Opening Speech., 798,,. ICOM ,.,.,., It is my great honor to welcome you all at the International Seminar titled Preservation and U

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1 International Seminar by the National Folk Museum of Korea Preservation and Utilization of Modern Architecture as Museums 01

2 Opening Speech., 798,,. ICOM ,.,.,., It is my great honor to welcome you all at the International Seminar titled Preservation and Utilization of Modern Architecture as Museums being held in the National Folk Museum of Korea(NFMK). Especially I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the guest speakers who are willing to travel from a far distance and participate in this seminar, Pieter-Matthijs Gijsbers Director of the Netherlands Open Air Museum, Huang Rui artist and founder of 798 art zone, Suzuki Hiroyuki Director of the Meiji-mura and Kim Hong-dong Director of the Promotion Policy Division of Cultural Heritage Administration. In addition, I would like to give special thanks to Bae Ki-dong Chairman of the Korean National Committee for ICOM for being the Moderator of the Discussion session including specialists and organizations concerned with the museums and architect and all the other attendees. Through this gathering of specialists from across the world to share their expertise and knowledge with experiences, it is highly expected that this opportunity will provide us all with novel insights to achieve creative knowledge toward diverse sources and inspiration in the museums which are faced with the utilization of modern architectural heritage. In addition, it will be very helpful for NFMK to establish its developing plan for its relocation in the near future. Here today, with case studies of Meiji-mura in Japan and 798 Art Zone in China, you will be able to encounter the process of the possibility to reutilize abandoned modern architectural buildings to be used as cultural and educational spaces for today s general public and artists. Plus, we will be able to share the vision of the Netherlands Open Air Museum, a museum is a platform that is active in the centre of society, connecting heritage, people and communities as well as amateurs and professionals. I sincerely hope that this seminar well offer a truly and lively discussion, sharing the experience, knowledge and goals of preservation and utilization of modern architecture by different organizations and museums. Once again, I would like to thank you all of you for coming. I wish you all have highly valuable experience and continuing interests in the progressive preservation and utilization of modern architecture as museums. Sep Cheon Jingi Director of the National Folk Museum of Korea 02 03

3 , : Pieter-Matthijs Gijsbers 04 05

4 International Seminar by the National Folk Museum of Korea Preservation and Utilization of Modern Architecture as Museums 13:30-13:40 13:40-14:20 14:20-15:00 15:00-15:40 798, :40-16:20 : Pieter-Matthijs Gijsbers 16:20-16:40 16:40-17:50 ICOM KAIST 17:50-18:

5 01 Utilization of Cultural Heritage: Its Policy and Future Challenges Kim Hong-dong 08 09

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12 2-1. 역사문화자원 거점 지역재생 01 추진배경 문화유산이 지역 주민 삶의 질 향상에 기반이 되는 선순환적 체제 확립 절실 각 부처의 지역 활성화 사업에 전통, 문화, 역사를 표방하지만 문화유산 소외 보존중심 유 무형의 문화재를 융 복합적으로 활용하는 정책 전환 시점 02 추진방향 현존하는 전통경관의 유지관리 및 훼손된 역사적 풍토 풍경 개선 회복 문화유산 본래 기능의 재생 및 현대적 기능 부여 전통공예 등 문화유산 콘텐츠 및 프로그램의 산업적 재생 지역 활동가 지도자 역량강화 및 문화유산형 사회적 기업육성 03 요건 한국의 전통적인 생활양식과 경관의 면모를 향상시켜야 하는 지역 고유 민속행사가 거행되던 곳으로 민속적 풍경을 활용한 만한 지역 역사적인 사실, 전설 설화와 관련이 있는 지역 근대유산의 생활환경, 문화재 스토리가 담겨있고 고풍이 현저한 지역 22 23

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17 5. 근대유산 및 등록문화재 활용 01 근대 건축물 활용 구 서대문형무소, 경교장 등 역사적 장소 또는 인물관련 근대 건축물 공개를 위한 보수 복원 추진 구 분 사업 내용 비 고 구 서대문형무소 경교장 장면, 최규하 대통령 가옥 유관순 옥사 및 전시물 제작설치 등 ( 08~ 12.3월) 경교장 복원 및 문화공간조성 등 ( 10~ 13.2월) 원형복구, 전시콘텐츠, 유물보존처리 ( 07.~ 13.) 10.11월 공개 13. 3월 공개 13년 4월, 6월 공개 32 33

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21 Utilization of Cultural Heritage : Its Policy and Future Challenges Kim Hong-dong Hong dong Kim Hong-dong Director of the Promotion Policy Division, Director of the Promotion Policy Division, Cultural Heritage Administration Cultural Heritage Administration Sept (Wed) (Wed) Sept Past Progress The Past The Cultural Heritage Administration(CHA) recognized cultural heritages as targets for protection and focused its policies on conservation and management thereof. The Present CHA focuses its policy on enhancing the quality of life of the citizens by diffusing leisure time with culture overtones, and allowing the people to enjoy cultural heritages. Toward that end, CHA took the following actions: * With the amendment of the Cultural Heritage Act in 1997, the concept of "utilizing cultural heritages" was adopted. * The Cultural Heritage Utilization Division was established in The Cultural Heritage Utilization Bureau was established in Efficient utilization based on the principle of the protection of cultural heritages Conservation of cultural heritage prototype 40 Systematic Efficient management utilization of cultural heritages of cultural heritages 41

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24 5. Laying the groundwork for utilizing Important Folklore Cultural Heritages (folk villages, traditional houses) 01 Promoting the branding value of world heritage villages (2012-) Formulation of long and mid-term comprehensive planning for refining historical villages - Restoration of historical villages based on historical data (to be completed in 2013) Enhancement of value of historical villages through restoration and refinement thereof, improvement of the viewing environment and tourist experience - Restoration and refinement of diverse viewing paths to enhance the viewing conditions Restoration of Seonbi-gil path connecting Hahoe Village and Byeongsan Seowon Confucian School (2012) * Restoration of the natural river and pathway of Yangban-gil in Yangdong Village(2012) - Developing Public Design, improving promotion (signs, etc.), developing traditional style streets, etc. Establishment and operation of exhibits and promotion center for historic towns - Establishing infrastructure for helping comprehensive understanding of the history in the village and education and promotion * Hahoe Village: Establishing History and Culture Center (In progress) * Yangdong Village: Yangdong Cultural Center ( Opened) 46 47

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36 02 日 本 の 近 代 建 築 保 存 と 明 治 村 鈴 木 博 之 70 71

37 鈴 木 博 之 明 治 村 - (19-20 ) - 西 郷 從 道 - 三 重 県 明 治 村, - 札 幌 - 東 山 梨 1960 谷 口 吉 郎 ( ) 土 川 元 夫 ( ) : : : 地 鎮 祭 ( ) : : 67 ( ) 12 ( 10 2 ) - : 100 m 2 - : 41 (2012 ) - : - : 木 村 操 - : 鈴 木 博 之 (5 ) 2 関 野 克 3 村 松 貞 次 郎 4 飯 田 喜 四 郎 - 徳 川 無 声 2 森 繁 久 彌 3 小 沢 昭 一,.,,,. ( ). 10,.,. - 品 川 - 菅 島 - 呉 服 座 - 宇 治 山 田 - 東 松 帝 国 - 森 鴎 外 - 夏 目 漱 石 - 西 園 寺 公 望 坐 漁 荘 - 本 郷 喜 之 床

