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Bioenergy Korea Conference 2013 International Symposum Electricity Generation Using Biomass by Dedicated & Co-firing System in Korea 2013. 11. 13.

1 Bioenergy Korea Conference 2013 International Symposum Electricity Generation Using Biomass by Dedicated & Co-firing System in Korea Yongseung Yun, Ph.D. Director, Institute for Advanced Engineering President, Korea Association of Waste-to-Energy Technology

2 Contents 1) Future Trend in Biomass Co-generation 2) Status in New & Renewable Energy in Korea (FIT, RPS) 3) Biomass Fuels, Supply & Demand 4) Biomass Utilization Methods 5) Dedicated / Co-firing Biomass Electricity Generation 6) Key Technical Points & Issues

3 Example of Future Trend in Biomass Co-generation Sweden case - EU is leading in biomass utilization to replace fossil fuels through incentives. Every country should make best use of domestic energy sources, especially for wastes & biomass. Figure Source: Matt Williams, WASTE-TO-ENERGY SUCCESS FACTORS IN SWEDEN AND THE UNITED STATES, December

4 Supply Status in New & Renewable Energy in Korea Postponed to 2035 Source: 바이오ㆍ폐기물에너지산업동향및보급정책현황, 신재생에너지미래발전전략 6 차 TF 회의,

5 FIT Incentives for New & Renewable Energy in Korea Source: 바이오ㆍ폐기물에너지산업동향및보급정책현황, 신재생에너지미래발전전략 6 차 TF 회의,

6 FIT Incentives Record for Biomass/Wastes Energy in Korea Category Source Plant Name Bio-energy Capacity (kw) Location Incentive start year Base Price (SMP+a) Incentive Period Biogas 부산바이오가스 2,116 부산강서 2007 SMP year Biogas 대평바이오가스발전소 54 전남순천 2008 SMP year Biogas 창녕바이오가스발전소 541 경남창녕 2008 SMP year Biomass 이건산업열병합발전소 5500 인천남구 2009 SMP+5 15 year LFG 부산LFG 6,000 부산강서 2001 SMP year LFG 포항LFG 2,000 경북포항 2002 SMP year LFG 군산LFG 1,000 전북군산 2002 SMP year LFG 제주LFG 2,000 제주제주 2003 SMP year LFG 대전LFG 3,460 대전유성 2003 SMP year LFG 광주LFG 3,158 광주북구 2003 SMP year LFG 청주LFG 1,000 충북청원 2004 SMP year LFG 여수LFG 925 전남여수 2005 SMP year LFG 순천LFG 1,850 전남순천 2005 SMP year LFG 에코LFG 50,000 인천서구 2007 SMP+5 15 year LFG 목포LFG 발전소 1,065 전남목포 2009 SMP year LFG 마산LFG발전소 900 경남마산 2010 SMP year LFG 광주양과LFG 발전소 1,060 광주남구 2010 SMP year LFG 구미LFG발전소 450 경북구미 2010 SMP year Wastes Wastes 진주산업 ( 주 ) 스팀발전소 2247 충북청원 2009 SMP+5 15 year FIT(Feed-in Tariff) RPS(Renewable Portfolio Standard) system from Source: 바이오ㆍ폐기물에너지산업동향및보급정책현황, 신재생에너지미래발전전략 6 차 TF 회의,

7 Effect of RPS Obligation to Biomass Power Generation Electricity generation capacity jumps till 22 Gradual increase in RPS obligation amount. - RPS supply obligation amount increases about 15 times for the next 10 years. Item / Year Base Electricity Amount (GWh) RPS Supply Obligation (%) Obligation Amount( GWh) 54,336 58,209 53,303 53,410 52,942 58,728 70,382 72,706 74,651 72,783 72, ,140 1,599 2,083 2,488 3,876 5,771 6,980 8,435 9,753 11,135 Various risk in company to comply RPS obligation - Penalty when not-fulfilling the RPS obligation and REC(Renewable Energy Certificate) purchasing - Limited space, fund, NIMBY, permits for installation - Difficulty in securing stable biomass fuel supply (Cost, Quantity, Supply period) - Securing economical margin (Plant capacity, Construction cost, Operating cost) Every power generation companies prefer biomass co-firing which is an accomplishable method in a short time. - Wood pellet, Wood chip, Organic solid fuel, RDF, Process waste gas, Bio-coal, etc. Source: 한국서부발전, 국내발전회사바이오에너지발전현황, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

