DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

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1 Atmosphere. Korean Meteorological Society Vol. 20, No. 4 (2010) pp y x d ½x *Á w» w ( : , : , y : ) Forecast Sensitivity Analysis of An Asian Dust Event occurred on 6-8 May 2007 in Korea Hyun Mee Kim* and Jun Kyung Kay Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University (Received : 17 June 2010, Revised : 11 August 2010, Accepted : 29 October 2010) Abstract : Sand and dust storm in East Asia, so called Asian dust, is a seasonal meteorological phenomenon. Mostly in spring, dust particles blown into atmosphere in the arid area over northern China desert and Manchuria are transported to East Asia by prevailing flows. An Asian dust event occurred on 6-8 May 2007 is chosen to investigate how sensitive the Asian dust transport forecast to the initial condition uncertainties and to interpret the characteristics of sensitivity structures from the viewpoint of dynamics and predictability. To investigate the forecast sensitivities to the initial condition, adjoint sensitivities that calculate gradient of the forecast aspect (i.e., response function) with respect to the initial condition are used. The forecast aspects relevant to Asian dust transports are dry energy forecast error and lower tropospheric pressure forecast error. The results show that the sensitive regions for the dry energy forecast error and the lower tropospheric pressure forecast error are initially located in the vicinity of the trough and then propagate eastward as the surface low system moves eastward. The vertical structures of the adjoint sensitivities for the dry energy forecast error are upshear tilted structures, which are typical adjoint sensitivity structures for extratropical cyclones. Energy distribution of singular vectors also show very similar structures with the adjoint sensitivities for the dry energy forecast error. The adjoint sensitivities of the lower tropospheric pressure forecast error with respect to the relative vorticity show that the accurate forecast of the trough (or relative vorticity) location and intensity is essential to have better forecasts of the Asian dust event. Forecast error for the atmospheric circulation during the dust event is reduced 62.8% by extracting properly weighted adjoint sensitivity perturbations from the initial state. Linearity assumption holds generally well for this case. Dynamics of the Asian dust transport is closely associated with predictability of it, and the improvement in the overall forecast by the adjoint sensitivity perturbations implies that adjoint sensitivities would be beneficial in improving the forecast of Asian dust events. Keywords : Adjoint sensitivity, Asian dust forecast, Forecast sensitivity, Energy forecast error, Lower tropospheric pressure forecast error, Relative vorticity Corresponding Author: Hyun Mee Kim, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Phone : , Fax : khm@yonsei.ac.kr 399

2 y x d 1. y ƒ ƒwš e vwƒ f, y ƒ w y š. y twd ew w. y (1990) ù w e y x p (,,», ) w w z, w w ƒ w. y w, y y»,, w» w, w ( 1995; ³ ½ 1997; 1999; Chun et al. 2001; Kim and Song 2004),, y yw, Ÿw p (Chun et al. 2001; 2003; z 2003; Chun and Lim 2004),, y e w e m w ( 1997; In and Park 2002; Park and In 2003; Park and Lee 2004),, y w (Chung and Yoon 1996; 2000; Lee et al. 2005) ù. w y w»» y w y 3, y e w. y w vw» w yw y ƒ w.» y w» WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting model: Skamarock et al. 2005) wš, y d y (US Environmental Protection Agency) w CMAQ (Community Multi-scale Air Quality; Byun and Ching 1999)» w ƒ œ w ADAM (Asian Dust Aerosol Model; In and Park 2002) wš. CMAQ w» (, «,, e, ) w» w» e š, ADAM y š w y w w,» (e.g., WRF) w» (,, ) w.» ƒ yw y y» w». yw y w» w» w wš, e d» w w d y» w Kim et al. (2008) w» wz» 20«4y (2010) w. Kim et al. (2008) w» PM10 ƒ d y w w d wš, y d ƒ j ùkù (i.e., d ) ƒ w. d» w»», d y w j. Kim et al. (2008) d w w, y d» wd» d. y ƒ w w» w» ( 1997, Uno et al. 2001).» wd» d, l w ƒ,» wd» w w w w ù w y x w» y d» w (i.e., d ) PSU/ NCAR (Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research) MM5 (fifth Generation) Adjoint Modeling System (Zou et al. 1997) w wš, p w d d d w š w. d (adjoint sensitivity) p l (singular vector) w, y w y» y ƒ w w l» k (i.e., ) w d w, y» y w y d w š w w. 2 p l x, 3 y ww x r, 4 w p d ( w ) w y w. w d d l, ƒ w w p. d w ƒ» ù