38 - 半 田 東 湯, 1916 三 河 (, ( 北 里 柴 三 郎 ) 高 田 小 熊 ) (1923) 幸 田 露 伴 蝸 牛 庵 ( ) 汐 留, 新 橋 , 錦 絵 ( ) 3., , 1968, 3,,. 2,000 - SL.. - : SL12,,, -, (6 )., :, - (ring spinning frame),, 村 井 弦 齋 (1864~1927),. 工 部 省 ( ) 愛 知 県 豊 橋 市 : ( ). - : 中 井, 菊 の 世 - :,,, - : 宮 津.,. - : 千 早 赤 阪,,,. 4,. 4 無 声 堂 学 習 院 ( 乃 木 希 典 ) 8 神 谷 傳 兵 衛 (1856~1922), :,, 愛 知 県 西 尾 市 一 色 町., 10, - 大 明 寺,. - (6 ) - : 安 田 会 津, 茨 城 県 牛 久 市. 100 札 幌,, 74 75

39 .,,, - :, 北 里... ( ( 4 ) - 4 :. - ( ) :,, (. - ( ) : ). 東 宮 御 所 ( ) : - 芝 川 又 右 衛 門 :, :. - ( ) : ( ) : 坐 漁 荘 : - 亦 楽 庵 :, - SL12 :. - 1 :,,, ( )

40 日 本 の 近 代 建 築 保 存 と 明 治 村 建 築 家 谷 口 吉 郎 と 名 古 屋 鉄 道 土 川 元 夫 との 共 同 作 業 明 治 時 代 の 建 築 物 に 対 する 愛 惜 の 念 鈴 木 博 之 日 本 明 治 村 館 長 公 益 財 団 法 人 明 治 村 設 立 趣 意 - 重 要 文 化 財 : 聖 ヨハネ 教 会 堂 西 郷 從 道 邸 三 重 県 庁 舎 札 幌 電 話 交 換 局 東 山 梨 郡 役 所 品 川 燈 台 菅 島 燈 台 附 属 官 舎 呉 服 座 宇 治 山 田 郵 便 局 東 松 家 住 宅 - 西 洋 建 築 : 聖 ヨハネ 教 会 堂 西 郷 從 道 邸 聖 ザビ エル 天 主 堂 帝 国 ホテル 中 央 玄 関 等 - 日 本 建 築 : 森 鴎 外 夏 目 漱 石 住 宅 西 園 寺 公 望 別 邸 坐 漁 荘 本 郷 喜 之 床 呉 服 座 等 明 治 時 代 (19 世 紀 後 半 20 世 紀 初 頭 )の 各 種 の 歴 史 資 料 を 収 集 管 理 して 博 物 館 を 設 置 し 広 く 一 般 に 公 開 するとともに 明 治 の 新 しい 精 神 に 立 脚 した 社 会 教 育 の 振 興 により 現 代 及 び 将 来 の 国 民 大 衆 に 歴 史 の 指 針 を 与 え その 一 般 教 養 の 充 実 を 図 る ことによって 文 化 の 向 上 に 寄 与 することを 目 的 と する 明 治 村 の 生 い 立 ち 明 治 村 概 要 1960 年 頃 谷 口 吉 郎 ( 当 時 東 京 工 業 大 学 教 授 )と 土 川 元 夫 当 時 名 古 屋 鉄 道 副 社 長 )が 同 窓 会 で 明 治 時 代 の 素 晴 らしい 建 物 がみすみす 破 壊 されてしまうの は 実 に 惜 しいことだ と 明 治 村 の 構 想 を 話 す - 展 示 建 造 物 : 67 棟 ( 乗 り 物 含 む) 国 指 定 重 要 文 化 財 12 件 ( 建 物 10 件 + 機 械 2 件 ) - 面 積 : 100 万 m2 - 入 村 者 数 : 41 万 人 (2012 年 度 実 績 ) - 運 営 法 人 : 公 益 財 団 法 人 明 治 村 - 理 事 長 : 木 村 操 - 館 長 : 鈴 木 博 之 ( 第 五 代 ) 初 代 : 谷 口 吉 郎 第 二 代 : 関 野 克 第 三 代 : 村 松 貞 次 郎 第 四 代 : 飯 田 喜 四 郎 - 歴 代 村 長 初 代 : 徳 川 無 声 第 二 代 : 森 繁 久 彌 第 三 代 : 小 沢 昭 一 年 10 月 初 代 設 立 準 備 打 合 せ 会 開 催 単 なる 建 物 の 移 築 保 存 公 開 ではなく その 建 物 を 通 じて 人 物 産 業 文 化 など 当 時 に 関 連 した 様 々な 分 野 を 紹 介 し 明 治 の 新 しい 形 と 心 を 提 供 する ことが 明 治 村 の 魅 力 と 意 義 であると 考 えている 具 体 的 実 例 帝 国 ホテル 中 央 玄 関 大 正 12 年 (1923) 創 建 1968 年 取 り 壊 し1976 年 移 築 年 7 月 16 日 財 団 法 人 設 立 年 4 月 地 鎮 祭 年 11 月 博 物 館 認 可 年 3 月 18 日 開 村 建 物 の 移 築 保 存 各 地 に 散 在 し 建 築 近 代 化 の 風 を 受 け 消 滅 しようと している 明 治 建 築 を 救 い( 移 築 し) 保 存 している 10 件 の 重 要 文 化 財 を 含 む 全 ての 建 物 が 国 登 録 有 形 文 化 財 に 指 定 されるなど その 歴 史 的 価 値 は 高 く 評 価 されている - 大 正 12 年 (1923) 創 建 巨 匠 フランク ロイド ラ イトの 我 国 における 代 表 的 作 品 - 全 国 的 な 保 存 運 動 が 起 こったが 昭 和 43 年 (1968)に 解 体 される - 博 物 館 明 治 村 は 中 央 玄 関 部 分 の 移 築 復 原 に 着 手 - 移 築 復 原 工 事 は 外 部 工 事 内 部 工 事 の 二 段 階 で 行 わ れ 約 10 年 間 の 歳 月 がか けられ た - 博 物 館 明 治 村 が 誇 る 世 界 的 に 著 名 な 展 示 建 造 物 として 現 在 様 々な 形 で 活 用 さ れて い る 西 洋 の 建 築 様 式 や 技 術 西 洋 風 の 意 匠 を 取 り 入 れ た 近 代 建 築 物 と 永 年 受 け 継 いできた 日 本 建 築 な ど 数 多 く 展 示 されている 78 79