8 RPS Certificates Issued to Bio- and Wastes Energy Plants Source Details Plant Name Location Woody Biomass Dedicated Combustion Capacity (kw) Weight Factor Company 대구우드칩신재생에너지시설대구달서 3, 한국지역난방공사 Organic Wastes 태안발전본부제 3 호기충남태안 500, 한국서부발전 Bioenergy Bioenergy Bioenergy Organic Wastes 태안발전본부제 4 호기충남태안 500, 한국서부발전 Bioenergy Biogas 수도권매립지바이오가스발전소 인천서구 1, 지엔씨에너지 Bioenergy Bioenergy Woody Biomass Co-firing Woody Biomass Co-firing 동해화력발전처 1 호기강원동해 208, 한국동서발전 동해화력발전처 2 호기강원동해 208, 한국동서발전 Wastes Incineration 강남소각증기활용열병합발전시설 서울강남 13, 한국지역난방공사 Wastes Incineration 상공에너지전북익산 9, 상공에너지 Source: 바이오ㆍ폐기물에너지산업동향및보급정책현황, 신재생에너지미래발전전략 6 차 TF 회의,

Biomass Fuels for Electricity Generation Woody Biomass -

- Partial Carbonized Pellet (Bituminous coal) (Wood Pellet)

Wastewater Sludge) - RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel from

9 Biomass Fuels for Electricity Generation Woody Biomass - Wood pellet - Wood chip - PKS (Palm Kernel Shell) - Bio-coal - Partial Carbonized Pellet (Bituminous coal) (Wood Pellet) (PKS) Non-Wood Biomass - Organic Solid Fuel (Dried Wastewater Sludge) - RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel from Combustible MSW) Source: 한국서부발전, 국내발전회사바이오에너지발전현황, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

10 Typical Analysis Data of Biomass Feed & Coal Used in Korea Source: 한국동서발전건설처엔지니어링팀, 바이오매스발전소설치및운영사례, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

11 Biomass Fuel Characteristics Woody Biomass (Wood Pellet, PKS) - 유연탄에비해발열량이 15% 이상낮아불리 - 휘발분함량이높고취급시분진이발생하므로화재, 폭발에유의 - 회분, 유황분함량이낮아환경적으로유리 - 분쇄성이유연탄과상이하여별도미분장치필요 ( 미분탄보일러경우 ) Item Bituminous Coal ( 저열량탄 ) Wood Pellet (Sample) PKS (Sample) 발열량 (kcal/kg) Min. 4,600 Min. 4,040 4,000~4,400 총수분 (%) Max. 28 Max. 10 5~18 고정탄소 (wt.%) Max ~20 17~22 휘발분 (wt.%) Min ~83 62~76 회분 (wt.%) Max. 20 Max ~3.4 유황분 (wt.%) Max. 1.0 Max ~0.04 염소 (wt.%) - Max ~0.05 벌크밀도 (kg/ m3 ) 700~ ~ 회융점 ( ) Min. 1,150 Min. 1, ~1,150 분쇄성지수 (HGI) Min ~35 15~18 Source: 한국서부발전, 국내발전회사바이오에너지발전현황, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

12 Biomass Fuel Characteristics Organic Solid Fuel ( 유기성고형연료 ) - 발열량이유연탄에비해 35% 정도낮고회분함량이높아불리 - 휘발분함량이높고취급시분진이많이발생하므로화재, 폭발에유의 - 발열량, 입도등연료품질의변동이심해운영에유의 - 분쇄성이유연탄에비해좋지않아분쇄소비동력증가 ( 미분탄보일러경우 ) Item Bituuminous Coal ( 저열량탄 ) Organic Solid Fuel (Sample) 발열량 (kcal/kg) Min. 4,600 Min. 3,000 총수분 (%) Max. 28 Max. 10 고정탄소 (wt.%) Max ~15 휘발분 (wt.%) Min ~60 회분 (wt.%) Max. 20 Max. 35 유황분 (wt.%) Max. 1.0 Max. 2.0 연료입도 (mm) - Max. 40 분쇄성지수 (HGI) Min ~35 Source: 한국서부발전, 국내발전회사바이오에너지발전현황, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