3 w ùkü» ƒ j» y g d w ùkü, p w t d w d w. t d (adaptive or targeted observations) d w ( d ) dw w (Kim et al. 2004; Kim et al. 2008; Kim and Jung 2009a, b). d w yw» w e t d.» Áœ ƒ t d» p d p yw, t d ƒ d e z t d yw w» y l w w. w d w š (Kim et al. 2004). w» w x x x w v w, x w tx. x f = Nx ( a ), ½x Á 401 (1)» N x w, x a, x f ƒƒ», x w d w.» ƒ, w d d x f j w.» ƒ j»ƒ š ƒ w, d y x f tx. x f δ x f = N δ x a = x x = x a Mδx a, (2)» M x N x. w» w w R wš w y txw. w w w. R = M T R. x a x f e mw ú d» x w w z ù» k dw, (4) tx Fig. 1 w ù w R y ( ) w w» x f R w y ( ) w z x. a w w y w» x w w» w w w k v. w y x d w p ¾» x wš w, y» x d w. y» y w d w d» wd» d ƒ š, w w w l w w w w 1: d Rabier et al. (1996) w w d w» w, w w sww w xk y d ƒ w. (4) R R R δr = , δx x f = , Mδx f x a f M T R R = , δx. (3) x a = , δx f x a a M T x M <, > ƒ ü w. (3) w l (4). w (4) l z mw» Fig. 1. Schematic of backward integration by the adjoint model to calculate the adjoint sensitivity. Atmosphere, Vol. 20, No. 4. (2010)

4 y x d 1 R 1 = -- Pe 2 f, CPe f, w 2:» wd» d l w ¾ y» w w z š» w w» w» wd» d w w. y» ³ y w, (1997) z w» w š» w w y jš, w œ x yw» d w sww w y w. Uno et al. (2001) d w y y ƒ d, w w z e w š» û.» wd» y, t šá» l y w. p w œ šá» l w y œ y w» wd» w» wz» 20«4y (2010) (5)» e f ƒ w MM5 d ( d - ) P n w wd» R 1 w w w w. š C R 1 xk yw (Zou et al. 1997; Kim and Jung 2009a, b).» k» National center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Analysis (FNL)» k š ƒ w. R 1 w w y mw d» w w. (5) w tx. 1 R 1 = -- u 2 v 2 w g Nθ 2 θ 2 σ, x, y ,(6) ρc p 2 dydxdσ s» u', v', w', θ ' pp' ƒƒ,,» d, N, θ, ρ, c s ƒƒ s³ Brunt-Väisälä, s³, s³, š w. y š w y w.» wd» d w w tx. R 2 = Pp ( f p a ). (7) P (5) w tx ƒ n, p f 850 hpa w» wd» de, p a w w MM5 k U, V, W, T, Qv, PP w w w y.» U, V, W 3, T, Qv, PP» w. w y w» y ql «q q w p», w w y w w y w w ƒ y w ù w z q w. p w w» wd» d l qw»,» wd» d w y» y d w w. l w w Kliest and Morgan (2005) Kim and Beare (2010) w. R ( 2 ) R R = ζ a y U , a x V a» ζ a», U a, V a ƒƒ» w û w.» w ƒ (4) z, (8) w Poisson t l w ƒ w d ƒ š ƒ w, w ƒ d» w ƒ j d k ƒ. w» w l key analysis error w š (8)

