common seizure-like symptom in children. With regard to therapy, a decrease in iron levels was reported in breathholding spells, but not in other PNEs. The effects of iron supplementation were investigated on various PNEs. Methods: Medical records of patients who visited our clinic with seizure-like symptoms were retrospectively reviewed at Chungnam National University Hospital, from March 2013 to March Results: A total of 29 patients (65.9%) were boys and 15 (34.1%) were girls. The mean gestational age and birth weight were 39.3 weeks and 3,200 g, respectively. The mean age at the time of visit was 23.5 months. Of the 11 patients who underwent brain imaging, 10 (90.9%) had normal findings and 1 (9.1%) had subdural hemorrhage. An electroencephalogram was performed in 29 patients; 26 of them had normal findings (89.7%), 2 (6.9%) had slow background, and 1 (3.4%) had epileptiform discharges. A total of 31 patients (70.5%) had iron levels lower than 80 µg/dl. Iron supplementation was administered in 4 of the 13 patients with normal iron status and in 21 of the 31 patients with low iron status. A significant improvement in the frequency and severity of symptom was observed in 91.7% of patients who received iron supplementation (P<0.05). Conclusions: Symptoms improved in 80% of patients with PNE, and a higher rate of symptom improvement could be expected with iron supplementation. Key Words: Infant behavior, Seizure, Iron, Children Jinsun Lee, MD 1, Jinhyuk Choi, MD 1, Hyeok Hee Kwon 2, Joon Won Kang, MD, PhD 1,2 1 Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea, 2 Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning(grant number: 2015R1C1A1A ). This work was presented at the Korean Pediatric Society Congress in Submitted: 18 June, 2017 Revised: 24 July, 2017 Accepted: 27 July, 2017 Correspondence to Joon Won Kang, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 282 Munwha-ro, Jung-gu, Deajeon 35015, Korea Tel: , Fax: childlove@cnu.ac.kr 서론 양성돌발행동 (Paroxysmal nonepileptic event, PNE) 은소아에게서흔한경련유사증상으로갑작스러운행동의변화가일어나는뇌전증발작유사질환이다 1-4). 소아에서 % 에이르는흔한발생률에반해알려진치료법은적다 3). PNE 는오진이되지않도록주의해야하는데, 뇌전증발작과구분되어항경련제가부적절하게사용되지않게하는것이중요하기때문이다. 치료법과관련하여호흡정지발작에서는철분공급이치료효과가있는것으로되고있으나 5), 다른 PNE 에서는아직밝혀진바가적다. 저자들은다양한 PNE 에서철분보충과이와관련된치료효과를확인하고자연구를진행하였다. Copyright 2017 by The Korean Child Neurology Society

