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1 KSMER Journal of The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers Vol. 58, No. 1 (2021) pp , ISSN (print) ISSN (online) 총설 전호석 1,2 백상호 1 한요셉 1,2 고병헌 1 정도현 2 김성민 1 * 1 한국지질자원연구원광물자원연구본부자원회수연구센터, 2 과학기술연합대학원대학교자원순환공학과 Developing Technology Necessary to Produce Domestic Vanadium Resources Ho-Seok Jeon 1,2, Sang-Ho Baek 1, Yosep Han 1,2, Byung-Hun Go 1, Dohyun Jeong 2 and Seongmin Kim 1 * 1 Recovery Research Center, Mineral Resources Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejoen, Korea 2 Resource Recycling Engineering, University of Science Technology (UST), Daejoen Korea *Corresponding Author. Seongmin Kim, smkim@kigam.re.kr, Mineral Resources Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, Korea Received 20 January 2021 Final version Received 15 February 2021 Accepted 23 February 2021 Abstract Vanadium is commonly used to manufacture high-strength and wear-resistant steel to improve its earthquake resistance. Recently, materials in vanadium redox flow batteries that are considered next-generation large-capacity energy storage systems, have received a lot of research attention. Vanadium is mostly recovered as a by-product of smelting and refining elements including iron, uranium, and phosphorus. However, given the significant increase in the demand for vanadium, technology is being developed to recover it directly from ore. China produces a large amount of vanadium from stone coal ore. Korea has a large vanadium reserve, given the presence of vanadium titanomagnetite ( V 2O 5%) in the country; therefore, it is necessary to develop the technology to separate the vanadium from this ore. It is expected that particularly the energy industry will develop into a major industry in Korea, if stable stocks of vanadium raw materials can be secured using the best available secondary battery manufacturing technology. Key words : Vanadium, Vanadium Redox Flow Battery, Vanadium Titanomagnetite, Separation 요약 바나듐은주로고강도및내마모성철강제조등에많이사용되고있다. 최근에는차세대대용량에너지저장장치로주목받고있는바나듐레독스흐름전지의양극및음극활물질로연구가많이진행되고있다. 지금까지바나듐은철, 우라늄, 인등의제련및정련과정에서부산물로대부분회수되었으나, 수요가크게증가하면서광석으로부터직접회수하는기술개발이이루어지고있다. 중국은자국에많이부존된무연탄광으로부터많은양을자립생산하고있다. 국내에도함바나듐티탄자철석광상등으로 V 2O 5 품위 0.3~0.6% 정도의바나듐이부존되어있는것으로알려져있어, 자립확보를위한선별기술개발이필요하다. 특히, 국내는세계최고의 2 차전지제조기술을확보하고있어, 바나듐원료의안정적확보가이루어지면대용량에너지산업도우리나라의주요핵심산업으로발전할것으로기대된다. 주요어 : 바나듐, 바나듐레독스흐름전지, 함바나듐티탄자철석, 선별 Copyright c 2021, The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers

2 67 서 철광석, 우라늄등의개발공정에서부산물로주로산출되는바나듐은철에소량첨가하여도강도와충격에강하고, 내마모성이향상되는특성을가지고있어주로철과비철합금에사용되고있으며, 최근에는첨단산업용도로범위가확대되고있다 (Gilligan et al., 2020; Kim and Jeon, 2019; Lmtiaz et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2018). 특히, 신재생에너지확대를위한에너지저장장치 (Energy Storage System, ESS) 로서기존리튬이온전지의단점인화재나폭발의위험이없고, 장기간안전하게사용이가능한바나듐레독스흐름전지 (VRFB, Vanadium Redox Flow Battery) 가주목받고있으며관련연구가활발히진행되고있다 (Choi et al., 2017; Cunha et al., 2015; Gilligan et al., 2020; Kim and Park, 2017). 그리고중국이시행하고있는지진에따른건축물피해를막기위한신축건물의표준철근강도를높이는정책과함께바나듐전지기술이안정화되어산업이확장되면, 전세계적으로바나듐원료의수요가증가될것이라는예측과함께공급의어려움이예상되고있다 (USGS, 2020). 지금까지바나듐은철, 인, 철반석 bauxite), 우라늄, 석유등의제련및정련과정에서부산물로대부분회수되었으나, 바나듐의수요가크게증가하면서광석으로부터직접회수하는기술개발이이루어지고있다. 바나듐을함유한광물중경제적인가치가있는광물은무연탄광 (stone coal ore) 과함바나듐티탄자철석 (Vanadium Titano-Magnetite, VTM) 으로알려져있다. 그러나중국, 러시아, 남아공 3 개국에전세계바나듐매장량의대부분이저장되어있으며, 전세계바나듐생산량의 90% 이상이집중되어있다. 특히, 중국은자국에대량부존된무연탄광으로부터바나듐생산을위한기술을개발하고있다. 무연탄광의경우매장량이 론 많은대신품위가낮은특성이있기때문에비중및자력선별과같은물리적처리방법을도입하여제련공정에불순물로작용하는무용광물만우선제거하는전처리연구와함께무연탄광에포함된탄소분을열처리로제거하고부유선별하는연구가많이수행되고있다 (Liu et al., 2016; Yan et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2014). 국내에도많은양의바나듐이부존되어있는것으로확인되고있으며, 경기북부지역에는함바나듐티탄자철석광상이충남금산지역에는우라늄함유바나듐광상이부존되어있는연구가보고된바있다 (Kim, 2013; Lee et al., 1997). 특히한국지질자원연구원 (KIGAM) 에서는 2020 년부터 국내부존바나듐 (V) 광물자원선광 / 제련 / 활용기술개발 이라는제목으로함바나듐티탄자철석을대상으로바나듐생산원료안정적확보에기반이되는고효율선광기술, 저에너지친환경제련기술, 저비용고성능전해액제조기술개발을목적으로연구를수행하고있다. 특히, 국내에서는세계최고의 2 차전지제조기술을확보하고있어, 본기술개발을통하여바나듐원료의안정적확보가이루어지면대용량에너지장치산업과신재생에너지분야도우리나라의주요핵심산업으로발전할것으로기대된다. 본 바나듐의용도바나듐은철에소량만첨가해도강도가높아지고, 충격과마모에강해지며무게가감소하게되는특성을가지고있어, 대부분철강첨가제로사용되고있다. 이외에도티타늄합금, 초전도체용합금등과같이기타금속및합금용으로사용되고있으며, 특히고강도합금과티타늄합금은대체제가거의없기때문에지속적인수요증가가예상된다 (Ju et al., 2018; Swinbourne et al., 2016; USGS, 2020). 그 론 Table 1. Applications of vanadium compounds Chemical compounds Formula Shape (Form) Application Vanadium(V) oxide V 2O 5 Flake, powder Ferrites, Batteries, Phosphors, Catalyst for H 2SO 4 production Ammonium metavanadate NH 4VO 3 Powder Catalyst for H 2SO 4 production and de-sox/nox processes Sodium metavanadate NaVO 3 Moist cake Photographs, pigment, corrosion inhibitor Potassium metavanadate KVO 3 Powder Corrosion inhibitor, catalyst Vanadyl sulphate VOSO 4 H 2O Powder Pigment, catalyst for de-nox processes Vanadium(IV) oxide V 2O 4 Powder Temperature sensor, pigment Vanadium(III) oxide V 2O 3 Powder Temperature sensor, pigment Vanadyl acetylacetonate VO(C 5H 7O 2) 2 Powder Catalyst for synthesizing medicine, pigment Vanadium(V) alkoxide (R)n-V(O) Liquid Material for chemical vapor deposition 제 58 권제 1 호

68 전호석 백상호 한요셉 고병헌 정도현 김성민 Fig. 1. Illustration of a vanadium redox flow battery (Gilligan et al., 2020). 리고, 비금속분야에서는 Table 1 과같이촉매제, 스마트윈도우등유리및전극소재, 슈퍼커패시터, 안료, 배터리원료등으로사용되고있다 (Garcia et al.

