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12 Unix / Linux 01

13 Unix / Linux 01 (Unix) 1970 AT&T (Ken Thompson) (Dennis Ritchie) PC 1990 (Linus Torbalds)PC (Linux) (Apple) (Mac) OS X PC OS X ios (Android) PC MIT (Multics) (simplicity) (portability) C

14 01 C C 1.1

15 1. (Android) OS 2. ios 3. (Mac) OS X 4. (Linux) 5. BSD (Unix) 6. V 7. Sun (Solaris) 8. IBM AIX 9. HP HP-UX 10. Cray (Unicos) 1.2 (super-user)

16 01 ftptelnetwww

17 CPU (Memory) (Disk) (Peripherals) 1.3 (kernel) 1.4

18 01 (Process management) CPU (File management) (Memory management) (Communication management) (Device management) (system call) (shell)

19 GNU GNU 1970 AT&T 1969 (Ken Thompson) 1972 (Dennis Ritchie) C C C V(System V) BSD 1.5 AT&T (System V) V V IBM AIXSun SolarisHP UP-UX

20 01 AT&T (Univ. of California, Berkeley) (Berkeley Software Distribution) BSD TCP/IP (Socket) BSD BSD 4.3 BSD OS(Sun OS) OS(Mac OS)

21 (Solaris) (Sun) (Sparc) CPU 1.6 (Linux) PC 1991 (Linus Torvalds) PC GNU (RedHat) (Ubuntu) (Debian) (Fedora)CentOS 1.4

22 01 (Mac OS) 1984 GUI 2002 NeXTSTEP BSD OS X 1.7OS X (Android) PC 1.8

23 ios OS X API iphoneipadipod 1.9 ios CentOS CentOS (Ubuntu)

24 01 PC CD/DVD USB MS (Unity) 1.10

25 (Debian) (Debian Project) apt (Debian) (Ian Murdock) (Debra) USB CD/DVD (Fedora) RPM USB CD/DVD

26 01 (Community ENTerprise Operating System) CentOS CentOS CD/DVD CentOS CD/DVD CentOS-6.x-i386-bin-DVD.iso CentOS-6.x-i386-minimal.iso CentOS-6.x-i386-netinstall.iso gcc (S/W Development Workstation) CentOS GNOME 1.11

27 1.6 X-(X window) X X- CentOS X-

28 CentOS 1.10 X MS PC

29 telnet cs 1.14 C:\> telnet cs.sookmyung.ac.kr PuTTY PuTTY ~sgtatham/putty ssh 1.15 ssh (cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr) 1.16

30 01 X GNOME PuTTY exit logout $ exit $ logout

31 2 (superuser) root root root root root su root root $ su useradd root 1.1 # useradd

32 01 -c -d /home/ -e -s -u uid ID -g ID agape # useradd agape cs12 agape # useradd -g cs12 agape passwd agape # passwd agape agape : : passwd:

33 /etc/passwd agape:x:501:502::/home/agape:/bin/bash /etc/shadow agape:$6$2m53.be.$pgob0x.g8bfhxfn2b5h58.kmcudxvimblh8euqvcb9qap.v0thbx J8WJsocYIesxLV9Sb3sWQIBnlWoZWS.Yw1:15432:0:99999:7::: /home/ # ls -asl /home/agape 32 4 drwx agape cs :19. 4 drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root : rw-r--r--. 1 agape cs :58.bash_logout 4 -rw-r--r--. 1 agape cs :58.bash_profile 4 -rw-r--r--. 1 agape cs :58.bashrc 4 -rw-r--r--. 1 agape cs :40.emacs 4 drwxr-xr-x. 2 agape cs :54.gnome2 4 drwxr-xr-x. 4 agape cs :18.mozilla userdel -r # userdel [-r] GNOME

34 01 groupadd -g ID # groupadd [-g gid] cs12 # groupadd cs12 /etc/group groupdel # groupdel

35 PC PuTTy PC

36 Unix / Linux 02

37 Unix / Linux 02 date $ date hostname uname $ hostname cs $ uname SunOS who $ who brain pts/ :46 ( )

38 02 chang pts/ :40 ( )... ls $ ls Desktop invite.csh README clear $ clear passwd $ passwd passwd: chang : : : passwd: (chang ). man date man $ man date User Commands NAME date - write the date and time... date(1)