41 明 治 偉 人 ゆかりの 建 物 - 病 院 : 日 本 赤 十 字 社 中 央 病 院 病 棟 名 古 屋 衛 戍 神 谷 傳 兵 衛 (1856 年 ~1922 年 ) 愛 知 県 西 尾 市 一 色 町 出 身 の 実 業 家 東 京 浅 草 の 洋 酒 バーの 神 谷 バ ー 茨 城 県 牛 久 市 のワイン 醸 造 所 のシャトーカミヤ の 創 設 者 しての 価 値 は 更 に 高 まりつつあると 言 えます 一 方 で 村 内 建 造 物 は 平 均 で 築 後 100 年 を 超 えてきてお り その 保 存 修 理 費 用 は 年 々 増 加 する 傾 向 にありま す お 客 様 の 入 村 料 や 寄 付 金 を 原 資 に 保 存 修 理 を おこなってはいるものの 非 常 に 厳 しい 現 実 である と と も に 今 後 明 治 村 を 継 続 し て い く 上 で 大 きな 課 題 となっている 病 院 明 治 村 には 明 治 ゆかりの 人 物 に 関 係 する 建 物 が 多 く 移 築 さ れて い る 当 時 の 偉 人 たち の 暮 らしや 生 活 ぶり その 時 代 の 背 景 なども 本 物 の 建 物 を 通 じ て 感 じることができる - 裁 判 所 : 宮 津 裁 判 所 法 廷 - 学 校 : 千 早 赤 阪 小 学 校 講 堂 第 四 高 等 学 校 物 理 化 学 教 室 第 四 高 等 学 校 武 術 道 場 無 声 堂 第 八 高 等 学 校 正 門 大 正 5 年 (1916 年 )に 経 営 危 機 に 陥 った 三 河 鉄 道 ( 現 名 古 屋 鉄 道 の 一 部 )の3 代 目 の 社 長 に 就 任 自 ら 莫 大 な 資 金 を 投 入 して 経 営 再 建 を 果 した 平 成 7 年 汐 留 貨 物 駅 跡 地 の 再 開 発 時 旧 新 橋 駅 構 内 に 建 設 された 火 力 発 電 所 煙 突 の 基 礎 レンガ 約 3 万 丁 が 発 見 され 後 に 明 治 村 が 引 き 取 った 平 成 15 年 3 月 同 煙 突 基 礎 部 分 を 復 元 と 合 わ せ 工 部 省 品 川 硝 子 製 造 所 内 に 汐 留 レンガを 使 用 したバー デ ンキブラン 汐 留 バー をオープン 明 治 のカクテル デンキブランと 神 谷 の 偉 業 を 紹 介 している - 教 会 : 聖 ヨハネ 教 会 堂 聖 ザビエル 天 主 堂 大 明 - 学 習 院 長 官 舎 ( 乃 木 希 典 ) 寺 聖 パウロ 教 会 堂 - 西 郷 從 道 邸 - その 他 : 安 田 銀 行 会 津 支 店 札 幌 電 話 交 換 局 本 - 森 鴎 外 夏 目 漱 石 住 宅 郷 喜 之 床 半 田 東 湯 高 田 小 熊 写 真 館 寄 附 金 を 原 資 の 一 部 として 復 原 修 復 された 建 造 物 - 明 治 天 皇 御 料 車 (6 号 御 料 車 ) - 北 里 研 究 所 本 館 医 学 館 ( 北 里 柴 三 郎 ) - 西 園 寺 公 望 別 邸 坐 漁 荘 錦 絵 による 明 治 時 代 の 出 来 事 生 活 の 紹 介 - 高 田 小 熊 写 真 館 ( 増 築 ): 2007 年 3 月 竣 工 - 幸 田 露 伴 住 宅 蝸 牛 庵 など - 芝 川 又 右 衛 門 邸 : 2007 年 9 月 竣 工 明 治 村 に 約 2,000 点 所 蔵 - 北 里 研 究 所 本 館 医 学 館 ( 修 理 ): 2010 年 10 月 竣 工 - 学 習 院 長 官 舎 ( 修 理 ): 2011 年 12 月 竣 工 殖 産 興 業 など 開 国 以 降 の 歴 史 紹 介 - 西 園 寺 公 望 別 邸 坐 漁 荘 : 修 理 中 明 治 時 代 の 食 文 化 の 紹 介 保 存 修 理 の 現 状 - 亦 楽 庵 : 修 理 中 SL 市 電 は 動 態 展 示 運 行 村 井 弦 齋 (1864 年 ~1927 年 )は 愛 知 県 豊 橋 市 出 身 の 明 治 大 正 時 代 の ジ ャ ー ナ リ ス ト 食 道 楽 は 村 井 弦 斎 によって 明 治 36 年 に 書 かれたグルメ& 恋 愛 小 説 小 説 を 読 みながら 料 理 に 知 識 が 得 られ ることが 巷 の 女 性 に 受 けて 夏 目 漱 石 をはるかに 凌 ぐ 大 ベストセラーになった 明 治 村 では この 食 道 楽 シリーズの 開 拓 が 明 治 時 代 に 関 係 する 商 品 を 求 める 客 層 のニーズに 合 うものと 考 えた 財 団 法 人 明 治 村 は 明 治 時 代 の 各 種 の 歴 史 資 料 を 収 集 管 理 して 博 物 館 を 設 置 し 広 く 一 般 に 公 開 する とともに 明 治 の 新 しい 精 神 に 立 脚 した 社 会 教 育 の 振 興 に より 国 民 大 衆 に 歴 史 の 指 針 を 与 え そ の 一 般 教 養 の 充 実 を 図 ることによって 文 化 の 向 上 に 寄 与 することを 目 的 とする 事 業 を 行 ってまいりまし た 1965 年 の 開 村 から50 年 を 経 ようとしている 今 村 内 の 歴 史 的 建 造 物 は60 棟 を 超 え うち10 棟 は 重 要 文 化 財 に 指 定 されるなど 明 治 村 の 博 物 館 と - 鉄 道 : 蒸 気 機 関 車 SL12 号 京 都 市 電 明 治 天 皇 近 年 実 施 した 大 型 修 理 工 事 御 料 車 (6 号 御 料 車 )など - 直 轄 官 営 工 場 : 横 形 単 気 筒 蒸 気 機 関 リング 精 紡 - 北 里 研 究 所 本 館 医 学 館 保 存 修 理 工 事 : 機 菊 花 御 紋 章 付 平 削 盤 工 部 省 品 川 硝 子 製 造 外 壁 等 で 創 建 当 初 の 塗 装 色 を 復 原 所 など - 第 四 高 等 学 校 武 術 道 場 無 声 堂 保 存 修 理 工 事 : - 郵 便 : 宇 治 山 田 郵 便 局 舎 ( 実 際 の 郵 便 業 務 も 実 屋 根 形 状 を 移 築 竣 工 当 の 姿 に 復 原 施 ) - 呉 服 座 保 存 修 理 工 事 ( 重 要 文 化 財 : - 酒 造 業 : 京 都 中 井 酒 造 菊 の 世 酒 蔵 回 り 舞 台 全 体 の 補 強 創 建 当 初 のセリの 位 置 を 推 定 復 原 80 81

42 - 学 習 院 長 官 舎 保 存 修 理 工 事 : 外 壁 等 創 建 当 初 の 塗 装 色 を 推 定 復 原 - 西 園 寺 公 望 別 邸 坐 漁 荘 保 存 修 理 工 事 : 昭 和 初 期 に 作 製 された 幻 の 襖 紙 の 復 原 明 治 を 伝 える 定 番 のガイドに 加 え お 客 様 のニーズにあわせたガ イドも 行 っている 鉄 道 遺 産 - SL12 号 : 動 輪 とボイラの 接 触 箇 所 を 修 理 - 京 都 市 電 1 号 : 車 体 木 部 修 理 屋 根 絶 縁 塗 装 電 気 配 線 の 絶 縁 対 策 中 学 生 の 職 場 体 験 の 際 に 研 修 として 行 う 和 室 作 法 研 修 掛 け 軸 研 修 建 物 内 で 昔 の 人 がどのよ うな 生 活 をしていたか 立 ち 居 振 る 舞 いなどを 通 し て 見 学 者 へ 伝 える 諸 機 関 との 連 携 維 持 管 理 の 努 力 日 々の 点 検 清 掃 などで 建 物 の 傷 み 資 料 への 影 響 などがないか 確 認 収 蔵 室 展 示 室 や 建 物 内 で 注 意 を 要 する 部 屋 に 温 湿 度 計 を 設 置 し 建 物 や 資 料 にとって 良 い 環 境 か 確 認 北 里 研 究 所 本 館 医 学 館 松 山 市 海 上 保 安 庁 第 4 管 区 海 上 保 安 本 部 ) 価 値 の 再 発 見 旧 東 宮 御 所 ( 現 国 宝 迎 賓 館 赤 坂 離 宮 )の 家 具 修 復 と 展 示 文 化 財 をより 良 い 環 境 に 保 つためには 清 掃 が 第 一 また 文 化 財 害 虫 不 快 害 虫 清 掃 状 況 を 把 握 するた めにトラップを 設 置 82 83

