Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 20, No. 4 pp , ISSN

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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 20, No. 4 pp , ISSN / eissn 박상진, 김명일, 김호윤, 서동우 * 한국과학기술정보연구원가상설계센터 Mobile Augmented Reality based CFD Simuation Post-Processor Sang-Jin Park, Myungil Kim, Ho-yoon Kim, Dong-Woo Seo * Division of M&S Center 요약엔지니어링과 IT기술의융합은학문적연구뿐아니라산업에도많은변화를가져오고있다. 특히컴퓨터시뮬레이션기술은실제물리현상을정확히모사하고실시간으로분석할수있는수준으로발전했다. 본논문에서는산업에서주로활용되는유체해석 (CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics) 기술과최신가시화기술로떠오르고있는증강현실을활용한후처리기에대해기술한다. 유체해석시뮬레이션결과를증강현실기술을활용하여가시화하는연구가활발히진행되고있으나, 결과데이터의사이즈가큰특성상데스크탑환경에서기사화하는연구에한정되어실제공간에서검토가필요한유체해석시뮬레이션분야에서활용이제한된다. 본논문에서는이러한문제점을해결하기위한방법에대해논의한다. 이를위해후처리과정에서는유체해석결과를분석한후, 모바일환경에서원활한구동을지원하기위한데이터경량화 (70% 이상 ) 작업을수행하며, 가시화과정에서는경량화된데이터를이용하여클라우드컴퓨팅을활용한실시간추적작업과함께유체해석결과를화면에정합하여가시화한다. 이를통해사용자는시뮬레이션이수행된다양한공간에서유체해석결과를효과적이고몰입감있게검토 / 분석할수있다. Abstract The convergence of engineering and IT technology has brought many changes to the industry as well as academic research. In particular, computer simulation technology has evolved to a level that can accurately simulate actual physical phenomena and analyze them in real time. In this paper, we describe the CFD technology, which is mainly used in industry, and the post processor that uses the augmented reality which is emerging as the post-processing. Research on the visualization of fluid simulation results using AR technology is actively being carried out. However, due to the large size of the result data, it is limited to researches that are published in a desktop environment. Therefore, it is limitation that needs to be reviewed in actual space. In this paper, we discuss how to solve these problems. We analyze the fluid analysis results in the post-processing, and then perform optimizing data (more than 70%)to support operation in the mobile environment. In the visualization, lightweight data is used to perform real-time tracking using cloud computing, The analysis result is matched to the screen and visualized. This allows the user to review and analyze the fluid analysis results in an efficient and immersive manner in the various spaces where the simulation is performed. Keywords : Augmented Reality, Computation Fluid Dynamics, Lightweight Data, Mobile Environment, Simulation. 1. 서론 최근초고성능컴퓨팅 (HPC: High Performance Computing), 네트워크, IoT(Internet of Things) 디바이스, 빅데이터, 가시화등의기술이급속히발전하면서이를활용한융 합연구및기술개발이활발히진행되고있다. 특히컴퓨 본연구는 (2019 년도 ) 한국과학기술정보연구원 (KISTI) 주요사업과제로수행한것입니다. * Corresponding Author : Dong-Woo Seo(Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information) Tel: seodongwoo@kisti.re.kr Received January 22, 2019 Revised March 7, 2019 Accepted April 5, 2019 Published April 30,