3 68 전호석 백상호 한요셉 고병헌 정도현 김성민 Fig. 1. Illustration of a vanadium redox flow battery (Gilligan et al., 2020). 리고, 비금속분야에서는 Table 1 과같이촉매제, 스마트윈도우등유리및전극소재, 슈퍼커패시터, 안료, 배터리원료등으로사용되고있다 (Garcia et al., 2016; Kim and Jeon, 2019). 최근에는특히신재생에너지의효율적인사용을위한대용량에너지저장장치용도로바나듐레독스흐름전지가각광받고있어, 이에대한수요도증가하고있다 (Fig. 1). 바나듐레독스흐름전지의경우양극 / 음극전해질로바나듐이온을사용하여, 산화 / 환원으로전해질을순환시켜충전과방전을하는전지로서, 사이클및보관수명이현재많이사용되고있는리튬이온전지, 나트륨전지보다매우길고, 안전성이높은특징을가지고있다 (Choi et al., 2017; Cunha et al., 2015; Gilligan et al., 2020; Li et al., 2011). 바나듐의부존특성미국지질조사국 (United States Geological Survey, USGS) 의최신자료에의하면, 바나듐은전세계에약 6,300 만톤정도부존되어있으며, 현재경제성이있는매장량은약 2,200 만톤으로추정되고있다. 바나듐매장량은 Table 2 와같이중국, 러시아, 남아공에집중되어있으며, 해당국가에서전세계생산량의 90% 를생산하고있다 (USGS, 2020). 그리고바나듐은인산염광물, 함바나듐티탄자철석, 함우라늄실트암등이모암 ( 약 2%) 인것으로알려져있다. 이외에도철반석과석탄을함유하고있는물질인석탄, 무연탄광, 원유, 혈암 (oil shale), 역청사 (tar sands) 등에도상당량이존재하나, 대부분주로부산물 (by-product or co-product) 로서회수되고있는실정이다 (USGS, 2020). 그리고국내에는경기북부지역에티탄철석을함유한자철광체가염기성암인반려암질암체내에발달되어있고, 주로자철석에바나듐이부존되어있다는연구결과가있어이를개발하려는연구가시도되고있다 (Kim et al., 1994; Lee, 2020). 바나듐시장현황바나듐가격은시장상황이공급의과잉과부족사이에서지난 20 여년간변동폭이비교적높은수준을유지하고있다. 특히, 전세계생산량의 50% 이상을차지하고있는중국의정책변경과이에따른생산량조절이바나듐의시장가격형성에큰영향을미치고있다. 중국에서바나듐이포함된새로운고강도철근사용표준화시행으로소비가연간약 10,000 톤증가할것으로예상되었다 년부터대형사업소에서는새로운표준이시행되었으나, 소형사업소에서는이를구현하는데시간이오래걸려당초예상보다점진적으로시행되어수요도점진적으로증가하고있다 (USGS, 2020) 년기준국내의금속광수급은생산 746 억원, 수입 17 조 4,260 억원, 수출 3,737 억원, 내수 16 조 6,682 억원으로현재증가추세에있으나, 자급률은 0.4% 에불과해수요의대부분을수입에의존하고있다 Table 2. World mine production and reserves of vanadium (USGS 2020) Country Mine production (t) e Reserves (kt) United States (0.6%) 45 (0.2%) Australia - - 4,000 (18.0%) Brazil 5,500 (7.7%) 7,000 (9.5%) 120 (0.5%) China 40,000 (56.2%) 40,000 (54.5%) 9,500 (42.9%) Russia 18,000 (25.3%) 18,000 (24.5%) 5,000 (22.6%) South Africa 7,700 (10.8%) 8,000 (10.9%) 3,500 (15.8%) Total 71,200 (100%) 73,470 (100%) 22,165 (100%) e: Estimate 한국자원공학회지

69 Fig. 2. Current vanadium imports by raw material types (Kim et al., 2020b). (Kim et al., 2020a). 특히바나듐의경우합금과화합물상태로수입하는금속중 5 위를차지하고있을정도로많은양을수입하고있는실정이다. 전체원재료 ( 정광, 금속, 합금, 화합물 ) 의경우, Fig.