43 03 798, 798 的 时 间 视 觉 黄 锐 84 85

44 798, ( ) 798,..,. 798.,.,.,..,,.,..,,.,, , , ?.,., , 798., 50..,.....,, , , 798.,,.,,.,,,.?...,

45 , ,., 1960~1970,,. 10~20..,,?..??.,,,,, ,,,., , , , 798 :, (2007).., 798..,, , ,,,?, ( 798. ) 798,....,.,, ,,,., , ,, 88 89

46 ,,,. 798? 798., 798, 798.,,,,,,,

47 798 的 时 间 视 觉 黃 銳 北 京 大 山 子 798 艺 术 区 艺 术 家 色 极 浓 的 微 弱 光 线 下, 我 被 工 厂 管 理 者 引 着 走 进 了 已 有 50 年 历 史 的 工 厂 空 间, 通 过 隐 约 显 现 的 空 间 结 构, 它 告 许 我 它 不 是 普 遍 化 的 中 国 式 风 景 但 它 是 一 个 在 时 间 里 确 实 存 在, 记 忆 着 具 体 的 生 活, 具 体 的 冲 突 和 幻 想, 我 对 它 的 语 言 略 有 所 知 三, 小 空 间, 大 环 境 在 现 在, 不 管 是 一 个 韩 国 人 还 是 一 个 中 国 人, 都 会 碰 到 语 言 环 境 的 问 题 虽 然 中 国 人 有 一 个 巨 大 的 背 景 : 中 国, 广 袤 的 疆 土 十 几 亿 的 人 口, 数 千 年 的 主 流 文 化, 仍 旧 要 面 对 一 个 被 异 化 的 语 言 环 境 国 际 语 言 与 文 化 上 的 亚 流 这 不 可 忽 视, 因 为 你 要 面 对 的 是 一 个 国 际 化 问 题, 全 球 化 问 题, 全 球 经 济 化 问 题, 最 终 这 一 切, 都 将 是 你 的 个 人 问 题 你 能 否 主 动 改 变 这 一 现 状? 恐 怕 已 经 不 少 人 进 行 过 失 败 的 尝 试 这 一 现 状 已 被 历 史 固 定 下 来 我 们 现 在 遵 循 的 是 西 方 文 化 方 式, 我 们 之 间 的 共 同 语 言 是 英 语 尽 管 说 中 国 话 的 人 数 更 多, 中 文 仍 被 认 为 是 少 数 族 群 的 语 言 当 然, 韩 语 是 更 小 的 少 数 族 群 语 言 一, 想 象 的 视 觉 空 间 可 看 到 的 视 觉 空 间 有 两 种, 一 种 是 现 实 里 的 空 间, 任 何 人 都 可 以 看 到, 有 的 人 看 到 了 空 间 里 的 内 容, 有 的 人 看 到 了 空 间 里 的 结 构 安 排 一 般 的 空 间 并 不 值 得 用 两 种 观 看 方 法 去 注 意 它 们, 而 一 般 人 什 么 都 没 有 看 到 除 非 有 视 觉 之 外 的 价 值 发 生 到 了 今 天 的 798 但 我 无 法 继 续 这 个 话 题, 因 为 想 象 视 觉 是 一 种 游 离 状 态 它 自 己 不 愿 在 现 实 空 间 中 落 脚 我 唯 一 记 得 我 的 想 象 是 从 798 空 间 的 可 辨 认 历 史 开 始 的 二, 时 间 视 觉 重 要 的 发 现 是 : 我 在 那 一 刻 时 间 看 见 了 历 史 具 体 的 历 史 虽 然 从 未 相 遇, 却 似 一 种 重 逢 这 个 旧 工 厂 曾 有 的 历 史 不 是 我 本 身 的 历 史, 但 让 我 感 觉 就 像 是 自 己 家 中 的 另 一 角 落, 它 给 予 我 扩 大 的 时 间 视 觉 我 在 夜 色 里 摸 索 墙 壁, 钢 窗, 楼 梯 的 拐 角 处, 眼 光 徜 徉 在 每 一 处 空 间 细 节 上, 我 开 始 决 定 保 护 属 于 我 们 一 代 人 的 时 间 视 觉 艺 术 家 必 须 掌 握 观 看 视 觉 空 间 的 方 法 加 以 再 现 从 事 最 基 本 的 手 段, 平 面 艺 术 家 把 场 景 里 的 对 象 描 绘 到 一 种 双 维 平 面 上 ; 雕 塑 家 塑 造 材 料 的 形 体 扩 充 作 品 空 间 的 张 力 ; 而 概 念 艺 术 家 可 以 用 任 何 错 动 的 方 法 反 映 视 觉 形 态 呈 现 何 种 样 的 视 觉 空 间 取 决 于 艺 术 家 的 性 格 经 验, 以 及 认 知 能 力 有 一 种 视 觉 空 间 既 不 是 在 现 实 中 存 在, 又 不 在 视 觉 经 验 中 存 在, 它 们 是 在 想 象 中 发 生 的 这 种 想 象 中 的 视 觉 空 间 超 越 空 间, 超 越 时 间, 超 越 各 种 领 域 的 界 限 但 这 种 空 间 是 可 以 看 到 的, 就 像 历 史 上 许 多 杰 出 的 艺 术 家 小 说 家 们 看 到 的 那 样 想 象 的 视 觉 空 间 必 须 超 越 存 在, 否 则 它 们 不 能 自 由 往 来 怎 么 会 有 时 间 视 觉, 时 间 难 道 不 是 看 不 见 的 吗? 但 我 们 可 以 说 时 间 记 忆, 或 者 是 视 觉 记 忆 既 然 如 此, 通 过 记 忆 的 媒 介, 时 间 也 可 以 是 视 觉 的, 它 通 过 视 觉 的 存 在, 转 译, 记 载 了 一 段 时 间, 又 证 明 了 时 间 的 过 程 如 果 说 时 间 的 发 展 是 线 性 的 逻 辑 化 的, 时 间 下 的 视 觉 记 忆 将 围 绕 着 某 种 线 性 逻 辑 展 开 我 们 可 以 看 出 不 同 的 环 境 在 同 一 时 间 里 发 生 出 极 其 不 同 的 事 情, 也 许 我 们 可 以 在 比 较 中 推 断, 某 些 事 物 会 出 现 在 某 种 现 象 的 延 伸 上, 可 能 是 过 去, 也 可 能 是 未 来 我 们 可 以 称 之 为 视 觉 想 象, 但 因 为 它 与 时 间 有 紧 密 关 系, 我 认 为 这 是 一 种 时 间 视 觉 在 经 历 了 大 约 5 年 时 间 神 化 般 的 发 展 之 后,798 再 次 坠 入 城 市 经 济 发 展 的 大 环 境, 几 乎 所 有 的 视 觉 现 象 重 归 中 国 制 造, 重 归 普 遍 与 日 常, 媒 体 与 批 评 家 就 此 议 论 纷 纷, 一 是 负 面 评 价 居 上 即 使 这 种 情 况, 我 也 不 会 以 一 种 普 遍 的 视 野 评 价 判 断 798, 因 为 它 的 神 秘, 审 美 因 素 隐 藏 在 深 处, 它 不 过 在 默 默 承 受 着 过 往 人 群 的 肤 浅 和 无 知 也 许 它 的 使 命 就 是 等 待, 像 10 多 年 前 发 出 过 的 那 样 我 不 知 道 什 么 时 候, 什 么 人 会 再 度 看 见 798, 看 到 它 隐 藏 下 的 本 质 这 种 现 状 在 东 亚 当 代 艺 术 的 发 展 史 上 已 经 证 明 日 本 于 20 世 纪 50 年 代 开 始 了 现 代 艺 术 运 动, 韩 国 年 代 开 始, 中 国 又 晚 了 一 二 十 年 虽 然 我 们 书 写 了 各 自 的 当 代 艺 术 史, 仍 旧 依 照 西 方 艺 术 史 的 踪 迹 和 模 式 加 以 界 定 尽 管 3 个 国 家 的 投 入 热 情, 场 合, 规 模 前 赴 后 继, 事 业 可 歌 可 泣, 可 它 们 仍 旧 远 离 世 界 艺 术 的 中 心, 甚 至 连 亚 洲 世 界 的 艺 术 中 心 都 不 是 我 不 认 为 这 种 现 状 可 以 以 一 种 政 治, 民 族, 或 经 济 的 矫 情 来 改 变 我 曾 在 日 本 生 活 多 年, 亲 历 日 本 艺 术 市 场 的 泡 沫 时 代, 那 时 也 有 日 本 人 提 出 东 京 会 成 为 亚 洲 中 心, 或 亚 洲 艺 术 中 心, 近 几 年 我 偶 尔 也 在 年 新 年 过 后, 我 入 驻 到 7 9 8, 从 某 种 角 度, 我 看 在 2002 年 的 春 天, 我 就 是 以 此 方 式 看 到 798 的 在 暮 92 93

