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2 ., (transformational leadership). Bass(1985), Burns(1978),, (, 2001; Conger, 1999; Yukl, 1998).,. (Bass & Avolio, 1993)., (O'Reilly & Chatman, 1986), (Dvir, Eden, Avolio, & Shamir, 2002)., (Kark, Shamir, & Chen, 2002).. (dependency) (Howell, 1988).., ( ) (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Mishra & Spreitzer, 1998). -. (independence) (Bass, 1985)., (self-esteem) (Bennis & Nanus, 1985; Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Moorman, & Fetter, 1990).,., Kark (2003),

3 (identification)....,., (perceived control).,., (self-enhancement), 1 6 (Fu, Tsui, Liu, & Li, 2000).. (, 4I),.,., (cognitive competence).,,. (framework),,.,,,.

4 Burns(1978). Bass(1985),., (Bass, 1985; Podsakoff, Mackenzie, & Moorman, 1990).,, (House, Woycke, & Foder, 1988).. (Bass & Avolio, 1993)., ( charisma),,, 4 (Bass & Avolio, 1994).,..,,., (Avolio, Waldman, & Einstein, 1988).,,,, (Bass, 1985), (Podsakoff, Todor & Schuler, 1983)., (Howell & Avolio, 1993; O'Reilly & Chatman, 1986). (Shamir, House, & Arthur, 1993), (,, ) (,, 2001; Bycio, Hackett, & Allen, 1995)., (Dvir, Eden, Avolio, & Shamir, 2002; Wang, Law, Hackett, Wang, & Chen, 2005), (Kark et al., 2003).

5 -. (co-determination) (Shamir, 2007).,. (shared leadership) (Morgeson, 2005; Pearce, 2004). (,, 1999).,. (Mayer, Davis, & Shoorman, 1995), (McCallister, 1995)., (trust-based trust) (affect- based trust).,.. Mayer, Davis, & Shoorman(1995), (vulnerability).,., (Rousseau, Sitkin, Burt, & Camerer, 1998).,.,. (Weiss & Cropanzano, 1996),.,.,.,.

6 .,, (control mechanism) (, 2000; Kramer, 1999)., (Rousseau et al., 1998).,, (OCB) (Gambetta, 1988; Lewicki, McAllister, & Bies, 1996; McAllister, 1995),, (,, 2004; Boss, 1978; Cook & Wall, 1980; Morgan & Hunt, 1994; Whitener, Brodt, Korsgaard, & Werner, 1998).,., (Kets de Vries, 1988).,,., (Conger & Kanungo, 1998)..,, (,, 1999).,, (Mishra & Spreitzer, 1998), (Kark et al., 2003).,,., (, 2008).., (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).,.,.,,,

7 (Mishra & Spreitzer, 1998).,,.,. 1.., (perceived control). (Greenberger et al, 1989; Hui & Bateson, 1991; White, 1959). Elliot Dweck (2005), Heckhausen Schulz (1995) (agent),,... (selfdetermination theory), - (job demands-control model).,, (autonomy) (competence), (positive connection) (Deci & Ryan, 1985)., (Deci & Ryan, 2000).. (origin),..,.., (Deci & Ryan, 2000)..,.,.

8 , (,,,, 2008)., - (Karasek, 1979). -,,,, (mastery).,.,,, (De Croon et al., 2004; Fox et al., 1993).,. (,, 2005; Dweyer & Ganster, 1991)., (Evans & Fischer, 1992).,.,, (Skinner, 1996). (Greenberger et al., 1989)., (intrinsic reward), (Parker & Price, 1994)..,.., (Katzenbach & Santamaria, 1999).,., (Conger & Kanungo, 1988).,,,.

9 ., (Mishra & Spreitzer, 1988).,., (,, 2003)..,.,,.. (ownership).,., (psychological safety)., (Edmonson, 1999).. (empowerment). Bass(1995),,,,,. (, 2001; Conger & Kanungo, 1988; Seltzer & Bass, 1990)., (Kark et al., 2003)..,,. 2..,.

10 . (Foster-Fishman & Keys, 1997). (self -determination),.,., Moorman(1991), Niehoff Moorman(1993).. (McLean Parks, 1992; Van Dyne, Graham, & Dienesch, 1994),.,,,,.,,,,.,.,.,,. ( 1, 2). 3.., , 1,136..