2 J Korean Child Neurol Soc 2017;25(3): 대상및방법 1. 대상 2013 년 3월부터 2016 년 3월까지충남대학교병원소아청소년과에경련유사증상을주소로내원한만 7세미만어린이를연구대상으로포함하였다. 본연구는충남대학교병원임상시험심사위원회의심의를통과하여승인받았다 ( ). 경련유사증상은외래에서직접관찰하였거나보호자의휴대폰, 휴대용컴퓨터등을통해동영상으로확인된증상이최소 2주이상지속될경우로하였다. 내원환자중에서염색체이상, 대사질환, 발달지연, 출생시저산소손상, 기존에뇌전증으로진단된경우, 뇌자기공명영상검사에서구조적이상등기질적원인으로경련을유발할가능성이있는경우는제외하였다. 이들중혈청철분검사를시행한 44 명을연구대상으로하였다. 명은 12.2 g/dl, 1-3 개월의 3명은 11.1±0.5 g/dl, 3-6 개월의 10 명은 11.9±0.7 g/dl, 년의 15 명은 11.3±1.6 g/dl, 2-6 년의 15 명은 12.5±0.7 g/dl 였다. 이중각연령대의정상범주이하로확인된빈혈환자는 3명으로총대상환자의 6.8% 였다. MCV 는 76.1±7.1 fl 이었다. Iron 은 77.0±58.0 µg/dl 이었으며 80 µg/dl 을기준으로나눴을때 80 µg/dl 이상은 13 명 (29.5%) 으로 85.5±6.1 µg/dl, 80 µg/dl 이하는 31명 (70.5%) 으로 74.4±5.8 µg/dl 였다. TIBC는 386.0±68.0, Ferritin 은 48.3±85.7 ng/ml, TSAT 는 19.0±14.5% 였다. 3. 뇌파소견과영상소견 (Table 2) 총 29 명이뇌파를시행하였으며정상소견 26 명 (89.7%), 느린배경파 2명 (6.9%), 경련양파 1명 (3.4%) 이관찰되었다. 총 11 명 (25.0%) 이뇌 2. 방법 1) 임상양상분석후향적으로의무기록조사를통한임상정보를분석하였다. 임상정보에는출생력 ( 재태주수, 출생체중, 분만방법 ), 내원당시키와체중, 혈액검사결과 (Hemoglobin [Hb], Mean corpuscular volume [MCV], Iron, Total iron-binding capacity [TIBC], Ferritin, Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity [UIBC], Transferrin saturation [TSAT]), 뇌영상검사 ( 뇌자기공명영상검사, 뇌초음파검사 ), 뇌파검사를포함하였다. 철분을보충한경우양성돌발행동의횟수나시간이 50% 이상감소한경우증상호전이있는것으로간주하였다. 2) 통계학적분석본연구에서는 IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0 (Armonk, NY, USA) 을이용하여통계분석을하였고두집단의비교는 Fisher s exact test, 임상증상호전과관련된인자를확인하기위해 logistic regression 을시행하였다. 수치는평균 ± 표준편차와중앙값으로표시하였으며, 통계적유의수준은 P 값 0.05 미만으로하였다. 결과 1. 환자의임상양상 (Table 1) 성별은남자 29 명 (65.9%), 여자 15 명 (35.1%) 이었다. 방문당시를기준으로한연령은 24 개월미만이 29명 (65.9%), 24 개월이상이 15 명 (35.1%) 이었다. 분만력은병력청취를거부한 5명을제외한 39 명에서가능하였다. 재태주수는 39.3±1.2 주, 출생체중은 3,200±430 g 이었다. 분만방법은질식분만 24 명 (65.4 %), 제왕절개 15 명 (34.6 %) 으로정상자연질식분만이더많았다. 환자들의평균외래추적관찰기간은 6.0±5.0개월이었다. 2. 혈액검사소견 (Table 2) Hb은환자군을나이에따라 5개의범주로나누었다. 1개월이내 1 Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Patients Profiles % / range (median) Sex male Age at visit (months; mean±sd) 23.5± (7.0) Delivery history (Denied=5) Gestational age (wks) 39.3± (39.8) Birth weight (g) 3,200±430 2,460-4,020 (3,110) Delivery method (NSVD:C/S) 24: :34.6 Height (cm) (n=37) 83.7± (72.9) Weight (kg) (n=44) 11.9± (9.4) Follow-up period (months) 6.0± (6.2) NSVD, Normal spontaneous vaginal delivery; C/S, Caesarean section. Table 2. Results of Investigations in Patients Profiles Range (median) / % Hemoglobin (g/dl) 11.9± (12.1) 1 month (n=1) months (n=3) 11.1± months (n=10) 11.9± years (n=15) 11.3± years (n=15) 12.5± MCV (fl) 76.1± (77.8) Iron (μg/dl ) 77.0± (59.5) 80 (n=13) 85.5±6.10 < 80 (n=31) 74.4±5.8 TIBC (μg/dl) 386.0± (381) Ferritin (ng/ml) 48.3± (32.5) TSAT (%) 19.0± (17) Electroencephalography (n=29) Normal Slow background Epileptiform discharges Brain ultrasound (n=8) Normal Brain MRI (n=3) Normal Subdural hemorrhage MCV, Mean corpuscular volume; TIBC, Total iron-binding capacity; TSAT, Transferrin saturation, MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging.