48 北 京 听 到 这 样 的 声 音, 当 我 们 注 意 到 发 言 者 的 态 度 同 时, 就 连 发 言 者 的 身 份 都 感 到 可 笑 现 在 有 人 提 香 港, 让 我 不 想 继 续 深 入 这 种 讨 论 了 因 为 我 们 的 立 场 是 使 自 己 重 生, 在 一 个 愈 加 国 际 化 ( 异 化 ) 的 语 境 里 找 到 自 己 可 以 独 立 存 在 的 语 言 四,798 语 言 是 发 展 的 时 态 但 是, 提 倡 发 展 必 然 要 在 一 种 保 护 的 框 架 下, 尊 重 它 已 生 成 的 脉 络 下 进 行 不 仅 仅 是 工 业 建 筑 遗 产 需 要 保 护, 使 历 史 建 筑 更 新 成 文 化 语 境 的 生 态 组 织 更 需 要 保 护 在 这 方 面 的 探 讨 因 为 短 期 发 展 的 利 益 无 关, 从 未 形 成 过 正 式 的 话 题 什 么 是 798 的 主 要 动 力? 如 果 用 一 个 最 简 单 的 回 答 : 就 是 798 一 个 有 国 际 符 号 的 798, 一 个 被 符 号 化 的 国 际 化 艺 术 区 在 过 去, 我 们 说 是 不 断 表 现 在 国 际 都 市 文 化 的 开 放 型 的 创 新 能 力 现 在 我 们 说 是 由 前 者 衍 生 的 国 际 范 围 内 的 话 题 和 信 息 转 播 ; 对 城 市 经 济 社 区 形 成 辐 射 性 的 兴 奋 点 ; 经 济 领 域 利 用 当 代 艺 术 的 可 能 性 ; 本 土 当 代 艺 术 的 启 发 和 现 场 教 育 ; 本 土 艺 术 品 经 过 画 廊 包 装 提 供 给 市 场 ; 市 场 的 流 行 趋 势 与 消 费 渠 道 再 整 合 ; 商 品 消 费 与 文 化 休 闲 ; 等 等 798 处 于 一 个 剧 烈 变 化 的 城 市 环 境 当 中, 的 奥 运 会 周 期 是 个 试 练, 逐 渐 市 场 化 的 经 济 环 境 是 更 深 刻 的 挑 战 除 此 之 外, 日 常 性 的 影 响 来 自 : 国 家 政 策 的 偏 移, 国 际 关 系 里 的 紧 张 与 缓 和, 城 市 政 治 体 制 的 改 变, 规 划 者 与 管 理 者 的 人 事 变 动, 文 化 艺 术 趣 味 和 环 境 风 尚 的 流 动, 从 业 者 收 藏 家 观 光 客 的 关 系, 交 流 水 准 和 心 理 承 受, 以 及 长 官 意 志 规 划, 工 作 目 标, 管 理 风 格, 法 律 及 法 规, 资 金 来 源 及 运 作, 在 798 这 个 特 殊 场 所 里, 一 切 都 是 多 重 的, 每 一 种 情 况 都 会 是 尽 其 复 杂 的, 如 果 仅 从 一 个 角 度 上 结 论 798, 恐 怕 不 是 798 语 言 几 年 以 前, 我 接 受 大 邱 市 的 邀 请, 参 与 了 市 区 一 个 烟 厂 的 建 筑 空 间 如 何 转 化 成 艺 术 区 的 考 察 在 交 流 过 程 中, 我 极 力 说 服 对 方 应 改 变 小 空 间 的 思 考, 改 造 小 空 间, 应 该 直 接 地 引 用 大 环 境 的 思 考 面 对 大 环 境, 设 计 小 小 空 间, 不 但 非 常 必 要, 而 且 是 唯 一 出 路 我 问 : 你 们 的 管 理 小 组 里 有 几 位 成 员 是 从 外 国 邀 请 的? 或 者 首 尔 邀 请 来 的? 设 计 师 呢? 回 答 说 没 有 我 感 觉 这 件 事 在 我 眼 前 一 下 子 缩 小 了 这 个 事 儿 过 去 5 年 了, 我 没 有 再 听 到 他 们 的 消 息 一 朝 天 子 一 朝 臣 新 一 届 的 798 总 裁 从 老 798 工 厂 中 产 生, 一 反 上 一 届 总 裁 打 压 独 立 艺 术 家 的 姿 态, 开 始 与 我 接 近 我 们 在 一 起 谈 到 798 的 现 状 与 展 望, 谈 到 未 来 规 划 我 跟 他 说 到 了 新 一 轮 更 新 改 造 的 阶 段 了, 应 该 是 : 寻 找 798 的 灵 魂, 扩 大 798 的 符 号, 提 升 的 品 质 创 新 能 力 来 自 人 的 资 源 人 的 资 源 是 使 798 的 动 力 可 持 续 性 发 展 的 最 主 要 资 源 城 市 管 理 者 看 到 一 波 一 波 流 动 的 人 浪 了, 也 仅 仅 是 这 种 现 象, 另 一 种 人 的 资 源 却 无 法 看 见, 或 许 它 从 此 消 失 了 如 果 我 们 不 再 有 重 新 发 现 的 话 798 的 过 去 和 现 在 所 产 生 的 变 化 问 题, 我 曾 以 开 放 的 对 话 方 式 在 广 泛 的 领 域 里 寻 找 答 案 (2007), 尽 管 诸 般 答 案 都 是 不 尽 人 意 的 798 已 经 迅 速 的 商 品 化, 我 觉 得 表 面 上 的 繁 荣, 其 实 影 响 了 它 的 质 量 由 于 市 场 的 因 素, 一 些 展 览 的 情 况, 环 境 的 世 俗 趣 味, 798 受 到 很 大 影 响 这 种 状 态 之 中, 很 难 再 有 使 世 界 震 惊 的 高 水 准 的 实 验 性 展 览 活 动 出 现, 很 难 再 有 世 界 水 平 的 研 究 者 收 藏 家 过 来 798 五, 那 里 再 有 创 新 动 力? 这 种 情 况 可 以 成 为 反 比, 愈 是 从 本 土 文 化 民 族 文 化 城 市 文 化 地 方 主 义 的 思 考 出 发, 你 做 事 情 的 开 放 性 愈 小, 你 得 到 的 局 限 性 就 更 多 以 798 为 例, 在 2002 年 到 2003 年 的 有 限 艺 术 实 验 之 后,2004 年 开 始, 我 们 提 出 一 个 口 号 无 限 度 开 放 : 开 放 一 切 空 间, 开 放 一 切 计 划, 开 放 一 切 交 流, 开 放 一 切 语 言 这 个 口 号 证 明 是 成 功 的, 即 它 从 另 一 方 向 解 放 了 民 族 性 本 土 意 识 的 对 抗 性, 使 对 抗 性 可 以 上 升 成 为 一 种 公 平 的 ( 如 果 我 可 以 这 么 说 的 话, 需 要 意 识 在 全 球 化 经 济 的 前 提 下 ) 艺 术 竞 演 如 果 要 辨 认 798 的 资 源, 有 的 资 源 属 于 明 显 的 形 态, 如 包 豪 斯 风 格 的 工 业 建 筑, 闻 名 中 国 享 誉 世 界 的 艺 术 区, 包 括 尤 伦 斯 艺 术 中 心 林 冠 基 金 会 佩 斯 画 廊 等 数 百 家 艺 术 机 构 画 廊 咖 啡 厅 书 店 礼 品 店 等 这 些 都 是 可 以 说 成 硬 资 源, 另 外 有 些 软 资 源, 比 如 说 曾 经 的 几 十 位 入 驻 艺 术 家, 经 常 性 的 展 览 活 动 ; 有 年 度 或 季 节 性 的 艺 术 节 联 合 活 动 演 出 季 ; 大 型 展 博 览 会 开 幕 时 到 访 的 国 际 重 要 策 展 人 评 论 家 收 藏 家 艺 术 家 等 现 在 谁 也 不 反 对 798 的 保 护 问 题 了 过 去 激 烈 争 论 的 某 些 话 题 已 经 成 为 既 定 方 针 但 在 798 及 其 整 个 城 市 背 景, 发 展 的 动 力 比 保 护 工 作 具 有 优 先 性 计 划 与 工 作 更 是 充 满 了 发 展 的 变 数 可 以 说,7 9 8 艺 术 区 就 94 95