2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 20 권제 4 호, 2019 터시뮬레이션기술은이미기존의물리적실험을대체하는수준에서벗어나실제물리현상을정확히모사하고실시간으로분석할수있는수준으로발전했다. 더나아가머신러닝이나인공지능 (AI: 증강현실 Artificial Intelligence) 기술을활용하여기계시스템의오류발생가능성, 부품의교체시기, 제품의최적설계방안등을종합적으로제시하는디지털트윈으로발전하고있다. 일반적으로제품개발프로세스중설계분야는제품의성능을반복적으로평가하고검증해야하므로, 가장많은시간과비용이소요되는단계이다. 제조기업은이러한비용과시간을절감해서시장출시시간을줄여야하는데, 이때고성능컴퓨터를활용한 CAE(Computer Aided Engineering) 기술이활용된다. 제조기업에서활용하는 CAE는크게구조해석과유체해석으로구분할수있다. 구조해석분야는물리적물체에외부힘이미치는영향을찾아측정하는절차또는방법이다. 구조물에작용하는하중에따른구조물의거동을예측하는데사용된다. 반면에 CFD는수학, 물리학및전산소프트웨어를사용하여기체또는액체가흐르는방법과기체또는액체가흐르는물체에미치는영향을예측하는데사용된다. CFD는 Navier-Stokes 방정식을기반으로하며이방정식은움직이는유체의속도, 압력, 온도및밀도가어떻게유체의흐름에영향을미치는지예측한다. CFD 관련연구에서수치해석기법의정확도, 수렴성등에대해서는많은연구가있었으나, 시뮬레이션결과의가시화에대한연구는상대적으로부족하다. 슈퍼컴퓨터를활용한대규모 CFD 시뮬레이션결과의가시화연구는종종수행된반면에, 가상현실이나증강현실등과같은최신가시화기술을적용하는연구는아직초보단계이다. 증강현실은일반적으로 VE(Virtual Environments) 혹은가상현실에서파생한것으로, 실제환경에가상의개체인이미지, 모션, 애니메이션, 오디오, 정보등을포함하는컴퓨터그래픽영상을삽입하여사용자로하여금현실에존재하는것처럼보이도록하는실제와가상의영상혼합을뜻한다 [1,2]. 때로는 MR(Mixed Reality) 라는용어와혼용되어사용되기도하지만, 실세계와가상세계사이의연속관계를표현하는범용적인용어이다. 최근카메라, 컴퓨터등의하드웨어기술의발전및시스템구매비용이감소하여증강현실콘텐츠들이폭발적으로성장하는추세다. 또한스마트폰기반의모바일증강 현실시스템들은위치정보, 각도등의다양한센싱정보를활용하여다양한인터넷서비스와결합하여정보를제공하는증강정보서비스의형태로진화하고있다. 하지만기존의증강현실콘텐츠기술은엔터테인먼트, 게임등의정보제공이나단순한이미지나동영상위주의정보제공에한정되어있다. 실체의물체와가상물체의정합을기반으로구성되는공간에서수행되는증강현실기술은가상물체와실제물체가차지하는비중에따라완벽한실제환경으로도구성될수있고가상환경만으로도구성될수있다. 즉, 증강현실기술은가상현실기반기술들과실제환경기반기술들이가지는장점들을모두이용할수있음을의미한다. 최근에는이러한증강현실의이점을활용하여제품설계, 제품평가, 제조등의산업에서도활발한연구를진행하고있다. 하지만산업체가가지고있는다양한형태의데이터와폭발적으로커지는시뮬레이션정보를모바일과같은저사양장비에서계산및구동하기가어려워그활용성이미미한실정이다 [3]. 본논문에서는증강현실기술을기반으로유체해석시뮬레이션결과를가시화하는방안에대해기술한다. 이때 CFD 오픈소스솔버중가장널리활용되는 SW인 OpenFOAM 과 Fluent 등의상용솔버의해석결과를이용하여실내유동및오염물대류- 확산해석을수행한다. 해석된결과는증강현실기술을이용하여모바일장치에서현실감있게가시화되며, 실시간가시화를위해클라우드컴퓨팅환경을활용한다. 즉, 대규모컴퓨팅자원이필요한 CFD 시뮬레이션결과처리와증강현실환경에서의환경추적을위해클라우드컴퓨팅환경을활용한다. 본논문의구성은다음과같다. 2장에서는엔지니어링시뮬레이션분야에서증강현실기술을활용한연구들에대하여서술하고그제한점을논의한다. 3장에서는제안한모바일증강현실기술을활용한유체시뮬레이션후처리기시스템의구성에대해기술하고, 4장과 5장에서는상용및오픈소스솔버를통해서계산된해석결과의후처리를통한데이터경량화및표현데이타생성방법과병렬기반의클라우드컴퓨팅활용을통한증강현실환경추적및해석결과가시화방법을설명한다. 6장에서는공기청정기유체해석시뮬레이션모델을활용하여모바일장치와착용형장비를활용한구현결과에대해기술하고, 마지막으로 7장에서결론을맺고향후연구내용에대하여논의한다. 524