3 148 Lee J, et al. Iron Supplement in PNE in Children 영상검사를시행하였다. 3명은뇌자기공명영상검사를시행하였으며 2명은정상이었고, 1명은소량의경막하출혈이관찰되었으나뇌실축소나뇌의중간선이동은관찰되지않았다. 뇌초음파는 8명에서시행되었으며모두정상이었다. 4. 진단명 (Table 3) 양성돌발행동을진단명으로구분했을때수면근간대 (sleep myoclonus) 와호흡정지발작 (breath holding spell) 이각각 10 명 (22.7%) 으로전체의절반정도를차지하였다. 몸서리 (shuddering) 5 명 (11.4%), 하지불안증후군 (restless leg syndrome) 3명 (6.8%), 수직눈놀림 (vertical eye rolling) 3명 (6.8%) 이었다. 야경증 (night terror), 틱 (tic), 머리끄덕임 (head nodding), 점두연축 (spasmus nutans), Sandifer 증후군, 떨림 (jitteriness) 가각각 2명 (4.5%) 씩이었고수면보행 (sleep walking) 은 1명 (2.6%) 이었다. 총 13 명중 10 명 (76.9%) 에서관찰되었으며철분복용여부에따른증상호전의차이에는통계적유의성이없었다. 환자의임상양상, 혈액검사소견, 뇌파소견과영상소견에서도증상호전여부와통계적유의성은없었다. 철분부족군에서철분복용거부한 7명을제외한 18 명에서철분을복용하였다. 철분을복용하지않았던 11 명중 7명 (63.6 %) 에서증상이호전되었고, 철분을복용한 20명중 18 명 (90%) 에서증상이호전되었다. 총 31 명중 25 명 (80.6 %) 에서증상이호전되었으나철분복용여부에따른증상호전차이에는통계적유의성은없었다. 하지만철분부족여부에관계없이철분을복용한환자 24 명중 22 명 (91.7%) 에서증상이호전되어, 복용하지않은 20명중 13 명 (65.0%) 이호전된것에대해통계적으로유의하였으며 (P<0.05), Multivariate logistic regression 을이용한분석에서도철분투여여부가증상호전에유의한인자로확인되었다. 5. 임상경과 (Table 4) 총 44명의환자를 iron 80 µg/dl 기준으로정상군 13 명과철분부 족군 31 명으로나누었다. 증상호전여부는양성돌발행동의횟수가 50% 이상감소한경우로하였다. 정상군 13 명중에서호흡정지발작 에서의철분유용성에관한설명을한후동의를얻어철분복용여부 를결정하였다. 정상군에서는철분복용유무에상관없이증상호전이 Table 3. Diagnosis of the Patients n % Sleep myoclonus Breath holding spell Shuddering Restless leg syndrome Vertical eye rolling Night terror Tic Head nodding Spasmus nutans Sandifer Syndrome Jitteriness Sleep walking Total Table 4. Clinical outcome of the patients Iron level Treatment Improved Not improved Total P-value Normal (n=13) Observation 6 (66.7%) 3 (33.3%) 9 (100.0%) Iron supplement 4 (100.0%) 0 (0.0%) 4 (100.0%) Total 10 (76.9%) 3 (23.1%) 13 (100.0%) Insufficient (n=31) Observation 7 (63.6%) 4 (36.4%) 11 (100.0%) Iron supplement 18 (90.0%) 2 (10.0%) 20 (100.0%) Total 25 (80.6%) 6 (19.4%) 31 (100.0%) Total Observation 13 (65.0%) 7 (35.0%) 20 (100.0%) Iron supplement 22 (91.7%) 2 (8.3%) 24 (100.0%) 0.035* Total 35 (79.5%) 9 (20.5%) 44 (100.0%) *P<0.05 고찰 PNE 는소아에서흔한경련유사증상으로갑작스러운행동의변화를보이며뇌전증발작과유사한양상을띌수있다 1-4). 뇌전증과구분되어오진되지않도록주의해야하는데난치성뇌전증으로오진되는경우도있고한연구에따르면뇌전증으로진단되어치료되는환자의 39% 에달한다는보고도있다 6). 이에진단을위한자세한병력청취와임상양상의주의관찰이필요하며, 오진으로인한환아나가족의삶의질에도큰영향을줄수있기때문에주의해야한다. 하지만치료의경우표준화된방법이없으며다양한시도가이루어지고있다. 호흡정지발작은 PNE 의여러종류중대표적예로, 여러연구들에서철분공급을한경우호흡정지발작의주기와빈도가줄어든다고보고되고있다. 본연구에서철분부족으로 80 µg/dl 미만을제시하였는데이는여러관찰연구들에서확인된철분의 50 퍼센타일미만값이다 7,8). Table 1에서와같이각환자들의혈색소는대부분정상범위였고, 혈색소가 7.9 g/dl 로확인된 1명외에심한빈혈을일으킬만큼병적인철분부족상황을가진환자는없었다. 병적인철분부족상황이아님에도불구하고철분을투여하였을때증상호전에대한효과를확인하고자위의기준을적용하여두군으로구분하였다. 증상호전을 TIBC와 ferritin 에따라서확인한결과에서는통계적차이점은없었다. 본연구에서호흡정지발작을포함한 44 명의 PNE 환자를대상으로철분치료를시도하였다. 24 명의환자에서철분을보충하였으며, 철분을보충하지않았던 20 명의환자들과비교하였을때증상호전이더많이되었다 (P<0.05). 혈액검사에서확인된철분부족여부로나뉘어진두군에서철분보충여부에따른증상호전여부는차이가없었다. 철분이부족한환자들에서철분을보충했을때, 철분이부족하지않은환자들에비해더많이호전되었으나통계적인유의성은없었다. PNE 의종류는총 12 가지로수면근간대와호흡정지발작이각각 10 례로가장많았으나철분보충여부에따른증상호전에차이가없었으며, 다른 PNE 들의경우환자수가적어통계적인유의성을확인하기어려웠다. 본연구의결과에서 PNE 에서철분을보충한경우증상이의미있게