49 04 : Opening minds and hearts. About the connective power of cultural heritage. Pieter-Matthijs Gijsbers 96 97

50 : 2012 NOM 52,. 80%., ,. 2.. (Mental Map). 10 NOM (150 ), (140 ), (90 ) 4..., (Netherlands Open Air Museum, NOM) ( ) ,, ,..., 1,, 1912 (NOM) 15km., ( - - ) - (,,,, ). 100km, 1. 1, NOM 2,100. 1, ,,, , ,000. NOM ( ).. NOM... NOM 98 99

51 (Association of European Open Air Museums). NOM.. (ICOM).. NOM.. :... NOM,. 2005, NOM. NOM, NOM(,. NOM ) (Zoover Award) ,.,, NOM...,..,, 2., 2016,.. NOM :., NOM (NOM NOM 1980 ), 5. NOM. (1600~2002), NOM.. NOM..,.,

52 . 5 3, NOM NOM NOM, ( ) NOM.,,, ( ).. NOM,. NOM...,... NOM (,,, ) 20 NOM NOM.,. ( )..,. NOM,,..,,,,.,,.,,,

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55 Opening minds and hearts. About the connective power of cultural heritage Pieter-Matthijs Gijsbers Director of the Netherlands Open Air Museum in role in strengthening social harmony. This, you positioned between the densely populated Dutch will notice, will be a Leitmotiv in my presentation. Randstad (Amsterdam-The Hague-Rotterdam) I'm very much aware of the fundamental and basic and the German Rhine-Rur Area (Duisburg, Essen, significance of our kind of museums: that they Dortmund, Cologne and Düsseldorf). Both of which Introduction & lay out finance of a modern, independent museum. are very much effective in connecting people and generations. The connective power of cultural are approximately 100 kilometres or one hour drive away from Arnhem. Together these regions Ladies and Gentleman, It's my first visit to your dynamic and expanding country and here, at the beginning of this lecture, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the National Folk Museum of Korea for its invitation to participate in this congress. Although I arrived only one day ago I'm already deeply impressed by the very positive spirit of its people. This is an eager country loaded with ambition and possibilities and full of motivated and talented people. Ladies and gentlemen, it is because of my experience with the Netherlands Open Air Museum, of which I'm director since 2009, that I have been asked to discuss with you some fundamental aspects of museums, focusing on folk and open air museums. My presentation to you this afternoon will consist of 4 chapters. The first chapter pertains to performance and organisation of the Dutch Open Air Museum. Here, I will face a first and pivotal problem (or better: challenge): the In the second chapter I will introduce to you a recent, crucial development the Netherlands Open Air Museum has to take care of: the visualisation of an outline of the history of the Netherlands. Although the detailed plans for this extension are still under discussion, I'm already very much sure about the method with which we are going to visualise this national history: by making use of 'tangible and intangible heritage'. This approach is based on the very successful method used by the Netherlands Open Air Museum since 1991 in presenting history to the public: buildings, interiors and objects are used to tell true stories about people and communities. Chapter 3 tries to give some tools for building a museum that successfully presents history to modern visitors. Based, again, on my experience in the Netherlands and until now very effective there. In the fourth chapter I will stress the importance for modern museums to connect people of various cultural and social backgrounds. Modern museums have to play heritage is so successful, I think, because heritage - tangiable and intangiable- is capable of opening minds and hearts of all kind of people. But only so if they are convinced that this heritage is connected to themselves, to their history and their destiny. In this final chapter I will share with you my conception of the powerful challenge museums such as ours must address; something that I call the Mental Map. Chapter 1 Performance, finance & organization of the Netherlands Open Air Museum, including difficulties, challenges and recent developments. Facts The Netherlands Open Air Museum (NOM), founded in 1912, is located in Arnhem, the Netherlands, only 15 kilometres away from the Kröller Müller Museum and, if we take a bigger picture, offer 17 million potential visitors. Up until now our marketing has been focussed, for the most part, on the Dutch market, however, this will change. In 2012 the Open Air Museum attracted visitors, of which 80% were Dutch citizens. With more than Dutch visitors this makes the museum the number one museum in the Netherlands with regard to internal visits. In the 2012 top 10 list of most-visited museums of The Netherlands, the NOM was in the fourth position, after Van Gogh (no 1 with 1.5 million), Anne Frank House (1.4 million) and the Rijksmuseum ( visitors). In 2013, the NOM will generate approximately 21 million euro's in income, of which 12 million is the yearly subsidy from the Dutch government and 9 million is earned by the museum itself and comes from ticketing, sponsoring, shops and restaurants. We run the museum with 160 full-time equivalent (240 people) and with 400 volunteers. The