5 (Klinker et al. 1998).» ƒ w key analysis error w z,» x a key analysis error» w w x f (e.g., Klinker et al. 1998; Kim and Jung 2006; Kim et al. 2008). δx a = αc R. (9) x a (9) C (5) w (energy norm matrix), α ƒ. w ƒ» w ( 1) (11)» x a w. Langland et al. (2002) w, ƒ d (10) w. α 1 e f, Ce f = (10) 2 R , C R x a x a ( 1)» x a l w d NCEP FNL w (6) w wš, l w» ( 2) x a w. w ( n)» k x a w š, (11). ( 1) x a ( n) x a = = ( 1 ) x a + δx a. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( n ) x a + δx a + δx a + + δx a. (11) Kim et al. (2008) d ƒ ¾ w p l p l w p w» ƒ w w p š (Kim and Morgan 2002; Kim et al. 2004). w d w ÿ p l w» w d» w w.» ù d» (6) w. ù» j». ½x Á 403 x λ 2 f, Cx f = , (12) x a, Cx a» λ 2 x f = Mx a š C w T x a M T P T CPMx a = (13) T x a Cx a p l λ ( )» 2 x a š, P n. (13) w x a (14) š l w š, w Lanczos algorithm (Kim 2003) w w. M T P T CPMx a = λ 2 Cx a. (14) 2.4. x MM5 Adjoint Modeling System (Zou et al. 1997). l x w x, swwš, k l w X={U,V,W,T,Qv,PP}. 1 1 w NCEP FNL Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) version 2 (Reynolds et al. 2002)ƒ e x»,. e x s 80 km w ( Ü ) ( 39 N, 115 E)ƒ Lambert n, 14 d. w» x l œ. x Grell y, MRF w d, s y,, wš x UTC l UTC¾ 24. ƒ w ƒ¾ ü» y ƒ d ƒ l w y ƒ w»¾ l 8 ¾ ù w y x Atmosphere, Vol. 20, No. 4. (2010)

6 y x d» w š» w j» w w w ü y ƒ w (Fig. 2a).» 7 w» w w z y w š,» z û y ƒ» û w 8 w w y ƒ š» dw. w 8 w d 1025 µgm -3 y ƒ d (Fig. 2c)» y zw w y w. ù 8 z w w ë w y ƒ d. 7 w» t w ù, 7 18 UTC t, t» y w y š, t w» y d ƒ. t w ƒ» wd» r d û» dw (not shown). ù w y Gobi, Tengger, š Ordos w û w w w w w. w w w e y w ü, y wš (Lim and Chun 2006). w e y ƒ ù ƒ¾ w š y dw»ƒ w 1: d 24 d w» wš, ƒ X={U, V, W, T, Qv, PP} w ww xk Fig. 2. Mean sea level pressure (contour interval of 4 hpa) and surface wind speed (m s, shaded) of the NCEP FNL data at (a) 1800 UTC 6 and (b) 1800 UTC 7 May (c) PM10 concentration (µ g m -3 ) from 1800 UTC 6 to 1200 UTC 8 May 2007, observed in four observation stations in Korea. w» wz» 20«4y (2010)

7 김현미 계준경 (단위: J kg )로 변환, 연직으로 적분하여 한 층으로 표현하였다. 이렇게 수반민감도를 표현함으로써 각 연 직 층과 모든 모델 변수에 대한 평균적 수반민감도 분포를 살펴 볼 수 있다. 2007년 5월 6일 18 UTC에 초기 수반민감도의 분 405 포를 살펴보면 내몽골과 고비사막의 경계 (위도 45~50 N, 경도 115~120 E)에서 최댓값을 보이며, 고 비사막의 북서쪽까지 길게 확장되어 있음을 알 수 있 다 (Fig. 3a). 민감도의 최댓값은 고비 사막 북쪽에 위 치한 대규모 상층 기압골의 축을 중심으로 하단에 위 Fig. 3. Vertically integrated energy distributions of adjoint sensitivities (J Kg, shaded) and geopotential height at 500 hpa (solid, contour interval of 60 m) at (a) 1800 UTC 6, (c) 0600 UTC 7, and (e) 1800 UTC 7 May Vertical cross sections of energy distributions of adjoint sensitivities (J Kg, shaded), potential vorticity (thick solid, contour interval of 2 PVU), and potential temperature (thin solid, contour interval of 8 K) along the line of (b) AA' at 1800 UTC 6, (d) BB' at 0600 UTC 7, and (f) CC' 1800 UTC 7 May 2007 in Figs 3a, c, and e, respectively. Atmosphere, Vol. 20, No. 4. (2010)