3 2. 관련연구 전통적으로다양한수치해석문제들이엔지니어링문제를해결하는데활용되어왔다. 20세기초반부터컴퓨터기술의획기적발전에힘입어 ANSYS, Abaqus, COMSOL 등과같은강력한분석및시뮬레이션소프트웨어들이개발되었다. 이러한분석및시뮬레이션소프트웨어의메뉴, 대화상자및툴바등의사용자인터페이스는사용자가학습하는데많은시간이소요되는문제를가지고있고시뮬레이션결과를직관적으로검토하기가어렵다. 이를해결하기위한일환으로몰입형가상환경을통한엔지니어링분석가상현실연구들이활발하게진행되었다. 이를통해시뮬레이션결과를보다직관적이고효율적으로검토할수있는환경이마련되었다. 하지만현실세계의물리적인요소와밀접하게연관되어있는엔지니어링분야의특성상가상현실은물리적인영향력을명확하게인지하기어려워활용성이떨어지는문제점이있다. 뿐만아니라고가의장비가필요한가상현실시스템은비용이많이들고, 무거운장비장착의불편함이가중되는한계점을가지고있다. 증강현실은가상현실의한계점을보완함으로써엔지니어링분석의품질을향상시키는효율적이고보완적인도구로서수십년동안연구되었다. 증강현실기반가시화는실제물리공간에서수치해석결과를증강현실로가시화하고표현함으로써사용자에게해석결과를보다정확하게인지하고이해하게도와준다 [3]. 사용자는실제세계에서실시간으로수치해석결과를업데이트해봄으로써제품및기술에영향을주는파라미터들을실시간으로확인하고문제를효율적으로분석할수있다. 따라서증강현실은엔지니어링분석및시뮬레이션을위한가장뛰어난도구로써활용될수있다 [3]. 이러한증강현실기술은다양한엔지니어링시뮬레이션분야에서다음과같이활발히연구가진행되었다. 바이오의학분야에서는 CT (Computed Tomography) 및 MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) 데이터를증강현실에서시각화하는연구를주로수행하였다 [4]. 하지만, 현재의연구결과물의정확도문제와관련시스템환경구성의어려움으로주로교육적인도구로활용되는한계가있다. 기계및제조분야에서는 CAD(Computer-Aided Design) 와같은 3D 설계데이터를사용자들이직관적으로검토하고논의할수있도록 3차원형상모델및구조해석결과의증강현실가시화를위한연구들이수행되었다 [5-8]. 기계및제조분야에서의증강현실활용연구는구조해석및기계장비등의한정된분야에중점을두었으며물리적모델과의정확한정합이어려워그한계성이존재한다. 또한전 자기분야에서도전자기해석결과를증강현실로표현하여그결과를직관적으로검토할수있는연구도수행되었다특히, 유체해석시뮬레이션은기계, 토목, 도시공학등분야의분석결과를시각화하는연구를수행하였다. 이를통해토목엔지니어와도시디자이너는증강현실로가시화된결과를이용하여실내 외환경을분석하고개선할수있다. 하지만종래의유체해석시뮬레이션기반의증강현실연구들은주로전체도시설계나건축엔지니어링분야에중점을두고있어다양한분야의유체해석시뮬레이션에적용하기어렵다. 유체해석시뮬레이션결과를증강현실기반으로가시화하기위한대표적인연구들은 Table 1과같다. 각연구들은 Java3D, OpenGL, paraview, VRML 등다양한가시화방법을채택하여유체해석시뮬레이션결과데이터를증강현실기술을활용하여가시화하기위한연구를수행하였다. 하지만대부분연구들이특정한유체해석시뮬레이션을지원하는것에한정되어있거나데스크탑기반의가시화만을지원하여다양한공간에서의검토와활용이제한된다. 따라서본논문에서는소프트웨어산업체가가지고있는다양한형태의데이터와폭발적으로커지는시뮬레이션정보를증강현실환경에서모바일과같은저사양장비에서활용하기위한방법을제안한다. 3. 시스템설계본장에서는다양한형태의상용및오픈소스유체해석결과를이용한모바일증강현실기반유체시뮬레이션후처리기구조를설명한다. 제안한모바일증강현실기반유체시뮬이션후처리기는 Fig 1과같이 AR Post-Processing 과 AR Visualization 으로구성된다. 먼저유체해석결과는 CFD 오픈소스솔버중가장널리활용되는 SW인 OpenFOAM 와 Fluent 등 525

4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 20 권제 4 호, 2019 Table 1. Related works Related Works Visualization Method Characteries Limitation of the Research [9,10] Java3D [11,12] OpenGL, VR Markup language [13] Paraview [14] Local image overlay [15] OpenGL Indoor thermal data visualization in a robot environment. Improvement of voice and motion-based interactive environment AR visualization of the CFD simulation of a housing design. Design tool consisting of CFD, VR, AR and BIM. Multiple users wearing head-mounted displays (HMD) can superimpose the results of analysis or sensory data on video images of outdoors AR with CFD to develop training materials for operation of a large boiler at a coal-fired power plant. System uses a desktop computer. Simulation, post processing, modeling of associated 3D structures, and registration with relevant technical drawings. AR visualization of temperature, speed and direction of air flow in the cabin, or air pressure. Integrates interactive simulation, a marker-based tangible user interface and