56 restaurants have 30 full-time employees and many considered to be a very comfortable one, especially This intervention was considered by many as a shops and restaurants. This required also a focus flex-workers. Attached to the museum is a Union of from a financial point of view. Business was of brutal act of cultural barbarism. Staff, Friends on education, on schools, because a museum Friends with more than members. little importance to the museum; the focus was and visitors of the NOM felt humiliated. Some, that invests in the future of society is considered very much on collecting and collections. This may especially the conservators and scholars, relevant. Very much inspired by Julian Spalding s It is important to note that the museum acts appear to be a paradise-like situation, but as a result considered the museum as it earlier existed (i.e., book The Poetic Museum: Reviving Historic as an independent, not-for-profit institution the visitors, their stories and their interests were very much focused on research and collecting) Collections the NOM was revitalised. And with (Foundation), whose board of directors is not taken very seriously at all when the museum to be doomed and they worried that, because of these changes came success: in 2005 the NOM controlled by a supervisory board. The collections considered matters of strategy and policy. In those its new commercial requirement it could become was proclaimed European Museum of the Year; in are national heritage, and therefore, state days, museums resembled bureaucratic institutions just a typical tourist attraction, a theme 2009 it was voted the most attractive museum on owned. Because of this the NOM is called a in their thinking and acting and were far removed park where history was something comical and history of the Netherlands and in 2012 it received National Museum and is financially supported by from the public-focused, swiftly adapting and quick amusing, a time machine where entertainment the Zoover Award as Best Museum. the government. This yearly subsidy should be moving entrepreneurs that museums have become in was more highly valued than issues of academics, considered as a management fee for preserving the present time. science or cultural history. Challenge and presenting. Connected to this foundation is The question of how to finance this and other a commercial division in which we organise our Because of a financial crisis in the late 1980 s Looking back we can only conclude that the museums will become one of the biggest commercial activities like restaurants and shops. the Dutch government changed this situation. decision to make cultural institutions independent challenges in the coming years. It is true for all As a member of UNESCO s Association of European First, they considered the option of closing the and self-reliant was a blessing in disguise. The cultural institutions in the Netherlands. This year Open Air Museums, the NOM adopts the Code NOM. However, because of the broad and vocal museum was forced to invent a new formula, not the Dutch government made significant cuts in of Ethics issued by the International Council of popularity of this museum with the Dutch people, for an amusement park (the NOM continued to be subsidies for culture and further measurements are Museum (ICOM). it was decided, in 1991, to transform the NOM from responsible for safeguarding the national heritage) to be expected for the years from 2016, as a result a state-owned museum into a private, independent but for something in between: a hybrid of a theme of the worldwide crisis. We are witnessing hard Difficulties foundation that would be only partially subsidised park and a museum. An institution capable of times with far reaching effects, like the closure of One important turning point in the museum s history by the state and that, consequently, would be making money and still preserving the past, museums and the combining of several orchestras. had profound implications regarding its organisation required to generate significant income. The and with the visitor as central focus. Vital to the But again, like the situation in 1991, there is also and finance. Before 1991, the NOM was entirely museum is a cultural institution as well as a success of this change would be providing service a more positive side of this medal. Museums, financed and controlled by the Dutch government, commercial enterprise. and hospitality in order to attract yet more visitors, orchestras and theatre companies realise once including it s day-to-day business. This situation was selling more tickets and getting more income from more that is not the government that has to be

57 considered as their closest ally but, instead, their Chapter two brought more than a financial and organisational the Netherlands Open Air museum started quite clients: the public. We all realise that we have Heritage connects people independence. In order to survive the museum recently. On behalf of the Dutch government the to invest in our public, in new and in existing had to make more money. Increasing the yearly museum is working on the completion of a list of friends. We have to build emotional bridges Facts: The collections of the Netherlands Open amount of visitors was of the utmost importance. national Intangible Heritage a task related to the between communities and our museums. We must Air Museum Only presenting the collection would not be ratifying by the Dutch government of the UNESCO- maintain close contact to a central aspect of the At the core of the Netherlands Open Air Museum enough. It was recognised that it was not the treaty on Intangible Heritage in You, here museum: the public themselves, especially the is a collection of about one hundred buildings and collection but the visiting public that should be in Seoul, are very familiar with this UNESCO- public outside the museum. This is not only about of approximately objects. The buildings, in the zenith of the museum s mind and actions. treaty. From the outset Korea played a decisive money. It is about support. A museum should be which were collected from the very beginning of The transformation in those days was very much role in raising the question of immaterial culture supported not only by the government but most of the NOM in 1912, come from all the Dutch regions, in the way described by Julian Spalding in his within UNESCO. The results are impressive; more all by its visitors and friends. Make the visitors feel they cover 5 centuries ( ) and they differ book which I mentioned earlier. A museum is not than 150 countries signed the treaty. Worldwide at home in your museum; make them feel that the typologically from farms and mills to urban houses foremost about artefacts, it is about the object and many museums and 'competent bodies' are active museum is about them, that they are important. and industrial complexes. All the buildings are its social and human context. The philosophy of in finding and describing important traditions Connect local communities to the buildings that accessible and in good shape. In accordance with Sharing Experiences, in the decades after 1991, and rituals. The Open Air Museum has already came from their city, village or neighbourhood. UNESCO rules, the museum does not actively became the mission of the Open Air Museum. incorporated aspects of intangible heritage into its Make them proud of this building. Suggest to them acquire new buildings. On the contrary, it very In this process of exchanging memories and presentations as a result of its mission Sharing that they adopt the building and take financial much stimulates to keep the monuments as much experiences between the public and the museum, Experiences and also its focus on collecting responsibility for it. Ask for their stories, activate as is possible in situ. The collection consists collections function as an intermediate instrument and telling real stories that are connected to its their memories. Bind them by the heart; they will furthermore of a broad variety of objects related of communication. Storytelling and interaction collections. The UNESCO project will enlarge the repay you with enthusiasm and financial support. to the daily life in Holland of the last 5 centuries become important as are real stories, which trigger scope of the museum in a more fundamental way with everything from traditional Dutch dresses to the visitor and invite him to act by commenting on because it is focused on the communities that complete interiors of shops and houses. Nearly his or her own story. keep this intangible heritage as well as on their 100% of the collection is digitalised; only a part efforts to safeguard this heritage. This outward of which is online and with an even smaller part Towards a new definition of heritage, focus is quite new for the Netherlands Open Air currently on display. incorporating tangiable and intangiable elements Museum. The challenge is the transformation of Ahead are now two fundamental challenges for the a rather closed museum into a platform that is The developments of 1991, mentioned above, NOM. The first is related to a very exciting project active in the centre of society, very focused on

58 connecting heritage, people and communities as to the world of intangible heritage and the In the last 20 years the Netherlands Open Air impoverished, humble dwellings from the former well as amateurs and professionals. communities that keep this heritage alive. As a Museum has transformed itself from a traditional backstreets of Amsterdam. We rebuilt it exactly final step, this already very rich and many layered open air museum with the focus on a rural cultural as it was found in With this we are able to A second challenge consists in connecting storyline will be connected to a presentation of an heritage into a museum (or preferably: a platform present issues of poverty and social problems: the this broadened scope of the museum with the outline of Dutch national history. Accessible to all, or stage) on which a variety of aspects connected world of the poor and the disadvantaged. implementation in the Open Air Museum of the and presented from different points of view. to Dutch daily life from past and present are national history of the Netherlands. Although publicly shared. Nowadays, we are not only In this process of transformation, the Netherlands detailed plans for this extension are still under presenting famous and iconic elements of The Open Air Museum does not limit itself to safe discussion, I'm already very much sure about the Chapter 3 Netherlands, such as windmills and water-mills, stories. On the contrary: in 2003 it opened the method with which we are going to visualise this Stories of the past for people of the 21 century impressive and stately farmhouses from Friesland, Moluccan Barracks, an original 1939 wooden national history: by making use of 'tangible and Groningen and The Beemsterpolder, picturesque barrack from the province of Noord-Brabant in intangible heritage'. Making use of intangible The two challenges mentioned above will farm cottages from Brabant, Gelderland en which a theme closely linked to Dutch postwar heritage in a presentation of national history is transform the Netherlands Open Air Museum Limburg in the style Vincent van Gogh drew decolonisation is presented to the public: the quite new. Normally these presentations heavily into a museum (or better a meeting point) with and painted, a small village from The Zaan near transfer, in 1951, of some twelve thousand men, rely on artefacts, as the Haus der Geschichte in presentations and stories that are relevant for Amsterdam, a milk factory with steam engine, women and children from the former Dutch colony Bonn and the Deutsches Historisches Museum young and old, for more and less educated people. gardens and trams from Rotterdam, the Hague and in Eastern Indonesia to temporary settlements Berlin, both in Germany, show. But many of the In which stories form the past and from more Arnhem. across the Netherlands, and the subsequent traditions and rituals, which we call intangiable recent times are mixed and objects, buildings, tensions between the Dutch and the Moluccan's. heritage, although quite often practiced in small stories, traditions and rituals are brought together. With new and often less glamorous buildings These tensions resulted in some dramatic hostage communities, are also and sometimes very much A museum, furthermore, that doesn't limit itself to and interiors we expanded the span of time from taking situations in the 1970s in trains, schools so related more (supra)national events, from sunny and safe stories. That has an eye, however, the 17th century to modern times; to be more and office buildings. The Moluccan Actions from recent times and from the past. Sometimes these for both sides of the medal. This, I think, is a very precise: to today s history. As an expression of the years have had a deep and long 'lifelines' bring history closer to the public than important aspect of a modern museum. Presenting this, on April , H.M. Queen Beatrix formally lasting effect on Dutch daily life comparable, I objects or buildings do. In the coming months the modern, well informed people stories from the opened a group of buildings from Amsterdam, that think, to that of the Brigate Rosse and Rote Armee Netherlands Open Air museum will develop a new past implicates that these stories have to be had been demolished in 2002 and subsequently Fraktion in Italy and Germany. And - if you like it storyline which connects the actual collection of multilayered, with 'many voices'. Let me explain reconstructed in at our museum. or not - this and many other stories have coloured tangible heritage (buildings, interiors, objects) this. The nucleus of this complex consists of some recent Dutch life as well, alongside themes like