8 y x d ew» sww -û w ¼ swš. ew»» û w d» w Ì w 12 z UTC w ( 40~45 N, 117~123 E) ewš (Fig. 3c). Figure 3e 12 z UTC w, w sww p ( n ƒ ) sƒ ùkù. Figure 3a t w» w r,» ƒ w» 700~600 hpa y w (Fig. 3b). ¾ š»» s w (e.g., Kleist and Morgan 2005),» d ew d t d» p. 12 z UTC ùkù, ƒ ƒ ¾ ewš (Fig. 3d) UTC w s ƒ¾ ƒ¾ wd l» d¾ swš (Fig. 3f). l d»»» 24 z y d j w e y w. Figures 3a, c e ùkù y Fig. 4 w œ œ» w w,» e y e (i.e., ü ) ew y w. w s³ s r,» ƒ» wd s š (Fig. 5a) d ƒ» d ewš (Fig. 5b), Fig. 5. Vertical energy distributions of (a) the adjoint sensitivity (J kg ) at 1800 UTC 6 May 2007 and (b) the forecast error at 1800 UTC 7 May Fig. 4. A backward trajectory of the Asian dust occurred at 1800 UTC 7 May 2007 in Korea, initiated at N, E over 750 hpa and calculated during 24 hours from 1800 UTC 7 to 1800 UTC 6 May w» wz» 20«4y (2010)

9 김현미 계준경 위도 저기압 발달과 관련된 전형적인 수반민감도 분 포와 일치함을 알 수 있다. 마지막 시간의 예측 오차 에너지의 상층 분포는 하층으로부터 상층으로의 시간 에 따른 에너지 전파와 관련되며, 이는 Morgan (2001) 에서 논의된 파동 활동 플럭스 (wave activity flux)의 보존에 의해 설명될 수 있다 반응 함수 2: 대기 하층 기압 예측 오차 와도에 대한 민감도 500 hpa에서 와도에 대한 수반민감도를 살펴보면, 초기 시간인 5월 6일 18 UTC에 음의 민감도가 고비 사막 북쪽에 위치한 상층 기압골 부근과 만주, 내몽 골, 한반도를 포함하는 넓은 지역에 분포하고 있으며 고비 사막 서쪽에 작은 크기의 양의 민감도가 위치하 고 있음을 알 수 있다 (Fig. 6a). 음의 민감도가 분포 407 하고 있는 지역은 Fig. 2a에서 보인 바와 같이 지상 의 고 저기압 사이에 강한 기압 경도력이 존재하는 지역과 대략적으로 일치한다 (Fig. 6a). 12시간 후 음 의 민감도의 최댓값은 상층 기압골의 남쪽에서 남동 쪽으로 천천히 이동하여 한반도로 접근하고 양의 민 감도 또한 남동쪽으로 이동한다 (Fig. 6c). Figure 6a에 표시된 직선 A-A'을 따라서 와도에 대 한 초기 수반민감도의 연직 단면도를 살펴보면, 연직 으로 서쪽으로 약간 기울어져 있지만 거의 수직에 가 까운 구조를 보인다 (Fig. 6b). 민감도의 최댓값은 대 류권 하층인 850 hpa 부근에 위치하고 있으며, 두 번 째 최댓값은 중하층인 약 650 hpa과 상층인 300 hpa 부근에 분포하고 있다. 하층 850 hpa에 위치한 최대 크기의 음의 민감도는 온위의 경도가 매우 큰 전선면 근처에 위치하고 있다 (not shown). 양의 민감도는 음 Fig. 6. Adjoint sensitivities of low atmospheric pressure forecast error with respect to relative vorticity (100 kg m s, shaded for negative value and shaded with dotted contour for positive value) and geopotential height at 500 hpa (solid, contour interval of 60 m) at (a) 1800 UTC 6 and (c) 0600 UTC 7 May Vertical cross sections of the adjoint sensitivities (100 kg m s, shaded for negative value and shaded with dotted contour for positive value), potential vorticity (thick solid, contour interval of 1.5 PVU), potential temperature (thin solid, contour interval of 8 K) along the line of (b) AA' at 1800 UTC 6 and (d) BB' at 0600 UTC 7 May 2007 in Figs. 6a and c, respectively. Atmosphere, Vol. 20, No. 4. (2010)