several interaction concepts for 3D CFD. AR visualization for turbine design and development of prototypes. Can be utilized only in a restricted indoor environment Only provided an robot based environment Lack of restricted outdoor environment Lacks support in a mobile environment Lacks real scene AR Restricted to visualization of set information, not calculation of post-processing data difficult to integrate with other applications Lacks real scene AR Setup is pre-defined and is not adaptable to other applications Lacks real scene AR Lacks support in a mobile environment Lacks support in a mobile environment Lacks real scene AR Fig. 1. Proposed System 의상용솔버에의해서계산된실내유동및오염물대류-확산등의주요한정보를활용한다. AR Post-pcrocessing 단계에서는계산된유체해석결과를활용하여모바일환경에서원활하게구동시키기위한표현데이터를생성한다. 데이터사이즈가매우큰유체해석결과를빠르게분석하여경량화데이터를생성한다. AR Visualization 단계에서는실시간위치추적및 해석결과에대한가시화작업을수행하는데, 클라우드로부터생성된경량화된표현정보를활용하여각요소를생성하고, 이렇게생성된가시화요소를추적된위치에맵핑 (mapping) 하여증강현실환경에가시화한다. 여기서전체환경공간에대한실시간추적을빠르게수행하기위하여계산량이복잡한계산을클라우드환경에서처리한다. 526

5 4. AR Post-processing 유체해석결과가시화는데이터가크고계산량이많이요구되기때문에주로데스크탑 PC환경의가상공간에서이루어지고있으며, 상대적으로하드웨어성능이낮은모바일환경에서는구동에어려움이있다. 본논문에서는많은계산량이요구되는유체해석결과분석을여러개의계산자원으로이루어진서버에서빠르게처리할수있도록하였다. 서버에서는유체해석결과분석및분석결과경량화, 상호작용및협업을지원하기위한가시화요소제어를수행한다. 4.1 CFD 해석결과분석유체해석을지원하는대부분의상용툴에서는해석결과의분석및가시화를위한자체모듈이탑재되어있어외부에서의제어가어려우며, 오픈소스기반의분석및가시화툴의경우, 단일실행파일만을제공하여외부에서기능에대한제어가어려워활용성측면에서제약을갖는다. 본논문에서는 Fig. 2와같은과정을수행하여다양한유체해석툴의해석결과를지원하고, 외부에서제어가가능하도록하였다. 이과정에서는다양한포멧 (VTK, Fluent, CFX 등 ) 을지원하기위해각포맷을지원하는라이브러리가활용된다. 분석을담당하는 Element Generation에서는분류된결과를토대로벡터필드 (Vector Field) 와색상지도 (Color Map) 을생성한다음, 계산을최소화하기위해벡터필드에대해복셀화 (Voxelization) 과정을수행한다. 이후, 복셀화된벡터필드로부터 Marching Cube[16] Tracer를통해해석결과에대한등가곡면 (Isosurface) 과유선 (Streamline) 을계산하고, 분류된요소들을입력으로하는 Domain Surface를통해격자 (Grid) 와볼륨 (Volume) 을계산한다. 색상지도는속성에따라계산된가시화요소에각각적용된다. 여기서, 유선은저사양환경을고려하여최대 100개의시작점 (Seed points) 을토대로생성 / 추출하였고, 이외요소들은추가작업없이추출하되이후경량화과정에서축약이이루어진다. 4.2 분석결과경량화유체해석결과에서유체가거동하는공간은표면데이터뿐만아니라내부가채워진형태로표현되기때문에요소의수가매우크다. 따라서, 모바일환경에서유체해석결과의원활한가시화를위해서는분석결과를통해추출되는가시화요소에대한경량화가요구된다. 이를위해본논문에서는 Fig. 3과같은가시화요소경량화과정을수행함으로써모바일에서의원활한구동을지원할수있도록하였다. Fig. 2. Analysis of the CFD result CFD 해석결과에는 Grid, Scalar, Point, Cell 등의요소가포함되어있으며, 이들요소에대한분류 / 분석을통해가시화요소들을생성할수있다. 분류를담당하는 Element Parser에서는구문분석 (Syntax Analysis) 을통해가시화요소추출을위한요소들의분류를수행한다. Fig. 3. Optimization of the CFD result 527