4 69 Fig. 2. Current vanadium imports by raw material types (Kim et al., 2020b). (Kim et al., 2020a). 특히바나듐의경우합금과화합물상태로수입하는금속중 5 위를차지하고있을정도로많은양을수입하고있는실정이다. 전체원재료 ( 정광, 금속, 합금, 화합물 ) 의경우, Fig. 2 와같이수입규모는약 1,900 억원으로합금은 700 억원 (36%), 화합물은 1,200 억원 (63%) 이며, 중국 (72%), 브라질 (20%), 대만 (2%) 의 3 국에서대부분수입하고있다 (Kim et al., 2020b). 바나듐선별연구개요무연탄광과함바나듐티탄자철석으로부터바나듐을선별하여회수하는공정은큰차이가있다. 무연탄광의경우, 매장량은풍부하지만낮은바나듐품위로인해제련공정이전에비중선별과자력선별을이용하여제련공정에투입가능한최저품위 (cut-off grade) 를달성하기위한전처리연구가주로중국에서많이수행되고있다 (Liu et al., 2016; Yan et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2014). 그리고바나듐이주로운모류에포함되어있기때문에광물의표면특성차이를이용하는부유선별연구도수행되고있다 (Liu et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2018). 함바나듐티탄자철석은주로자철석과티탄철석에바나 듐이치환되어존재하기때문에일반적으로단체분리, 비중선별및자력선별연구가많이수행되고있으며, 일부부유선별과정전선별연구도진행되고있다 (Guo et al., 2019; Guo et al., 2020; Lv and Bai, 2019; Wang et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2017). 그리고석탄등과같이탄소를함유하고있는물질과혼합하여열처리를통한환원등을통하여바나듐을농축시키는전처리를동반하는선별연구도많이수행되고있다 (Chen and Chu, 2014; Zhao et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2015). 그리고전체적으로이런개별적인선별방법들을서로융합하여보다효율적인처리방안을제시하는공정개발연구도보고되고있다. 본총설에서는함바나듐티탄자철석의선별위주로국내외연구동향을살펴보았다. 국내바나듐선별연구동향한국지질자원연구원에서는미래국가전략산업으로성장할바나듐관련산업의안정적인발전과경쟁력제고를위하여국내에부존되어있는함바나듐광으로부터바나듐원료의안정적확보및활용기술의개발을위하여, 주요사업으로 국내부존바나듐 (V) 광물자원선광 / 제련 / 활용기술개발 과제를 2020 년부터 5 개년으로수행하고있다. 특히, 해당과제는원광으로부터바나듐정광을생산하는선 제 58 권제 1 호

그리고이러한복합공정의효율적인적용을위하여선광영향인자빅데이터를구축하고각공정을모델링하는것을목표로하여스마트복합선별연속처리공정을설계하고, 이를바탕으로파일럿플랜트를개발및운영하여국내부존광상활용과더불어해외의다양한광상에도적용및기술이전하는것을목표로하고있다.

5 70 전호석 백상호 한요셉 고병헌 정도현 김성민 별공정뿐아니라, 정광으로부터바나듐생산을위한제련공정과이를바나듐레독스흐름전지에사용되는전해액을제조하는활용까지원료부터소재까지의전공정기술을개발하는것을목적으로수행중에있다. 특히국내에부존되어있는대상시료는함바나듐티탄자철석으로바나듐에자철석등에치환된형태로존재하여광석내농도가낮은것으로예상되어, 자력선별을주로사용하고, 비중, 정전선별등의다양한선별공정을융합하여복합공정을개발중에있다. 그리고이러한복합공정의효율적인적용을위하여선광영향인자빅데이터를구축하고각공정을모델링하는것을목표로하여스마트복합선별연속처리공정을설계하고, 이를바탕으로파일럿플랜트를개발및운영하여국내부존광상활용과더불어해외의다양한광상에도적용및기술이전하는것을목표로하고있다. 해외바나듐선별연구동향함바나늄티탄자철석에서바나듐은주로철, 타이타늄이온과치환되어존재하기때문에, 자철석과티탄철석을광종별로분리하여바나듐정광을생산하는기술이연구되고있다. 바나듐의경우원광의바나듐품위가낮아선별공정을적용하여바나듐을 V 2O 5 1% 내외로농축시켜정광을생산한다. 이때, 선별산물인바나듐정광의품위및회수율을증가시키기위하여파 / 분쇄공정으로이루어진단체분리와비중및자력선별등의연구가수행되고있다. Wang 연구팀은마이크로파 (microwave) 를원광에조사하여미세균열 (microfracture) 을발생시켜입계파괴 (intergranular fracture) 를유도하고, 이를이용하여원광의분쇄능 (grindability) 을향상시켰다 (Wang et al., 2019). 그리고마이크로파처리를한시료는그렇지않은시료보다균열의발달등으로인하여비표면적과기공부피가증가하는것을확인하였다 (Fig. 3). 그리고 Guo 연구팀은고압롤러분쇄기 (High Pressure Grinding Roller, HPGR) 를사용하여기존에주로파쇄기로사용하는조크러셔 (Jaw Crusher, JC) 와의비교연구를수행하였다 (Guo et al., 2019; Guo et al., 2020). 고압롤러분쇄기를사용하는경우파쇄산물에서발생하는세종류의균열인응력균열 (stress cracks), 입계균열 (intragranular cracks) 그리고벽계균열 (cleavage cracks) 이더발달된것을확인하였다. 응력균열은파괴초기에발생하는균열로이후에입계균열과벽계균열이발달됨에따라파쇄산물의입도를더작게만들어분쇄능을향상시키고, 유용광물과무용광물의단체분리도를향상시키는역할을하였다. 그리고분쇄, 자력선별, 부유선별을적용시켜선별공정을설계하고, 품위및회수율을높이는공정을개발하였다 (Fig. 4, and Fig. 5). Xu 연구팀은저품위함바나듐티탄자철석 (V 2O %) 에포함되어있는바나듐, 타이타늄, 철모두를선별하고회수하기위하여, 자력선별시자력의세기 (magnetic intensity) 를 Fig. 3. Scanning electron microscopy images of microwave-treated vanadium-titanium magnetite: (a) 200x and (b) 800x (Wang et al., 2019). Fig. 4. Optical microscopy image of mm size fraction product (40x) using (a) JC (Jaw Crusher), (b) JC, (c) HPGR (High Pressure Grinding Rolls) and (d) HPGR, respectively (Guo et al., 2019). 한국자원공학회지