10 y x d ewš, w j»ƒ. d wd» û» ew, (3) w w y, 850 hpa w wd» ƒw û d w. ew w» wd» d w. w w w» wd t» ( - )ƒ y, t d ƒ 24 z w» û d, ƒ» w» d ƒ z ƒ.» ƒ yw ù w t» d»w. x w ƒ w sw 850, 650, 300 hpa ew» y, w d» y t» û w. ƒ ƒ» w t» û d, û d t» d. ew š» y wš w š» y t» w. d t» d d z ƒ. Figure 6c t B-B'» l 12 z w r, w t d»» w ƒ¾ š (Fig. 6d).» ƒ 850, 650, 300 hpa ewš, 12 ƒ.» d ewš, w j»ƒ. 12 ƒ»» wd» w d w. w s³ s r,» w» wz» 20«4y (2010) Fig. 7. Vertical distributions of the Euclidean norm of adjoint sensitivity with respect to relative vorticity (kg m s ) at (a) 1800 UTC 6 and (b) 0600 UTC 7 May 2007.» wd swš vjƒ» d ewš (Fig. 7a). 12 z» w d ewš ƒ wd ü ƒ š,» d vj j» wš (Fig. 7b).» wd d ƒ sw y ƒ» wd» d j w. wd» x s ewš, d d»» w e w» w r 850 hpa š»» ü ƒ swš, û ¼ ewš (Fig. 8c).» ƒ sw ƒƒ ƒw, w w» û d» wd» d ƒ j z ƒ.» 12 z» wì r, ewš š ewš (Figs. 8c d)., ƒw d ¾ š» wd» d û d ƒ ƒw. w dz r, ƒ w e (not shown). w w» ¾ w» wd»

11 김현미 계준경 409 Fig. 8. Adjoint sensitivities of low atmospheric pressure forecast error with respect to temperature (100 kg m K s, shaded -2 for negative value and shaded with dotted contour for positive value) and temperature (K, contour interval of 5 K) at (a) 500 hpa and (c) 850 hpa at 1800 UTC 6 May 2007 and (b) 500 hpa and (d) 850 hpa at 0600 UTC 7 May 측에 영향을 미치는 것을 나타낸다. 반대로 양의 민 감도 지역, 즉 온도 골에 양의 온도 섭동을 부가하면 예측된 온도 골이 더 얕아지게 되고 예보 시간에 대 기 하층 기압의 예측 값을 높여 예측 오차가 낮아지 게 된다. 이런 이유로 초기 민감 지역에서 온도가 부 정확하게 모사되면 나중에 반응 함수인 대기 하층 기 압 섭동의 예측에 오차를 야기할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 상층 500 hpa의 온도에 대한 초기 민감도를 살펴보 면, 양의 민감도가 고비 사막 북서쪽에 두드러지며 와 도에 대한 민감도와 달리 850 hpa의 민감도보다 서쪽 으로 편향된 구조를 갖는다 (Fig. 8a). 12시간 후에는 민감도 최댓값이 기류의 흐름을 따라 남동쪽으로 전 파하며 850 hpa의 민감도와 비교하여 여전히 서쪽에 위치하는 것을 볼 수 있다 (Fig. 8b). 850 hpa과 비교 하여 전반적으로 양의 민감도를 나타내며, 양의 민감 도 지역이 온도 골의 서쪽에 나타나 이 지역의 온도 변화가 마지막 시간의 대기 하층 기압 예측 오차에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있다. 수반민감도를 이용한 예측 오차 감소 2.3절에 제시된 바와 같이 수반민감도에 가중 인자 를 곱해서 key analysis error를 만든 후 이를 초기 조 3.3. 건에 더하면 초기 조건의 불확실성을 줄이는 효과가 있다. 이렇게 수정된 초기 조건을 이용하여 다시 예 보를 한 후 수반 모델을 이용하여 반응 함수의 변화 율을 후진 적분하여 수반민감도를 다시 구할 수 있다. 이런 방식을 예측 오차가 더 이상 감소하지 않을 때 까지 반복적으로 적용한 후 수정된 초기 조건을 구할 수 있다. Kim and Jung (2006)에서는 이 방법을 이용 하여 태풍의 예측 오차를 18% 줄일 수 있음을, Kim et al. (2008)에서는 황사와 관련된 대기 순환 예보의 오차를 57.4% 줄일 수 있음을, Jung and Kim (2009) 에서는 한반도에 영향을 미친 대설과 관련된 온대성 저기압의 예측 오차를 42.9% 줄일 수 있음을 보인 바 있다. 이 연구의 사례에 대해서는 2.3절에 제시된 방법을 이용하여 5번의 반복 실험을 한 결과 62.8%의 예측 Atmosphere, Vol. 20, No. 4. (2010)

