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1 Human Health Risk Assessment of Benzene from Industrial Complexes of Chungcheong and Jeonla Province Yong-Chul Jang* Sungwoo Lee* YongSeung Shin** Heekap Kim*** Jonghyun Lee**** Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National University*, Korea Environment Institute** Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University***, NEOENBIZ**** (Manuscript received 26 March 2011; accepted 12 August 2011) Abstract This research studied human health risk assessment of benzene from industrial complexes of Chungcheong Province (Seosan industrial complex) and Jeonla Province (Iksan industrial complex and Yeosoo industrial complex). The residents near the industrial complexes areas can be often exposed to volatile organic compounds (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylenes) through a number of exposure pathways, including inhalation of the organic pollutant via various environmental matrices (air, water and soil), contaminated water, and soil intake. Benzene is well known to be a common carcinogenic and toxic compound that is produced from industrial and oil refinery complexes. In this study, a number of samples from water, air, and soil were taken from the residential settings and public school zones located near the industrial complex sites. Based on the carcinogenic risk assessment, the risk estimates were slightly above at all three industrial sites. According to deterministic risk assessment, inhalation was the most important route. The distribution of benzene in the environment would be dependent on vapor pressure, and the physical property influencing the extent of the potential risks. Noncarcinogenic risk assessment of benzene shows that the values of Hazard Index(HI) were much lower than 1.0 at all industrial complexes. Therefore, benzene was not a cause of concern in terms of non-carcinogenic risk posed to the residents near the sites. When compared to probabilistic risk assessment, the CTE(central tendency exposure) cancer risk values of deterministic risk assessment were close to the mean values predicted by the probabilistic risk Corresponding Author: Yong-Chul Jang, Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National University, Gung-dong 220, Yusoeng-gu, Daejeon , Korea gogator@cnu.ac.kr

2 assessment. The RME(reasonable maximum exposure) values fell within the range of 95% to 99.9% estimated by the probabilistic risk assessment. Since the values of carcinogenic risk assessment were higher than , further detailed monitoring and refined risk assessment for benzene may be warranted to estimate more reliable and potential inhalation risks to receptors near the industrial complexes. Keywords : benzene, risk assessment, industrial complex, probabilistic risk assessment, deterministic risk assessment

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5 ADD = ADD = C air IR inh ET EF ED ABS air _ inh C soil VF CT IR inh ET EF ED ABS air _ inh ADD = C air IR inh FI EF ED ABS air _ inh ADD = ADD = ADD = ADD = C air SA AF EF ED ABS air _ dermal C water FVET shower /(V shower 2)+ET bath /(V bath 2)IR inh W EF ED ABS air _ inh C water IR inh EF ED ABS water _ dermal C water C penetration AF ET EF ED ABS water _ dermal ADD: average daily intake(mg/kg/day), C air : concentration in air (ug/m 3 ) IR inh : inhalation rate (m 3 / ), ET: exposure time(hr), EF: exposure frequency (day) ED: exposure duration(year), ABS air-inh : absorption factor by inhalation(unitless) BW: body weight(kg), AT: averaging time (day), C soil : concentration in soil (mg/kg) VF: volatilization factor(m 3 /kg), CF: conversion factor, IR soil : soil ingestion(mg/day) FI: fraction of intake (unitless), ABS soil-ing : absorption factor by ingestion (unitless). SA: surface area (cm 2 ), AF: adherence factor (mg/cm 2 ), ABS soil-dermal : absorption by dermal contact(unitless), C water :concentration in water (mg/l) FV: Fraction of volatilization (unitless), ET shower : exposure time of shower (hr), V shower : volume of shower room (m 3 ), ET bath : exposure time in bath (hr) V bath : volume of bath area (m 3 ), IR ing : ingestion rate (mg/day), ABS water-ing : absorption factor by water ingestion (unitless), C penetration : dermal penetration factor (cm/hr), ABS water-dermal : absorption factor by dermal contact(unitless) CTE RME ET 24 EF minimum extreme (likeliest:20 scale:2) triangular (min:180, max:365, likeliest:350) ED c 79.2 point estimate ED nc 30 point estimate BW kg normal(mean:62.0, SD:8.8) AT 10,950 28,908 point estimate IR inh m 3 / lognormal(mean:13.0, SD:1.3) ABS air-inh 1 unitless point estimate VF m 3 /kg point estimate CF 1,000 mg/g point estimate IR soil mg/ lognormal(mean:50, SD:5) FI 1 unitless point estimate ABS soil-ing 1 unitless point estimate AF 0.07 mg/cm 2 lognormal(mean:0.07, SD:0.01) ABS soil-dermal 0.1 unitless point estimate