6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 20 권제 4 호, 2019 유체해석결과에대한가시화요소가추출되면, 속성에따라경량화과정을수행한다. 해석결과가시화에서격자와등가곡면, 볼륨은렌더링에서가장많은부분을차지하기때문에이들을중점으로경량화가이루어진다. 본논문에서활용된 Unity3D에서는 3차원메쉬모델 (3D mesh model) 표현을위해삼각메쉬 (Triangle mesh) 만을지원한다. 따라서, 형태에따라다양한메쉬 (Triangle, Rectangle, Hexagon 등 ) 를가질수있는격자와등가곡면에대해삼각화 (Triangulation)[17] 정을수행한다음, 삼각화로인해세분화된절점의수를줄이고렌더링부담을해소하기위해요소축약 (Element Simplification)[18] 정을수행한다. 유체해석결과에는각절점에색상정보가포함되어있어일반적인메쉬축약방식의경우색상정보도함께제거된다. 따라서, 축약전에해석결과의색상정보로부터매핑이미지 (Mapping Images) 를생성한후, 메쉬를축약하여축약된메쉬에맵핑이미지를적용하는방식을취한다. 볼륨의경우에는절점들의인접관계로부터복셀을생성하고, 공유면을제거하는축약방식의중복요소제거를통해모바일에서도원활한가시화가가능할수있도록하였다. 이렇게경량화된정보는자체설계한포맷의형태로각각저장되며, 이는모바일환경에서가시화에활용된다. 5. AR Visualization 모바일장치를활용한증강현실기반유체해석결과가시화를위해서는실시간위치추적과함께해석결과가시화가동시에이루어져야한다. 성능이낮은모바일환경에서원활한구동을위해서는비교적계산량이적은연산과함께렌더링에대한최적화가요구된다. 5.1 가시화요소생성및최적화 Post-processing을통해분석및경량화된유체해석결과의가시화요소는 Unity3D 렌더링요소와직접호환이되도록정의된단순화된포맷에저장되고, 이는모바일장치로전달된다. 따라서, Unity3D 에서미리정의및생성된렌더링요소를통해복잡한연산과정없이간단한구문분석만으로빠르게렌더링을수행할수있다. 렌더링요소생성은 Fig. 4와같이격자와등가곡면, 볼륨요소를생성하는 Create Mesh와유선요소를생성하는 Create Curve Mesh, 그리고유체의흐름요소를생성하는 Create Particle 생성과정으로이루어지며, 각과정을통해생성된요소들은 Unity Rendering Pipeline을통해렌더링된다. 4.3 상호작용및협업전술한바와같이본논문에서는유체해석결과의분석및가시화요소추출을위해 Post-processing을수행하였다. 이는최초해석결과분석및가시화요소추출뿐만아니라상황에따라모바일환경에서사용자에의해요구되는가시화요소에대한제어에도유용하게활용될수있다. 따라서유선시작점변경또는요소별색상표현 (Legend) 범위변경등과같은기능별제어기능을구성하여해석결과에대한보다세밀한검토및분석이가능하도록하였다 (Fig. 1 참조 ). 유체해석결과를검토 / 분석하는과정에서사용자로부터가시화요소에대한제어이벤트가발생하면, 이벤트에따른파라미터가서버에구성된제어스크립트에전달되고, 결과를수정하여수정된결과를가공하여이를다시사용자에게전달하는과정을반복한다. 이러한제어방법은해석결과를활용한협업시스템에도효과적으로활용될수있다. Fig. 4. Generation visualization data 이렇게가시화된요소들의경우비교적적은연산이 요구되지만, 증강현실구현을위한실시간위치추적연 528

7 산과동시에구동될경우상황에따라프레임저하가발생할수있다. 따라서, 렌더링최적화가요구되는데, 본논문에서는렌더링요소의배칭 (Batching) 과정을통해드로우콜 (Draw call) 과가비지컬렉터 (Garbage collector)[19] 호출을최소화하였다. Fig. 5는유선을예제로렌더링최적화를위해수행되는과정을나타낸다. Unity3D 에서는그리고자하는요소를 6만개이하의정점으로구성된오브젝트 (Object) 단위로구분하여렌더링을하며, 렌더링의성능은오브젝트를화면에그리기위한드로우콜과메모리관리를위한가비지컬렉터의호출빈도에많은영향을받는다. 렌더링오브젝트수가많을수록드로우콜은빈번하게호출되며, 이에따른메모리증가로가비지컬렉터도자주호출하게된다. Fig. 5의예제와같이유사한속성을가지는유선들을하나의그룹으로묶는배칭과정을수행하여최소의오브젝트들로정의함으로써드로우콜과가비지컬렉터의호출을줄일수있도록하고, 이를통해프레임저하를최소화한다. 5.2 실시간추적기반증강가시화성능이낮은모바일환경에서가시화와추적이동시에이루어지기위해서는실시간추적에대한성능이보장되어야한다. 또한집과같은실제공간에서의공기흐름과같은유체해석결과를정합시키기위해서는넓은영역을추적하는기술이필요하다. 논문에서는주택내부라는물리적공간에서공기의흐름을증강현실로가시화하기위하여모바일장치의카메라영상을이용한환경기반추적기술을활용한다. 환경기반추적기술은넓고복잡한공간에서도해석결과를보다정확하고몰입감있게검토할수있다는장점이있다. 하지만환경기반의추적기술은실시간으로전체환경에대한정보를계산해야하므로연산이시간이많이소요되는단점이있다. 이러한계산량이많은실시간 tracking 작업을효과적으로수행하기위해 Fig. 6과같이클라우드시스템에서 tracking을수행하도록설계하였다. 즉, 많은연산이필요한대상추적프로세스는클라우드 system에서처리하고, 대상을정합하는작업은사용자장치에서처리하도록구성하는것이다. 클라우드기반의실시간증강현실 Tracking 은증강현실 Display, 증강현실 Mapper, 증강현실 Tracker 로구성된다. 먼저증강현실 Display는사용자 mobile 장비의카메라로부터실시간으로이미지데이터를획득하고, 클라우드 system의증강현실 Tracker 로전송한다. 증강현실 Tracker 는전송받은이미지로부터 FAST featuring 기법 [20] 을이용하여 feature를추출하고, 이를통해카메라와대상공간사이에시뮬레이션결과가증강될 3차원공간을생성한다. Fig. 6. Method of cloud based parallel method Fig. 5. Example of the optimizing streamline 이때증강현실 Mapper는 simulation 결과와증강현실 Tracker 로부터생성된 3차원공간데이터를정합하는역할을수행한다. 이때사용자가물리공간에서이동하여카메라가빠르게움직이면, 증강된오브젝트가흔들리는오류가발생할수있다. 이를개선하기위하여 Gauss-Newton 기법 [21] 을활용하여흔들림의오차를개선하여위치를보정하는작업을수행한다. 529