13 Woody Biomass ( 목질계바이오매스 ) Domestic Demand - 12년에 47만톤소비 ( 주로민간발전사 ) - 17년까지국내소비량은 300만톤 / 년까지증가할것으로추정 - 수요처 : 서부발전을비롯한 5개발전회사, 민간발전사 Domestic Supply Status of Supply & Demand - 12년에 17만톤생산, 국내수요부족분은해외수입에의존 - 향후국내수요가증가하면해외수입량도급증할것으로예상 Non-Wood Biomass ( 비목질계바이오매스 ( 유기성고형연료 )) Domestic Supply/Demand - 전국지방자치단체에서발생하는하수슬러지를건조하여연료화 - 공급처 : 수도권매립지, 서울, 수원, 서산, 대전, 부산, 대구, 광주, 충남, 경남등 - 소비처 : 서부발전, 남동발전, 중부발전, 동서발전 - 구매가격 : 평균 23,000원 / 톤하수슬러지실제건조 / 제조비용 : 15만원이상 ( 목질계에비해가격경쟁력우수, 연료품질과공급지여건에따라차이 ) Source: 한국서부발전, 국내발전회사바이오에너지발전현황, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

Biomass Utilization Methods Co-firing Wood Pellet Co-firing in Coal Combustion Boiler ( 석탄보일러우드펠릿혼소 ) 기존미분기이용혼합분쇄방식 - 석탄공급중인컨베이어에우드펠릿연속살포하여기존미분기, 버너를거쳐혼소 -

14 Biomass Utilization Methods Co-firing Wood Pellet Co-firing in Coal Combustion Boiler ( 석탄보일러우드펠릿혼소 ) 기존미분기이용혼합분쇄방식 - 석탄공급중인컨베이어에우드펠릿연속살포하여기존미분기, 버너를거쳐혼소 - 우드펠릿혼소율 3% 이내로제한 - 설비투자비는비교적적지만혼소율증가에제약 - ( 서부발전경우 ) 대상사업소 : 태안 #1,2,7,8, 예상소비량 : 21만톤 / 년 Source: 한국서부발전, 국내발전회사바이오에너지발전현황, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

15 Biomass Utilization Methods Co-firing 신설전용미분기이용개별분쇄방식 - 별도바이오매스전용설비를통해저장, 이송및분쇄한후보일러내부에서혼소 - 표준 500 MW 석탄발전소경우, 우드펠릿혼소율 20% 이상가능 - 대규모설비투자필요 ( 하역, 저장, 이송, 분쇄설비신설 ) Source: 한국서부발전, 국내발전회사바이오에너지발전현황, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

16 Biomass Utilization Methods Co-firing 석탄보일러유기성고형연료혼소 기존미분기이용혼합분쇄방식 - 석탄공급중인미분기에유기성고형연료연속살포하여분쇄후버너를거쳐혼소 - 유기성고형연료혼소율은 5% 이내로제한 - 설비투자비는비교적적게소요되지만혼소율증가에제약 - ( 서부발전경우 ) 대상사업소 : 태안 #3,4 예상소비량 : 10만톤 / 년 Source: 한국서부발전, 국내발전회사바이오에너지발전현황, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

17 Donghae Woody Biomass 30 MW-class Dedicated Power Plant Source: 한국동서발전건설처엔지니어링팀, 바이오매스발전소설치및운영사례, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

18 Biomass Utilization Methods Dedicated-firing 동해목질계바이오매스 30 MW 급발전소 사업개요 : 국내최대목질계바이오매스발전소 설비용량 : 30 MW 1 기 공사기간 : ~ ( 착공 ~ 준공, 20 개월 ) 공사비 : 1,415 억원 설비형식 - 보일러 t/h, 96 kg/ cm2, 510 (CFBC, BHI( 범우중공업 )/ 오스트리아 Andritz 사 ) - 터빈 31.6 MW (Single Flow, 체코 Siemens 사 SST-400) - 환경설비노내탈황, SNCR, Dry Reactor, Bag Filter, 활성탄주입설비등 사용연료 : 목질계 Bio-SRF ( 임지잔재물, WCF 등 ) 연료사용량 : 약 182,000 톤 / 년 (3,000 kcal / kg, LHV) 사업위치 : 동해시북평산단동해화력발전소내 특이사항 : 정부플랜트산업융합기술엔지니어링핵심기술개발 15 대전략과제병행추진 * 동서발전핵심설계자체수행 (Kepco E&C 기술지원용역, 31% 설계지원 ) - WCF : Wood Chip Fuel Source: 한국동서발전건설처엔지니어링팀, 바이오매스발전소설치및운영사례, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