6 71 조절하여선별하는전처리연구를수행하였다 (Xu et al., 2017). 그결과강자성의선별기를이용하여 V 2O 5, TiO 2, Fe 의농도가 0.022%, 0.40%, 5.19% 인광미를우선제거하고 (73.52 wt.%, yield), 자성산물로부터자력의세기를조절하여 1.14 V 2O 5% 의바나듐정광과 V 2O 5% 의티탄철광정광을회수하였다 (Fig. 6). Chen 연구팀은함바나듐티탄철석선별공정에열적환원공정을전처리로추가하여, 탄소비율, 열처리온도와시간등을변수로바나듐회수연구를수행하였다 (Chen and Chu, 2014). 그결과, 석탄과같이열처리를통한환원공정이후에파 / 분쇄및자력선별공정을포함하고이후에, 정련공정까지추가하는회수공정을설계하였다 (Fig. 7). 그리고열역학적분석과상변환의관계를확인하여환원공정에서자철석과티탄철석의상이변화하는과정이다음의순서식 (1), (2) 를따르는것을확인하였다. Fig. 5. Separation of vanadium-titanium magnetite crushed using HPGR (Guo et al., 2020). Fe 2O 3 Fe 3O 4 FeO Fe (1) Fig. 6. Pre-concentration of vanadium-titanium magnetite ore (Xu et al., 2017). 제 58 권제 1 호

7 72 전호석 백상호 한요셉 고병헌 정도현 김성민 Fig. 7. Recovery of vanadium, iron, and titanium (Chen and Chu, 2014). Fig. 8. Scanning electron microscopy images and element distribution maps of samples reduced at (a) 1,100 C, (b) 1,150 C, and (c) 1,250 C (Zhao et al., 2015). Fe 2TiO 5 Fe 2TiO 4 +TiO 2 Fe + FeTiO 3 Fe + FeTi 2O 5 Fe + TiO 2 (2) Zhao 연구팀도이와유사하게석탄을사용하는환원공정을개발하였다 (Zhao et al., 2015). 석탄과원광내 Fe 비율 (C/Fe) 과환원온도등을조절하여발생한산물을 SEM 분석을통하여 Fe, Ti, V 등이농축되는거동을원소매핑을이용하여규명하였다. 그결과환원공정이후, 산물에는바나듐과철이같이존재하여거동이유사한것을규명하였다 (Fig. 8). 그렇기때문에환원공정이후에자력선별을적용하면바나듐의농축에유리한것을확인하였다. 결 바나듐은대표적인전이금속으로서, 고강도합금의원료로각광받을뿐아니라, 에너지저장시스템의차세대주자인바나듐레독스흐름전지의주요원료로서점차수요가급증할것이라예상되고있다. 현재는가행중인광산이없 론 어전량수입에의존하고있으나, 국내에도함바나듐티탄자철석으로바나듐이대량부존하는것으로알려져있어, 이를개발하기위한연구가현재진행중에있다. 현재까지국내에서수행된바나듐선별연구는기초연구수준이며, 국내부존광상의효율적개발을위해서는고효율선별기술및공정개발이필요한실정이다. 특히, 해당광상에서는바나듐이자철석과티탄철석등에치환되어존재하기때문에일정품위이상으로선별하기어려운문제점이있어, 이를해결하기위한면밀한조사와함께국내부존광물활용을위한융복합선별연구가수행되어야할것으로사료된다. 사 본연구는한국지질자원연구원기본사업인 국내부존바나듐 (V) 광물자원선광 / 제련 / 활용기술개발 (GP , ) 과제의일환으로수행되었습니다. 사 한국자원공학회지

8 73 References Chen, S.Y. and Chu, M.S., A new process for the rercovery of iron, vanadium, and titanium from vanadium titanomagnetite. The Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 114, p Choi, C.Y., Kim, S.H., Kim, R.Y., Choi, Y.S., Kim, S.Wh., Jung, H.Y., Yang, J.H., and Kim H.T., A review of vanadium electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, p Cunha, A., Martins, J., Rodrigues, N., and Brito, F.P., Vanadium redox flow batteries: a technology review. International Journal of Energy Research, 39, p Garcia, F., de Diego, L.F., Cabello, A., Gayan, P., Abad, A., Adánez, J., and Sprachmann, G., Sulphuric acid production via chemical looping combustion of elemental sulphur. Applied Energy, 178, p Gilligan, R. and Nikoloski, A.N., The extraction of vanadium from titanomagnetites and other sources. Minerals Engineering, 146, p Guo, X., Cui, S., Dai, S., Han, J., and Wang, C., Investigation of microcrack formation in vanadium-titanium magnetite using different crushing