8 한국산학기술학회논문지제 20 권제 4 호, 구현결과 본논문에서는사용자가공기청정시뮬레이션결과를 실제공간에서직관적으로이해할수있도록하기위해 증강현실기술을활용하였다. 이를위해주택실내에공 기청정기를배치하고유체시뮬레이션을수행한후, 스마 트폰 / 패드또는착용형장비를이용하여그결과를증강 현실기반으로검토할수있도록구현했다. 이때주택구 조모델과내부의물리적공간과맵핑된특정영역을상 세히검토할수있는증강모델을구현했다. Table. 2 와 Table. 3 은증강현실가시화를위한장비에대한설명이 다. 본구현결과에서는오픈소스인 OpenFoam 을통해서 해석된결과를활용하였다. Fig. 7 은해석된데이터의후 처리과정과경량화를통한데이터의축소결과를보여 준다. 해석결과는 30 step 을기준으로크기는 780MB 로 해석결과분석을위한 GRID, Vector, Scalar 등의모든 데이터를포함하고있다. 일차적으로 Post-Processing 을 통해서분석결과표현을위한데이터를추출하고계산한 다. 그결과는 GRID, ISO, STREAMLINE 등으로추출 되며그크기는 85MB 이다. Table 2. Mobile Device based scenario Device Type Implementation Device Mobile Device Samsung Galaxy 7 Samsung Galaxy Note Fig. 7. Example of optimization 이결과를이용하여모바일환경에적합한형태로경량화단계를거처최적화시킴으로써 20MB 크기로변환시킴으로써표현결과에는변화가없는결과를생성시킨다. 구현결과 (Fig. 7) 를통해서보여주듯이경량화성능은 70% 이상의성능을보여준다. 이를통해모바일장치에서네트워크를통해서데이터를주고받는비용과일반적으로하드웨어의성능이떨어지는모바일장비에서원활하게그결과가구동가능하도록해준다. 본논문에서는형상정보를 3차원으로렌더링하기위하여 Unity 엔진을사용하고있으며, 사용자에게보다현실적인몰입환경을제공하기위하여증강현실디스플레이장치를활용하였다. 이러한증강현실가시화를위한디스플레이구성은 Fig. 8과같다. Function Visualization of results of the entire indoor housing space Visualization of analysis data like Streamline, Particle, Volume and animation depending on time Table 3. Wearable device based Scenario Device Type Implementation Device Function Wearable AR Device Microsoft HoloLens Visualization of physical space of real apt. and interpretation results through mapping Visualization of analysis data like Streamline, Particle, Volume and animation depending on time Fig. 8. Demonstration of implementation 사용자는안드로이드기반스마트폰 / 패드와 Hololens glass 기반의착용형장비로결과를증강현실환경에서검토할수있다. 증강현실가시화는주택내부전체공간과특정공간에대한검토를동시에지원하도록구현되었다. 즉, 주택내부전체공간에대한해석결과가시화뿐아니라, 실제공기청정기와시뮬레이션상의가상의 530

9 공기청정기의맵핑을통한해석결과가시화기능도구 현하였다. Fig. 9는주택내부전체공간에대한해석결과가시화는먼저 rapid prototype(rp) 모델을인식하고, 그후시뮬레이션결과를 RP 모델에정합하여가시화한결과를보여준다. 또한 Fig. 10은실제공기청정기에가상의공기청정기모델을배치하여공기청정기영역에대한시뮬레이션결과를가시화한것이다. 7. 결론및향후연구 (b) Fig. 9. Mobile based AR (a) Streamline and particle visualization (b) Particle visualization (a) 본논문에서는모바일증강현실기술을이용한유체시뮬레이션후처리기를제안하였다. 이를위해후처리과정에서는유체해석결과를분석한후, 모바일환경에서원활한구동을지원하기위하여 70% 이상의데이터경량화작업을수행하며, 가시화과정에서는경량화된데이터를이용하여클라우드컴퓨팅을활용한실시간추적작업과함께유체해석결과를화면에정합하는방법을보여주었다. 이를통해사용자는시뮬레이션이수행된다양한공간에서유체해석결과를효과적이고몰입감있게검토 / 분석할수있다. 마지막으로실내공기청정에대한해석결과를대상으로제안된방안의유용성을보인다. 