6 CTE RME FV nitless triangular(min:0.176, max:0.413, likeliest:0.413) ET shower 17.2 lognormal(mean:17.2, SD:1.7) V shower 1.91 m 3 uniform(1.3 3) ET bath 5.37 / lognormal(mean:5.37, SD:0.5) V bath 10.9 m 3 uniform(6 50) W 318 L lognormal(mean:318, SD:31.8) IR ing L/ lognormal(mean:1.4, SD:0.1) ABS water-ing 1 unitless point estimate SA 17,084 20,104 cm 2 lognormal(mean:17,084, SD:1,708) C penetration cm/ point estimate ABS water-dermal 0.1 unitless point estimate CTE(Central Tendency Exposure), RME(Reasonable Maximum Exposure) Slope Factor Reference Dose (SF, mg/kg-day-1) ) (RfD, mg/kg-day)

7 m m ( ) 95% UCL (mg/m 3 ) N.D(0.05 ) (mg/kg) N.D(0.05 ) (mg/l) N.D(0.042) (mg/m 3 ) N.D(0.05 ) (mg/kg) N.D(0.05 ) (mg/l) N.D(0.042) (mg/m 3 ) N.D(0.05 ) (mg/kg) N.D(0.05 ) (mg/l) N.D(0.042) N.D = Not Detected(Detection Limit)

8 CTE 1) ( 87%) ( 91%) ( 93%) RME 2) ( 83%) ( 88%) ( 92%) CTE ( 2%) ( 1%) ( 3%) RME ( 3%) ( 1%) ( 3%) CTE ( 11%) ( 8%) ( 4%) RME ( 14%) ( 12%) ( 5%) CTE (100%) (100%) (100%) (HI) RME (100%) (100%) (100%) 1) CTE(Central Tendency Exposure), 2) RME(Reasonable Maximum Exposure) CTE 1) ( 87%) ( 91%) ( 93%) RME 2) ( 83%) ( 88%) ( 92%) CTE ( 2%) ( 1%) ( 3%) RME ( 3%) ( 1%) ( 3%) CTE (11%) ( 8%) ( 4%) RME ( 14%) ( 12%) ( 5%) CTE (100%) (100%) (100%) (HI) RME (100%) (100%) (100%) 1) CTE(Central Tendency Exposure), 2) RME(Reasonable Maximum Exposure)

9 Percentile DRA CTE RME Min % % % % % PRA Median % % % % % Max m

10 Decisioneering, INC., 2000, Crystall Ball version 11.0, User Manual. Directive, 2004/42/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products and amending Directive 1999/ 13/EC. Hinwood A., Berko H., Farar D., Galbally I., and Weeks, I., 2004, Volatile organic compounds in selected microenvironments, Science of the Total Environment, 322(1-3), Japan Ministry of Health (JMH), 2002, Guideline values of individuals volatile organic compounds. Kofi Asante-Duah, 1998, Risk Assessment in Environmental Management - A guide for Managing Chemical Contamination Problems. Malherbe, L., and Mandin, C., 2007, VOC emissions during outdoor ship painting and health-risk assessment, Atmospheric Environment, 41(30), Rinsky, R., Young, R., and Smith, A., 1981, Leukemia in benzene workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2, Robinson S., Shah R., and Wong B., 1997, Immunotoxicological effects of benzene inhalation in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology, 119(3), Rothman N., and Dosemeci M., 1996, Hematotoxicity among chinese workers heavily exposed to benzene. American Journal of Medicine, 29(3), Smith M., and Zhang L., 1998, Biomarkers of leukemia risk: Benzene as a model. Environ Health Perspective Supplement, 106, U.S. EPA. IRIS(Integrated Risk Information System),

11 U.S. EPA, 1986, Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment, Fed. Reg. 51. U.S. EPA, 1989, Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume Human Health Evaluation Manual(Part A). U.S. EPA, 1997, Exposure Factors Handbook. WHO, 2000, Air quality guideline for Europe. Yin S., Li, Q., and Liu Y., 1987, Occupational exposure to benzene in China, British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 44,

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