11 , %, 9.7%, 8.3%, 11.1%, 2.3%, 7.4%, 7.4%, 6.0%.,, 40% 7 ( 6.9%, 7.4%, 6.5 %, 4.6%, / 9.7%, 6.0%, 6.9% ) (50-99 ) %, 2 ( ) %, 3 ( ) %, 4 (500 ) %. 818 (72%), 318 (28%), (43.3 %), (40.2%), (16.5%). 4 (500, 44%), (383, 33.7%), (197, 17.3%), (40, 3.5%), (16, 1.4%). 508 (44.7%), / / 290 (25.5%), 275 (24.2%), / 63 (5.5%). Bass(1985) MLQ(Multiple Leadership Questionnaire) MLQ-5X(Multiple Leadership Questionnaire Form 5X).,,, 12. (1 ), (5 ) 5.. Cumming & Bromiley(1996) (Organizational Trust Inventory Short Form) (2002). (, ) (,, ). 6, 5, 5., Greenberger(1982) Greenberger & Strasser(1986) Greenberger, Stephan, Larry, & Randall(1989) (2000).?,? Allen & Mayer

12 (1991) 4.,. (1 ) (5 ) 5.,,,, (reliability) (Cronbach Alpha)..925,.884,.784,.717,.736., (construct validity) (exploratory factor analysis). (promax) (principal component). (eigen value) 1.0, (factor loading) 0.5., 5, 12, 6, 5, 3, 4 30., 12. Bass & Avolio(1994) 4, (Lievens, Van Geit, & Coetsier, 1997). (,,,,, 2009;,, 2000).., (discriminant validity) AMOS 17.0 (confirmatory factor analysis) ** **.593 ** **.239 **.132 ** **.423 **.272 **.214 ** - *p<.05, **p<.01.

13 , 747.8, p<.001. CFI =.977, NFI =.956, RMSEA =.030.,,,,, 1.,,,.., AMOS 17.0 (Structural Equation Modeling: SEM). CFI, NFI, GFI (RMSEA). CFI, NFI.90, RMSEA.05 (, 2000)., Russel, Kahn, Spoth, & Altmaier(1998) (latent variables).,, Russel (1998),.,, (communality)..(,, 2009).,,,,. (, )., 3, ( ). ( 1) (df = 66, N = 1136) = (, ( ), ***p<.001, **p<.01)

14 (, ( ), ***p<.001, **p<.01) , p<.001; CFI =.985; NFI =.975; GFI =.979; RMSEA =.038(90% = ). 1 2,.,. ( 2), ( (df = 70, N = 1136)= , p<.001; CFI =.949; NFI =.940; GFI =.953; RMSEA =.067(90% = ). ( 2) CFI, GFI, RMSEA., AIC ECVI. 3, Sobel, Sobel-Z p<.001, Sobel-Z 5.62 p<.001.,.,, df p CFI NFI GFI RMSEA AIC ECVI ***p<.001.

15 .,.,,. 3 t. t A A *** A *** B B *** C *** C *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ***. 1, A1-A3, B1-B2, C1-C2, ***p<.001, **p<.01.

16 ,,..,,,,,., (Mishra & Spreitzer, 1998; Shamir, House, & Arthur, 1993)., (, 2001; Conger & Kanungo, 1988; Seltzer & Bass, 1990).,,.,. ( )..,.,.,.,,.,..,,., /.,

17 .,,....,,,,..,., Kark (2003)., (self-report).,,,,.,,. (common method bias)..,, (dyadic relationships) (matrix).,, (supervisor rating) (peer rating). (1,136 )., (2001).., (2000).

18 ., (2009). : , (1999) (2001). :., ,,,, (2009).,., , (2005). : ,,, (2008). (Energizing Relationshipl) , (2004).,., , (1999).. (Self-Efficacy)., 1-42.,, (2008).., , (2000).., , (2003). : Aryee, S., Budhwar, P. S., & Chen, Z. X. (2002). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: test of a social exchange model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, Avolio, B. J. Waldman, D. A., & Einstein, W. O. (1988). Transformational leadership in a management game simulation, Group and Organizations Studies, 13, Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press. Bass, B. M. (1995). Transformational leadership redux. Leadership Quarterly, 6: Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership: A response to critiques. In M. M. Chemers, & R. Ayman (Eds). Leadership theory and research: Perspectives and directions: San Diego, CA: Academy Press. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J. Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional

19 leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, Bennis, W., & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper & Row. Boss, R. W. (1978). Trust and managerial problem solving revisited. Group and Organizational Studies, 3, Breaugh, J. A., & Becker, A. S. (1987). Further examination of the work autonomy scales: Three studies. Human Relations, 40, Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row. Bycio. P., Allen, J. S., & Hackett, R. D. (1995). Further assessment of Bass's (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, Conger, J. A. (1999). Charismatic and transformational leadership in organizations: An insider's perspective on these developing streams of research. Leadership Quarterly, 10, Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The Empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13, Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need fulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, Cummings, L. L., & P. Bromiley. (1996). The Organizational trust inventory(oti): Development and validation. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.). Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research: London: Sage Publications. Deci, E. L., Nezlek, J., & Sheinman, L. (1981). Characteristics of the rewarder and intrinsic motivation of the rewardee. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, Dvir, T., Eden, D, & Avolio, B. J. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 45, Edmonson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, Eisenberger, R., Rhoades, L., & Cameron, J. (1999). Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived self-determination and intrinsic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, Foster-Fishman, P. G., & Keys, C. B. (1997). The person/environment dynamics of employee empowerment: An organizational culture analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, Fu, P., Tsui, A., Liu, J., & Li, C. (2010). Pursuit of whose happiness? Executive leaders' transformational behaviors and personal values. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55, Gambetta, D. (1988). Can we trust? In D. Gambetta (Ed.). Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations: , Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.

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21 Korsggard, M. A., Schweiger, D. M., & Sapienza, H. J. (1995). Builing commitment, attachment, and trust in strategic decision- making teams: The role of procedural justice. Academy of Management Journal, 38, Kramer, R. M. (1999). Trust and distrust in organizations: Emerging perspectives, enduring questions. Annual Review of Psychology, 50: Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. Lewicki, R. J., & Bunker, B. B. (1996). Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. In R. M. Kramer & T. R. Tyler (Eds.). Trust in Organizations: Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lewicki, R. J., McAllister, D. J., & Bies, R. J. (1998). Trust and distrust: New relationships and reality. Academy of Management Review, 23, Lewis, J. & Weigert, A., (1985). Trust as a social reality. Social Forces, 63, Lievens, F., Van Geit, P., & Coetsier, P. (1997). Identification of transformational leadership qualities: An examination of potential biases. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 6, Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect- and cognitionbased trust as foundation for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38, McLean Parks. J. (1992). The role of incomplete contracts and their governance in delinquency, in-role, extra-role behaviors. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Montreal. Mishra, A. K. (1996). Organizational responses to crisis: The centrality of trust. In Kramer, R. M & Tyler, T. R. (Eds.). Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research: Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mishra, A. K. & Spreitzer, G. M. (1998). Explaining how survivors respond to downsizing: The role of trust empowerment, justice and work redesign. Academy of Management Review, 23, Morgan, R. M. & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58, Moorman, R. H. (1991). Relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior: Do fairness perceptions influence employee citizenship? Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993). Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36, O'Reilly, C., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment:

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24 : Harmonizing dependency and independence: The ambidextrous effects of transformational leadership and mediating role of trust and perceived control Byung-Jik Kim Seoul National University Myung-Ho Chung Ewha Womans University Transformational leadership produces ambidextrous effects: followers' dependence on leaders and independent competence. These two effects represent affective and cognitive aspects of psychological process in the functioning of transformational leadership. This study examined the mediating role of trust and perceived control as the link between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. With analysis of data from 1,136 employees using structural equation modeling(sem), we tested the hypothetical model explaining the structural relationships among the variables and interpreted the fitness and robustness of the suggested model. The results showed that (1) trust partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment, and (2) the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment was also partially mediated by perceived control. The results suggest that transformational leaders need to harmonize both dependency and independence of followers. The implications and the directions for future studies were also discussed. Key words : Transformational leadership, Dependency and independence, Trust, Perceived control, Organizational commitment

지난 2009년 11월 애플의 아이폰 출시로 대중화에 접어든 국내 스마트폰의 역사는 4년 만에 ‘1인 1스마트폰 시대’를 눈앞에 두면서 모바일 최강국의 꿈을 실현해 가고 있다

지난 2009년 11월 애플의 아이폰 출시로 대중화에 접어든 국내 스마트폰의 역사는 4년 만에 ‘1인 1스마트폰 시대’를 눈앞에 두면서 모바일 최강국의 꿈을 실현해 가고 있다 : * 30~40.,, 30~40 646.,..,.,.,,,.. * (2014) 30~40. :,, (120-728) 34 Tel : 02-300-0899, E-mail : hyhong@mju.ac.kr 2009 11 4 1 1, (2014) 2014 8 4,000. (, 2012).. (2013) 77.4%, 53.9%. 61.6%, 11.5%, 1% (,