4 J Korean Child Neurol Soc 2017;25(3): 호전되었는데, 철분이호흡정지발작을포함한 PNE 에서어떻게효과를나타내는지는명확하지않으나신경전달물질의형성과정에서작용기전을예상해볼수있다. 철분은신경전달물질의합성과신경수초형성의보조인자로중요한역할을하여신경기능발달에영향을미친다고알려져있다 9-13). 도파민, 아드레날린같은카테콜아민이생합성되는동안철분은보조인자로작용하게되어철분이부족하게되면도파민합성경로가변질되게된다 12). 또한철분의역할과관련하여철분이도파민 D2 수용기와기능구조가유사하다고밝혀져있으며. 이는철분이결핍된쥐실험연구에서선조체의도파민 D2 수용기의밀도가줄어들어있음으로확인되기도하였다 14,15). 중추신경계에서철분이부족하면도파민 D2 수용기의활성이감소되어음성피드백으로의억제시스템이제대로작동되지않음으로인해운동과다장애도생길수있다 16). 본연구에서철분의효용을확인하였으나몇가지제한점이있다. 단일기관후향적연구로모집단수가적어연구결과가일반화되기어려운면이있어다기관무작위전향적연구가보다많은모집단수로결과를일반화시킬수있는과정이필요할것으로생각된다. 또한, 가능하다면이중맹검을통한철분치료의효능검증이필요하며철분치료의기전에대한연구가필요하다. 본연구에서시간이라는중요한변수가통제될수없었는데, 외래진료라는제한성때문에시간흐름에따라정확히어느시점부터호전되기시작했는지명확히파악하기가어려웠다. 환자수가적어나이에따른키와체중으로표준화하여비교하기어려워이또한추후연구에있어서고려되어야할점으로생각된다. 본연구는 PNE 가흔한발생률에반해치료법이거의알려져있지않다는점과이에대한치료법으로철분보충요법과의관계에초점을맞추어다루었다는점에서의미가있다 17,18). 철분보충요법은다른치료법들에반해안전하며경제적인이득이큰요법이될수있다는점에서본연구는의미가있다. PNE 를다른많은연구들에서크게생리학적인 (physiologic) 부분과정신병학적 (psychogenic) 인부분으로나눠다루고있는것에반해본연구는정신병학적부분을다루고있지않다는한계점이있다고볼수도있다 19). 하지만정신병학적 PNE 의경우많은연구들에서는주로정신병학적부분에서치료법을찾고있으며, 본연구의주안점이된생리학적인 PNE 이경우환자들의나이나증상으로보아정신병학적접근은어렵기때문에철분보충요법이라는치료법이필요하다. PNE 는양성경과를보이는경우가많은질환군으로치료법에관한연구가부족하다. 이에철분보충요법으로증상이호전되는경우가많아통계적유의성을갖는것을확인하였으며, 정확한감별진단을거친이후에철분을보충하는것이임상경과에도움이될수있을것이다. 요약 목적 : : PNE 는아이들에게서흔한경련유사증상으로흔한발생률에반해알려진치료법은적다. 치료법과관련하여호흡정지발작에서는철분의감소가보고되었으나다른 PNE 에서는아직밝혀진바가적다. 저자들은다양한 PNE 에서철분보충과관련된효과를확인하고자연구를진행하였다. 방법 : 충남대학교병원소아청소년과외래에 2013 년 3 월부터 2016 년 3 월까지경련유사증상을주소로방문한환자들을대상으로후향 적으로의무기록을분석하였다. 결과 : 총 44 명의의무기록을분석하였으며남자는 29 명 (65.9%), 여 자는 15 명 (34.1%) 이었다. 출산력은평균재태주수 39.3 주, 출생체중 3,200 g 이었다. 내원당시평균연령 23.5 개월이었으며, 평균 6 개월간 외래추적관찰을하였다. 뇌영상검사를시행한 11 례중정상소견은 10 례 (90.9%), 경질막밑출혈은 1 례 (9.1%) 였으며, 뇌파는 29 명의환자 에서시행하였고 26 명이정상 (89.7%), 느린배경파가 2 명 (6.9%), 극파 가 1 명 (3.4%) 에서관찰되었다. 철분이 80 µg/dl 이하로낮았던환자 는 31 명 (70.5%) 이었다. 철분이정상이었던경우에서는 13 명중에 4 명, 철분이낮았던경우에서는 31 명중에 21 명에서철분보충을하였다. 철분보충을한경우 91.7% 에서증상호전을보였으나철분보충을하 지않은경우 65% 에서증상호전을보여통계적으로의미있었다 (P=0.035). 결론 : PNE 는 80% 정도에서증상이호전되는경과를보였으며, 철 분투여를통해더많은비율의증상호전을기대할수있겠다. References 1) Kotagal P, Costa M, Wyllie E, Wolgamuth B. Paroxysmal nonepileptic events in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2002;110:e46. 2) DiMario FJ Jr. Paroxysmal nonepileptic events of childhood. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2006;13: ) Abbaskhanian A, Ehteshami S, Sajjadi S, Rezai MS. Effects of piracetam on pediatric breath holding spells: a randomized double blind controlled trial. Iran J Child Neurol 2012;6: ) Kim JH, Oh KS. Clinical study of differential diagnosis between childhood convulsive disordersand nonepileptic paroxysmal disoders. J Korean Child Neurol Soc 1998;6: ) Daoud AS, Batieha A, al-sheyyab M, Abuekteish F, Hijazi S. Effectiveness of iron therapy on breath-holding spells. J Pediatr 1997;130: ) Obeid M, Mikati MA. Expanding spectrum of paroxysmal events in children: potential mimickers of epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2007;37: ) Fulwood R, Johnson CL, Bryner JD. Hematological and nutritional biochemistry reference data for persons 6 months 74 years of age: United States, Vital Health Stat : ) Hollowell JG, Van Assendelft OW, Gunter EW. Hematological and iron-related analytes Reference data for persons aged 1 year and over: United States, Vital Health Stat 2005: ) Uldall P, Alving J, Hansen LK, Kibaek M, Buchholt J. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy in children admitted to a tertiary epilepsy centre with paroxysmal events. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:

5 150 Lee J, et al. Iron Supplement in PNE in Children 10) Zehetner AA, Orr N, Buckmaster A, Williams K, Wheeler DM. Iron supplementation for breath-holding attacks in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;(5):CD ) El Hamdouchi A, El Kari K, Rjimati L, El Haloui N, El Mzibri M, Aguenaou H, et al. [Impact of flour fortification with elemental iron on the prevalence of anaemia among preschool children in Morocco]. East Mediterr Health J 2010;16: ) Algarin C, Nelson CA, Peirano P, Westerlund A, Reyes S, Lozoff B. Iron-deficiency anemia in infancy and poorer cognitive inhibitory control at age 10 years. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013;55: ) Trimm F. Neuropsychosocial deficits associated with iron deficiency: how long do they last? J Pediatr 2013;163: ) Orii KE, Kato Z, Osamu F, Funato M, Kubodera U, Inoue R, et al. Changes of autonomic nervous system function in patients with breath-holding spells treated with iron. J Child Neurol 2002;17: ) Connor JR, Menzies SL. Cellular management of iron in the brain. J Neurol Sci 1995;134 Suppl: ) Bressman SB, Greene PE. Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurol Clin 1990;8: ) Alexander GE, Crutcher MD. Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends Neurosci 1990;13: ) LaFrance WC Jr, Devinsky O. The treatment of nonepileptic seizures: historical perspectives and future directions. Epilepsia 2004;45 Suppl 2: ) LaFrance WC Jr, Devinsky O. Treatment of nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2002;3(5 Suppl):19-23.

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