12 y x d Fig. 9. (a) Energy of forecast error for each iteration process in the adjoint sensitivity-based iterative procedures mentioned in section 2.2. R represents the response function. (b) Differences between forecast errors of the control run and each modified run by the adjoint sensitivity-based iterative procedures (square for two iterations and filled circle for five iterations). k (Fig. 9a). x ƒ» w, x ƒ š f w kt, w d ƒ j»ƒ, y š» w ƒ { f x ƒ w. d s r d ƒ f» d d ƒ y w (Fig. 9b) x y w» w x ƒ zw y w w. x ƒ z x w x x w y w š (Errico and Vukicevic 1992). Ancell and Mass (2006) w, w» 10% w š w. y» 1 K ƒwš, y» 1K ƒw. d» w ƒ j», ƒ z x ƒ z y w. w» w» ƒƒ x mw w x w w w, x ƒ z w. Table 1. Ratio of nonlinearly evolved temperature perturbation to linearly evolved temperature perturbation in the projection area. Variable Ratio U V T Q » x w x wš 1 w (Table 1). ù, x w.» 500 hpa 24 z w sƒ Fig. 10 ùk ù. Figure 10a x z s š, Fig. 10b x z s, s xkƒ w. x x ƒ w 1 wš, x x z q l s sƒ w» x ƒ z w š q p l (14) w p l xk yw w s r, UTC p l s s (Fig. 11a) Fig. 3a» s w.» p l š ü ¾ swš (Fig. 11a), y ü w» wz» 20«4y (2010)

13 ½x Á 411 Fig. 10. Zoanl wind component (contour interval of 100 m s, solid for positive and dotted for negative value) of (a) linearly evolved perturbations and (b) nonlinearly evolved perturbations on 500 hpa. Fig. 11. Vertically integrated energy distributions of the leading singular vector (a) (contour interval of J kg ) at 1800 UTC 6 May and (b) (contour interval of 0.1 J kg ) at 1800 UTC 7 May ew. p l w š (Fig. 11b), e w n ƒ ew (Fig. 3e), p lƒ d ùký.» p lƒ d w ƒ w. 4. ü yƒ w ù y z ƒw. p, w y ƒ w w {, y» y y, œ { z vwƒ. vw»w» x z w» x (High Imapct Weather: HIW) š w, y x w HIW wù š w. HIW w z w HIW d w v w. ¾ kt,»» x d d» y x» y w y» y d» w wš p w d d d w ~8 w y w, ƒ, ü m w w ww w y. y» y» w w w š, w d d d w» w d» wd» d w w. w (i.e., ) l (i.e., ) w w Atmosphere, Vol. 20, No. 4. (2010)

14 y x d w. d (R 1 ) w s s d sw, wd». x, d w. R 1 w s p l w, w» sƒ d.» wd» d (R 2 )» w s r, s d š, R 1 s w wd» ù d vjƒ ù kù. r, w» ƒ¾ s. R 1 s R 2 s y ƒ š ƒ j ùkù» w» wd» d e w. d wd» û» ew wd» û d š, ƒw wd» d.» wd t» d ( - )ƒ y, t d» ƒ» y w» y 24 z w» û dwš, ƒ š» y wš w š» y t» w w» d ƒ z ƒ.» ƒ yw ù w t» d»w. R 2» w s s» w s w. ƒ d» w ùkü», d w ( ƒ j )» ƒ š ƒw. w ƒ w key analysis error š w»» d w k. mw» w» w ƒw ³ x w 62.8% d ƒ w. x ƒ» x w key analysis error w d ƒ, y» ƒ { f x ƒ š w. x ƒ z w» w, x x wš x x s s r, 1 wš s s xk w x ƒ w. w w w w y w, sƒ w d w. w w d mw ƒ y» y d. wz p l w w y w d w ƒ w. w w ( w ) w w (KRF C00776) w. š x y, 1990: w y p w. w» wz, 26, ³, ½, 1997: 1980~1989» x y x. w» wz, 33, ,, «y,, 1999: y» y x. w» wz, 35, ,,, 2003: y x x p. w» wz, 39, ,, 1995: w y x» p. w» wz, 31, w» wz» 20«4y (2010)