19 Cogeneration Example Using Biomass in Korea 석문집단에너지사업 38.9 MW 급 (Bio-SRF) 발전설비 목적 : 석문국가산업단지내열및전력공급 설비용량 : 전기공급 (38.9 MW ) 및열공급 ( 최대 52.2Gcal/h) 공사기간 : ~ ( 착공 ~ 준공, 21 개월 ) 설비형식 - 보일러 150t/h, 96 kg/ cm2, 510 (CFBC, 입찰중 ) - 터빈 41.1 MW (Single Flow, 입찰중 ) - 환경설비노내탈황, SNCR+SCR, Dry Reactor, Bag Filter, 활성탄주입설비등 사용연료 : Bio-SRF (WCF, 임지잔재물, Torrefaction Corn Stalk Pellet 등 ) 연료사용량 : 약 289,000 톤 / 년 (3,000 kcal / kg, LHV) 사업위치 : 당진시석문면국가산업단지내 특이사항 : 석문에너지 ( 경동 / 동서 / 코오롱 ) 사업시행 * 동서발전사업주기술지원용역 (OE) 핵심설계 (FEED) 단독수행 Source: 한국동서발전건설처엔지니어링팀, 바이오매스발전소설치및운영사례, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

20 Co-firing Example Using Biomass in Korea 동해화력 1,2 호기 (200 MW 2 기 ) 바이오매스혼소설비 사업개요 : 국내최초대용량 CFBC 보일러에바이오매스혼소설비구축 설비용량 : 20 MW급 2 기 ( 호기당 43.2 Gcal/h, 혼소율 : 열량기준 10%) 공사기간 : ~ ( 착공 ~ 준공, 8 개월 ) * 공사비 : 79 억원 ( 설치조건부계약자 : BDH 社 ) 주요설비 : 바이오매스 Storage Silo 및밀폐형컨베이어 (ABC) 1 식 사용연료 : 목질계바이오매스 ( 임지잔재물, 1 등급 WCF 등 ) 연료사용량 : 약 238,000 톤 / 년 (3,000 kcal / kg, LHV) 사업위치 : 동해시북평산단동해화력발전소 특이사항 : Direct Co-firing 혼소설비엔지니어링자체수행 - WCF : Wood Chip Fuel Source: 한국동서발전건설처엔지니어링팀, 바이오매스발전소설치및운영사례, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

21 Co-firing Example Using Biomass in Korea 당진화력 1,2 호기 (500 MW 2 기 ) 우드펠릿혼소설비 목적 : 신재생에너지확보위한표준석탄화력발전소우드펠릿혼소설비구축 설비용량 : 열량기준 3% 혼소 (Max. 5%) 공사기간 : ~ ( 설치 ~ 준공, 6 개월 ) 주요설비 : 바이오매스 Storage Silo 및이송설비 1 식 사용연료 : 수입우드펠릿 연료사용량 : 약 140,000 톤 / 년 (4,000 kcal / kg, LHV) 사업위치 : 동해시당진화력발전소 특이사항 : Co-milling 혼소설비 Source: 한국동서발전건설처엔지니어링팀, 바이오매스발전소설치및운영사례, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

22 Environmental Performance (Donghae Biomass 30 MW Plant) Source: 한국동서발전건설처엔지니어링팀, 바이오매스발전소설치및운영사례, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

23 Situation of Electricity Generation Using Biomass in Korea 신재생에너지원별발전원가 ( 천원 /MWh) - 건설투자비, 이용률, 발전량, 공급량등을감안할때 기존설비를이용하는바이오매스혼소가가장저렴 1,776 2,447 구분풍력태양광조력 IGCC 연료전지 바이오매스 전소혼소 발전원가 621 1, , 기존설비연료대체 ( 석탄, 중유 바이오연료 ) 를위한전제조건 - 신재생에너지인정및관련법규개정 - 바이오연료를장기간저렴하고안정적으로구매가능 - 기존설비의출력저하없이발전가능 ( 연료품질균등, 일정수준발열량 ) - 바이오연료의취급용이 ( 운송, 저장, 이송, 혼합, 연소 ) - 연료대체로인한보일러장애, 고장및환경성저하회피 - 기존설비의이용률이양호 - 설비개조범위및투자비용적정 - RPS 이행비용보전 Source: 한국서부발전, 국내발전회사바이오에너지발전현황, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

24 Key Policy/Technical Points for Electricity Generation Using Biomass RPS Category/Weighting factor RHO Policy for Heat Proper Generating Steam Temeperature/Pressure Fouling, Reaction zone shift by Co-firing RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standard): 신재생에너지공급의무화제도 RHO (Renewable Heating Obligation): 신재생열에너지공급의무화제도