추후연구로는실내공기청정뿐만아니라다양한형태의유체시뮬레이션결과를적용하고사용성테스트를수행하고자한다. References (b) Fig. 10. Wearable device based AR (a) Particle visualization (b) Streamline and particle visualization (a) [1] P. Sinclair, Integrating Hypermedia techniques in augmented reality environments, Ph.D thesis, University of Southampton, [2] R. Azuma, Overview of augmented reality, Proc. Of SIGGRAPH International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, pp. 8-12, [3] W. Li, A. Y. C. Nee, S. K. Ong, A State-of-the-Art review of augmented reality in Engineering Analysis and Simulation, Multimodal Technologies Interact. Vol.1, No.3, pp.1-22, Sep DOI: [4] T. Tawara, K. Ono, A framework for volume segmentation and visualization using augmented reality, In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interface (3DUI), pp , March DOI: [5] D. Weidlich, S. Scherer, M. Wabner, Analyses using VR/AR visualization. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol.28, No.5, pp.84 86, Aug

10 한국산학기술학회논문지제 20 권제 4 호, 2019 DOI: [6] C. J. Paulus, N. Haouchine, D. Cazier, S.Cotin, Augmented reality during cutting and tearing of deformable objects. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), pp.54-59, November DOI: [7] A. Buchau, W. M. Rucker, U. Wössner, M. Becker, Augmented reality in teaching of electrodynamics, In. J. Comput. Math. Electr. Electron, pp , July [8] R. L. Silva, P. S. Rodrigues, J. C. Oliveira, G. Giraldi, Augmented Reality for Scientific Visualization: Bringing Datasets inside the Real World, In Proceedings of the Summer Computer Simulation Conference (SCSC 2004), pp.20 24, January [9] R. Lakaemper, A. M. Malkawi, Integrating robot mapping and augmented building simulation, J. Comput. Civil. Eng. Vol.23, No.2 pp , Oct DOI: [10] A. M. Malkawi, R. S. Srinivasan, A new paradigm for Human-Building Interaction: the use of CFD and Augmented Reality, Automation in Construction, Vol.14, No.1 pp.71-81, Jan DOI: [11] T. Fukuda, K. Mori, J. Imaizumi, Integration of CFD, VR, AR and BIM for design feedback in a design process-an experimental study. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design Europe (ecaade33), pp.22-26, September [12] N. Yabuki, S. Furubayashi, Y. Hamada, T. Fukuda, Collaborative visualization of environmental simulation result and sensing data using augmented reality, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization and Engineering, pp , Sep DOI: [13] J. Moreland, J. Wang, Y. Liu, F. Li, L. Shen, B. Wu, C. Zhou, Integration of Augmented Reality with Computational Fluid Dynamics for Power Plant Training, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Visualization Methods, pp.22 25, [14] H. Regenbrecht, G. Baratoff, W. Wilke, Augmented