15 ,, 1997: w d y e II; y p. w» wz, 33, , ½w, L. Natsagdorj, D. Jugder, and Shou-jun Chen, 2000: 1997~2000 w y w :». w» wz, 36, z,,, 2003: OPC(Ÿw») d w 2001 s. w»y wz, 19, Ancell, B. C., and C. F. Mass, 2006: Structure, growth rates, and tangent linear accuracy of adjoint sensitivities with respect to horizontal and vertical resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, Byun, D. W., and Ching, J. K. S., 1999: Science algorithm of the EPA Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System. EPA/600/R-99/030, US EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. Chun,¾Y.,¾K. O.¾Boo,¾J.¾Kim,¾S. U. Park, and M. Lee, 2001: Synopsis, transport, and physical characteristics of Asia dust in Korea. J. Geophys. Res., 106, Chun,¾Y., and J. Y. Lim, 2004: The recent characteristics of Asian dust and haze events in Seoul, Korea. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 87, Chung, Y. S. and M. B. Yoon, 1996: On the occurrence of yellow sand and atmospheric loadings. Atmos. Environ., 30, Errico, R. M., and T. Vukicevic, 1992: Sensitivity analysis using an adjoint model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, In, H. J. and S. U. Park, 2002: A simulation of long-range transport of Yellow sand observed in April 1998 in Korea. Atmos. Environ., 36, Jung, B.-J. and H. M. Kim, 2009: Moist-adjoint based forecast sensitivities for a heavy snowfall event over the Korean peninsula on 4-5 March 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D15104, doi: /2008jd Kim, H. M., 2003: A computation of adjoint-based sensitivities in a quasigeostrophic model. Korean Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 6(2), Kim, H. M., and M. Morgan, 2002: Dependence of singular vector structure and evolution on the choice of norm. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, Kim, H. M., M. Morgan, and R. E. Morss, 2004: Evolution ½x Á 413 of analysis error and adjoint-based sensitivities: Implications for adaptive observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, Kim, H. M., and B.-J. Jung, 2006: Adjoint-based forecast sensitivities of Typhoon Rusa. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21813, doi: /2006gl Kim, H. M., J. K. Kay, and B.-J. Jung, 2008: Application of adjoint-based forecast sensitivities to Asian dust transport events in Korea. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 195, , doi: /s Kim, H. M. and B.-J. Jung, 2009a: Singular vector structure and evolution of a recurving tropical cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, Kim, H. M. and B.-J. Jung, 2009b: Influence of moist physics and norms on singular vectors for a tropical cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, Kim, H. M. and R. J. Beare, 2010: Characteristics of adjoint sensitivity to potential vorticity. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., in press. Kim, Y. K. and S. K. Song, 2004: Synoptic Analysis and Transport during Asian Dust Events observed over Korea. J. Kor. Meteo. Soc., 40(3), Kleist, D. T., and M. C. Morgan, 2005: Application of adjoint-derived forecast sensitivities to the January 2000 U.S. east coast snowstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, Klinker, E., F. Rabier, and R. Gelaro, 1998: Estimation of key analysis errors using the adjoint technique. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, Langland, R. H., M. Shapiro, and R. Gelaro, 2002: Initial condition sensitivity and error growth in forecasts of the 25 January 2000 east coast snowstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, Lee, S. S., Y. Chun, J. C. Nam, S. U. Park, and E. H. Lee, 2005: Estimation of dry deposition during Asian dust events in spring of J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 83A, Lim, J.-Y., and Y. Chun, 2006: The characteristics of Asian dust events in Northeast Asia during the springtimefrom 1993 to Global and Planetary Change, 52, Morgan, M., 2001: A potential vorticity and wave activity diagnosis of optimal perturbation evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, Park, S. U. and H. J. In, 2003: Parameterization of dust emission for the simulation of the yellow sand (Asian Atmosphere, Vol. 20, No. 4. (2010)

16 y x d dust) event observed in March 2002 in Korea. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D19), 4618, doi: /2003jd Park, S. U., and E. H. Lee, 2004: Parameterization of Asian dust (Hwangsa) particle-size distribution for use in dust emission models. Atmos. Environ., 38, Rabier, F., E. Klinker, P. Courtier, and A. Hollingsworth, 1996: Sensitivity of forecast errors to initial conditions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, Reynolds, R. W., N. A. Rayner, T. M. Smith, D. C. Stokes and W. Wang, 2002: An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate, J. Clim., 15, Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2005: A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 2. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-468+STR, 88 pp. Uno, I., H. Amano, S. Emori, K. Kinoshita, I. Matsui, and N. Sugimoto, 2001: Trans-Pacific yellow sand transport observed in April 1998: A numerical simulation. J. Geophys. Res., 106, Zou, X., F. Vandenberghe, M. Pondeca, and Y.-H. Kuo, 1997: Introduction to adjoint techniques and the MM5 adjoint modeling system. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/ TN- 435STR, 110 pp. w» wz» 20«4y (2010)

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