25 Definition of New & Renewable Energy in Korea Renewable Energy New Energy Hydro Geothermal Solar Energy Biomass Wastes Energy Source IEA EU USA JAPAN CHINA KOREA AUSTRALIA FRANCE S. AFRICA UK Large Hydro Small Hydro Pumped Storage Power Generation Power Generation Heat Pump Photovoltaic Solar Heating Solar Heat Electricity Generation Passive Solar Sea Power Wind Power Solid Biomass Biomass Gas Liquid Biomass Black Liquor Renewable Municipal Wastes Non-renewable Municipal Wastes Industrial Wastes Non-specific Combustible Renewables Waste Heat from Wastes Food Wastes Temperature Difference Energy Fuel Cell Gasification/Liquefaction of Coal Hydrogen

26 RPS Weighting factor Status of Biomass Energy in Korea Only applicable for electricity, not for steam. Weighting Factor 0.25 IGCC, Process Waste Gas 0.5 Wastes Land Filled Gas Energy Source 1.0 RDF dedicated electricity generation Wastes Gasification Electricity Generation Bio-energy Hydro Tidal (with Tide Embankment) Wind Power (Land-based) 1.5 Woody Biomass Dedicated Electricity Generation Wind Power (Sea-based, < 5 km from land) 2.0 Fuel Cell Wind Power (Sea-based, > 5 km from land) Tidal (w/o Tide Embankment) RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standard): 신ㆍ재생에너지공급의무화제도

27 RHO Draft Senario 적용에너지원 : 태양열, 지열, 바이오매스, 연료전지, 폐기물정도가 RHO 제도에적합 열에너지산정방안 ㅇ예상열에너지사용량 : 건축연면적 단위에너지사용량 용도별보정계수 지역계수ㅇ신재생열에너지설비에의한생산량 : 원별설치규모 단위에너지생산량 가중치 * 원별성장잠재력, 균형성을고려하여가중치설정 : 가중치검토방안연구중 ( ) Source: 오석범, 신재생에너지의무화정책현황과방향, 폐자원에너지기술협의회추계기술워크숍, 2013/10/30.

28 Steam Temperature ( ) Trend of Steam Temperature in Waste-to-Energy plants Boiler generating the 40 bar, 400 o C steam is a general trend. : Germany : Southeast Asian Countries : USA : Japan (Year 2009) Korea Construction Year WTE best available technology : 30% efficiency in electricity generation by 100 bar, 500 o C steam Source: Takuma Masao et. al., Contribution to climate change by electricity generation through waste incineration, MHI report, 41, , 2004.

29 Coal Power Generation Case : Generating Steam Temperature/Pressure Trend Main steam pressure (bar) Main steam temperature ( o C) Reheat steam temperature ( o C) Source: Raymond Baumgartner, Advanced Coal Technology to Power the World, World Bank Energy Week, 2006, March 7, 2006.

30 Future Technical Direction in Dedicated Biomass Electricity Generation Future technical direction for the production of high grade steam can be seen in the current trend of coal fired power plants. Currently best available technology in WTE (similar plant size with biomass) generates steam at 100 bar, 500 o C, where overall efficiency can reach 30%. Coal industry has employed steam turbine systems of over 36% efficiency, with ultra supercritical technology, over 40%. Considering that the size of biomass power plants is much smaller than that of coal fired plants and a large capital cost would be involved, Biomass power plants of 100 bar, 500 o C appear to be the best technical level that is practically attainable for the time being. In order to accelerate investment for the biomass power plants of high efficiency, reasonable pricing policy for the steam and the proper allotment for construction cost are most important factors that should be resolved.

31 Technical Issues in Biomass Co-firing

32 Blending of Coal with Other Fuels

Proximate/Ultimate Analysis Data of Coal, Other Fuels Source: http://www.coalonline.

33 Proximate/Ultimate Analysis Data of Coal, Other Fuels Source:

34 Effects of Biomass Ash in Boiler Source: Biomass Co-firing, Mitsui Babcock 사발표자료, 2006/4.

35 Problem Areas of Co-firing Coal/Other Fuels

36 Co-firing of Coal / Straw Combustion zone shift to higher area Source:

37 Co-firing of Coal / Wood Chip Combustion zone shift to higher area Source:

Demonstration Results of Co-firing Coal/Wood Chip Source: http://www.coalonline.

38 Demonstration Results of Co-firing Coal/Wood Chip Source:

39 Thank you. Author thanks Joon Woo Lee, Eastwest Power Co., and Won Young Park, Western Power Co. for their presentation materials at the 2013 KAWET Technical Workshop.

2013 Energy Info. Korea

2013 Energy Info. Korea KOREA ENERGY 2013 ISSN 2233 4386 ECONOMICS Energy Info. Korea INSTITUTE 2013. 12 Energy Info. Korea is Published by KEEI (Korea Energy Economics Institute, Republic of Korea) Publisher : Yanghoon Sonn