reality projects in the automotive and aerospace industries, IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. pp.48-56, Nov DOI: [15] F. Niebling, R. Griesser, U. Woessner, Using Augmented Reality and Interactive Simulations to Realize Hybrid Prototypes, International Symposium on Visual Computing, pp , March DOI: [16] W. E. Lorensen, H. E. Cline, Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm, In ACM siggraph computer graphics, Vol.21, No.4, pp , July DOI: [17] L. P. Chew, Constrained Delaunay Triangulations, Algorithmica, Vol.4, No.1-4, pp , June DOI: [18] M. Garland, P. S. Heckbert, Surface simplification using quadric error metrics, Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp , August DOI: [19] Unity Manual: Optimization, com/ Manual/MobileOptimisation.html. [20] E. Rosten, T. Drummond, Machine learning for high-speed corner detection, Computer Vision ECCV, pp , May DOI: [21] M. Sarkis, K. Diepold, Camera-Pose Estimation via Projective Newton Optimization on the Manifold. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. Vol.21, No.4, pp , April DOI: 박상진 (Sang-Jin Park) [ 정회원 ] 2012 년 2 월 : 조선대학교일반대학원산업공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2017 년 2 월 : 조선대학교일반대학원산업공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2017 년 4 월 ~ 현재 : 한국과학기술정보연구원박사후연구원 < 관심분야 > VR/AR based post-processing, CAD/CAM Applications, 3D Model Construction Using Medical Images, Dental Biometrics, Virtual Angioscopy, Machine Learning. 김명일 (Myungil Kim) [ 정회원 ] 2000 년 2 월 : 전남대학교산업공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2004 년 2 월 : 전남대학교산업고학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2004 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한국과학기술정보연구원책임연구원 < 관심분야 > Modeling & Simulation, 슈퍼컴퓨팅, 제조혁신 532

11 김호윤 (Ho-yoon Kim) [ 정회원 ] 1999 년 2 월 : 부산대학교정밀기계공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2008 년 2 월 : 부산대학교정밀기계공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2008 년 8 월 ~ 현재 : 한국과학기술정보연구원가상설계센터 < 관심분야 > Modeling and Simulation, Digital Transformation, Additive Manufacturing 서동우 (Dong-Woo Seo) [ 정회원 ] 2008 년 2 월 : 전남대학교일반대학원산업공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2012 년 2 월 : 전남대학교일반대학원산업공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2012 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 한국과학기술정보연구원연구원 < 관심분야 > AR/VR-based CAD/CAM Services, Software Architecture, user experience (UX) in CAE Service and collaborative design and interaction. 533

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