processes. The Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 119, p Guo, X., Dai, S., and Wang, Q., Influence of different comminution flowsheets on the separationi of vanadium titano-magnetite. Minerals Engineering, 149, p.1-8. Ju, J., Fu, H.G., Wei, S.Z., Sang, P., Wu, Z.W., Tang, K.Z., and Lei, Y.P., Effects of Cr and V additions on the microstructure and properties of hign-vanadium wearresistant alloy steel. Ironmaking&Steelmaking, 45(2), p Kim, J.M. and Park, H.S., Experimental analysis of discharge characteristics in vanadium redox flow battery. Applied Energy, 206, p Kim, J.S., Research and development for the recovery of uranium and vanadium from Korean black shale ore. Journal of Korean Institute of Resources Recycling, 22(1), p Kim, K.H., Lee, H.J., and Chon, H.T., Ore genesis of the Yonchon titaniferous iron ore deposits, South Korea. Economy and Environmental Geology, 27(2), p Kim, S.M. and Jeon, H.S., Separation processes for self-sufficient recovery of vanadium resources in Korea. Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers, 56(3), p Kim, Y.J., Lee, H.B., Yu, O.J., and Kim, D.H., 2020a. 2019/2020 Mineral Commodity Supply and Demand, KIGAM, p Kim, Y.J., Yu, O.J., and Kim, D.H., 2020b. Rare Metal Export and Import, KIGAM, p Lee, C.H., Lee, H.K., and Shin, M.A., Barium-vanadium muscovite of coaly metapelite in the Hoenam area of the Ogcheon Supergroup, Korea. Journal of the geological society of Korea, 33(2), p Lee, S., A review on types of vanadium deposits and process mineralogical characteristics. Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers, 57(6), p Li, L., Kim, S., Wang, W., Vijayakumar, M., Nie, Z., Chen, B., Zhang, J., Xia, G., Hu, J., Graff, G., Liu, J., and Yang, Z., A stable vanadium redox-flow battery with high energy density for large-scale energy storage. Advanced Energy Materials, 1, p Liu, C., Zhang, Y., and Bao, S., Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 27, p Liu, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, T., Cai, Z., and Sun, K., Pre-concentration of vanadium from stone coal by gravity using fine mineral spiral. Minerals, 6(3), p Lmtiaz, M., Rizwan, M.S., Xiong, S., Li, H., Ashraf, M., Shahzad, S.M., Shahzad, M., Rizwan, M., and Tu, S., Vanadium, recent advancements and research prospects: A review. Environment International, 80, p Lv, C. and Bai, S., Upgrading of raw vanadium titanomagnetite concentrate. The Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 119, p Swinbourne, D.R., Richardson, T., and Cabalteja, F., Understanding ferrovanadium smelting through computational thermodynamics modelling. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 125 (1), p Tang, J., Zhang, Y., Bao, S., and Liu, C., Pre-concentration of vanadium-bearing mica from stone coal by roasting-flotation. Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 53(1), p USGS (U.S. Geological Survey), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020, Reston, Virginia, U.S.A., p Wang, J., Jiang, T., Liu, Y., and Xue, X., Influence of microwave treatment on grinding and dissociation characteristics of vanadium titano-magnetite. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 26(2), p Wang, L., Sun, W., and Zhang, Q., Recovery of vanadium and carbon from low-grade stone coal by flotation. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 25, p Wang, L., Sun, W., Liu, R., and Gu, X., Flotation recovery of vanadium from low-grade stone coal. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 24, p Wang, M., Huang, S., Chen, B., and Wang, X., A review 제 58 권제 1 호

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9 74 전호석 백상호 한요셉 고병헌 정도현 김성민 of processing technologies for vanadium extraction from stone coal. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 129, p Xu, C., Zhang, Y., Liu, T., and Huang, J., Characterization and pre-concentration of low-grade vanadium-titanium magnetite ore. Minerals, 7(8), p Yan, B., Wang, D., Wu, L., and Dong, Y., 2018, A novel approach for pre-concentr ating vanadium from stone coal ore. Minerals Engineering, 125, p Zhao, L., Wang, L., Chen, D., Zhao, H., Liu, Y., and Qi, T., Behaviors of vanadium and chromium in coal-based direct reduction of high-chromium vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates followed by magnetic separation. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 25, p Zhao, L., Wang, L., Qi, T., Chen, D., Zhao, H., and Liu, Y., A novel method to extract iron, titanium, vanadium and chromium from high-chromium vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates. Hydrometallurgy, 149, p Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Bao, S., Liu, T., Bian, Y., Jiang, M., and Liu, X., Loose- stratification model in separation process for vanadium pre-concentration from stone coal. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 24, p Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, T., Chen, T., Bian, Y., and Bao, S., Pre-concent ration of vanadium from stone coal by gravity separation. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 121, p.1-5. 전호석 현재한국지질자원연구원광물자원연구본부자원회수연구센터센터장 / 책임연구원과학기술연합대학원대학교자원순환공학과교수 ( 本學會誌第 56 券製 3 號參照 ) 한요셉 현재한국지질자원연구원광물자원연구본부자원회수연구센터선임연구원과학기술연합대학원대학교자원순환공학과부교수 ( 本學會誌第 57 券製 5 號參照 ) 정도현 2018 년동아대학교공과대학에너지자원공학과공학사 2020 년동아대학교대학원에너지자원공학과공학석사 백상호 현재한국지질자원연구원광물자원연구본부자원회수연구센터연구원 ( 本學會誌第 57 券製 5 號參照 ) 고병헌 현재한국지질자원연구원광물자원연구본부자원회수연구센터연구원 ( 本學會誌第 57 券製 5 號參照 ) 김성민 현재한국지질자원연구원광물자원연구본부자원회수연구센터선임연구원 ( 本學會誌第 57 券製 5 號參照 ) 현재과학기술연합대학원대학교자원순환공학과박사과정 ( ; dohyun.jeong@kigam.re.kr) 한국자원공학회지

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12.077~081(A12_이종국).fm J. of Advanced Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, No. 1 (2008) pp. 77-81 y w» e wx Á w œw Fabrication of Ceramic Batch Composition for Porcelain by Using Recycled Waste Ceramic Powder Hyun Guen Han, and