59 growing wealth and liberalisation, emancipation and used dog meat in their menu; the Chinese We used this method with success in the the production of a National List of Intangible and feminism. That these Moluccan Actions had were puzzled by the enormous size of the Dutch, recently opened Amsterdam buildings that were Heritage (see above), but to draw as well plans for such a tremendous effect is the result, I think, of the huge amounts of food they ordered and their reconstructed on the main square of the museum, a physical and digital presentation of the Dutch the fact that more or less for the first time on stinginess. Here, in short, more than one voice is directly behind the entrance building. Here, the National History in 50 chapters, to be realised Dutch ground and not in far away Indonesia it heard and both sides of the mirror are shown. Now, visitor is invited to investigate the relationship in close cooperation with the Rijksmuseum in made clear that the impact of colonialism, even in it is this reciprocity that transforms the presentation between historic as well as recent migration Amsterdam. This project should be considered its final phase, had complicated aspects. In short, of the Chinese-Dutch restaurant from just fun into and his or her own daily life. One of the central as a unique opportunity to expand not only the it was a watershed occurrence and that was how a mirror. A mirror which confronts the visitor with elements is the reconstruction of a small lodging museum s storyline (in which daily life culture it was felt in the Low Countries. It is this impact on a view on the subject of Dutch identity and Dutch for immigrants from Turkey, installed in one of and national history will be combined into one daily life which makes the theme of the Moluccan's culture a view which can be quite disturbing to these houses in the 1970s. The story told here undistinguishable unity) but to position the so appropriate for an Open Air Museum. some. After this, the visitor might not be so certain combines grand narratives (i.e. international Netherlands Open Air Museum with the support about his or her concept of Holland anymore. Of immigration) with more intimate and personal of the Rijksmuseum even more as the principal Let me give you a second, comparable example course, the Delftse Molen (Windmill from Delft) perspectives, and shows how these public and museum about the daily life culture (tangible and of an exotic aspect that has profoundly shaped will remain the same; but the association with this personal realms are always intertwined. Because intangible) and history of the Netherlands and its Dutch daily life: immigration from China. Last year image might change: yes, it is Dutch, but. of its sheer monumentality and prominent people. It will become, I hope, a museum about the Open Air Museum opened a reconstruction of location near the entrance, these Amsterdam history, for people of the 21 Century: inviting a Chinese-Dutch restaurant from 1962, installed A museum as a mental map of a nation houses already now function as an overture to them to reflect on history, with an open mind for in the centre of what most visitors consider a Already now, with the new presentations and the museum. There, at the beginning of his walk different viewpoints and aware of the manifold typical, Dutch village: the Zaanse Buurt. In this educational elements mentioned above, it is through Holland, the visitor is confronted with an ways history can be used as a political or religious presentation the museum dwells on the history of tempting to think of the Netherlands Open Air approach that questions what is typically Dutch instrument. the migration to the Netherlands in the last 400 Museum as a mental map of Holland. By that I rather than being given definitions and clear-cut years in general and, more specifically, of Chinese mean a place where many aspects of Dutch daily answers to what should be considered true and Challenge migration, which began in Here the visitors life, culture and history, both past and present, are authentic Dutch characteristics. The challenge in the process of incorporating become fully aware that the communication presented. These will function as instruments for the national history of the Netherlands in our between immigrants and locals was very much further thought, enabling visitors to reflect on their The crescendo in this ongoing process came Open Air Museum is to remain a museum in line influenced by mutual stereotypes and clichés. own biography, on the concept of Holland and on last year. In 2012 our museum was asked by the with UNESCO/ICOM definitions: politically and According to the Dutch, the Chinese were unhygienic the concept of Dutch. Dutch government not only to take the lead in religiously independent, critical, objective and

60 with an open mind. Not to become, in short, Chapter 4 (well-known and anonymous). It is about them; it This, Connecting People, should be one of the an instrument of a political, religious or social Opening minds and hearts. Museums and Social is not about objects, buildings or interiors. History central ambitions of a modern museum. movement. In this respect, the Netherlands Open Harmony is not about early times or things that are past and Air Museum has had a bad experience. The fascist gone. It is about our society, now. About ourselves, Thank you. takeover of the Netherlands during the years In this last section I will focus on a delicate, our memories, our parents. And it is made on confronted the museum with plans, but in my opinion important and very real behalf of our children and their children and on designed by the Nazi's Rijks SS to change the aspect of museology. Do we as museums want and on. Pieter-Matthijs Gijsbers museum s layout based on the 12 provinces of the to contribute to Social Harmony? Worldwide Director Netherlands Open Air Museum Netherlands into a tribe-based layout with a Saxon, many museums have signed the 2010 Shanghai Nowhere, many Dutch visitors proclaim, can the August 2013 Frank and Frisian region. It was a design aiming UNESCO agreement on Museums and Social Dutch soul be experienced more convincingly to emphasise the shared history and identity Harmony and have felt inspired to play an active than in the Netherlands Open Air Museum. Not between the Germans and the Dutch or, in other role in fundamental questions and discussions only do people whose families have been settled words, to make it more German and less Dutch. I'm about identity, about educating the young, about in the Netherlands for many generations feel at quite sure that modern open air museums have intergenerational training and learning, about home there, it is true also for the so-called new sufficient expertise and competence to discuss safeguarding intangible heritage and other communities in our country; for example, people themes from national history with distance, from matters. whose families are originally from Turkey, Surinam, different angles and presented with many voices. Marocco or China. Last year we witnessed many Museums that open their minds and hearts to young Turkish-Dutch visitors photographing society and to the public in all its variety and with themselves in front of the Turkish Lodging. With all the different opinions, stories and identities this house one young woman confessed to me, will receive something in reward: public support. the story of my father s migration to Europe is not This, public support, is my answer on one of the only visualised but, even more importantly, also key questions today: how to build a (open air) integrated into the official history of Holland. This museum. In all the chapters above the central presentation makes me feel accepted and welcome issue was finally focused on linking the museum in the Netherlands. to people, to (dominant and minority) groups, to communities (religious and social) or individuals

61 feelcom 120

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