39 DESCRIPTION The date utility writes the date and time to standard output... (ordinary file) (directory) (folder) (device) (special file) ( stdin)( stdout) (root) 2.1

40 02 /bin /sbin /etc /kernel /dev /home /export /lib /var /tmp /usr NFS /usr/bin /usr/include /usr/lib /usr/local "include"

41 /usr/man 2.2 (home directory) $HOME (current working directory)

42 02 pwd pwd $ pwd /home/chang mkdir $ mkdir test $ mkdir test cd [ ] $ cd test $ cd test $ pwd /home/chang/test ls cs1.txt

43 $ ls cs1.txt ls -s(size) $ ls -s 6 6 cs1.txt ls. -a(all)... $ ls -a... cs1.txt -l(long) rw-r--r :37 $ ls -l 6 -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :37 cs1.txt

44 02 $ ls -asl 10 2 drwxr-xr-x 2 chang faculty :37. 2 drwxr-xr-x 3 chang faculty : rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :37 cs1.txt ls * 0 $ ls ls /tmp $ ls /tmp cs1.txt $ ls cs1.txt (pathname) (absolute pathname) 2.3 test cs1.txt /home/chang/test/cs1.txt

45 (relative path name) test cs1.txt ~ :. :.. : cd.. cd ~ 2.1

46 02 ls ls -a ls -asl mkdir cd cd cd ~ cd.. pwd (cat, more, head, tail, wc ) $ (more ) 0 * $ more + $ more +

47 (vi, gedit ) cat (2.5 ) cs1.txt cs1.txt ^D(Ctrl-D) $ cat > cs1.txt... ^D cs1.txt cat cs1.txt (1 ) $ cat cs1.txt cat $ cat... ^D more

48 02 $ more + [space-bar] q $ more cs1.txt Unix is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. The Unix operating system was first developed in assembly language, but by 1973 had been almost entirely recoded in C, greatly facilitating its further development and porting to other hardware. Today's Unix system evolution is split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors, universities (such as University of California, Berkeley's BSD), and non-profit organizations. The Open Group, an industry standards consortium, owns the UNIX trademark. Only systems fully compliant with and certified according to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use the trademark; others might be called Unix system-like or Unix-like, although the Open Group disapproves[1] of this term. However, the term Unix is often used informally to denote any operating system that closely resembles the trademarked system. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large-scale adoption of Unix(particularly of the BSD variant, ----(59%) head (10 ) $ head cs1.txt

49 Unix is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. The Unix operating system was first developed in assembly language, but by 1973 had been almost entirely recoded in C, greatly facilitating its further development and porting to other hardware. Today's Unix system evolution is split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors, (5) $ head -5 cs1.txt Unix is a multitasking, multi-user computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. tail (10 ) $ tail cs1.txt Linux, which is used to power data centers, desktops, mobile phones, and embedded devices such as routers, set-top boxes or e-book readers. Today, in addition to certified Unix systems such as those already mentioned, Unix-like operating systems such as MINIX, Linux, Android, and BSD descendants (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and DragonFly BSD) are commonly encountered. The term traditional Unix may be used to describe a Unix or an operating system that has the characteristics of either Version 7 Unix or UNIX System V. (5)

50 02 $ tail -5 cs1.txt wc cs1.txt $ wc cs1.txt cs1.txt (-l) (-w) (-c) $ wc -l cs1.txt 38 cs1.txt cp $ cp 1 2 cs1.txt cs2.txt cs1.txt cs2.txt $ cp cs1.txt cs2.txt ls -l cs1.txt cs2.txt

51 $ ls -l cs1.txt cs2.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :37 cs1.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :45 cs2.txt $ cp cs1.txt /tmp $ cp cs1.txt /tmp ls -l cs1.txt /tmp/cs1.txt $ ls -l /tmp/cs1.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :31 /tmp/cs1.txt mv $ mv 1 2 cs2.txt cs3.txt cs2.txt $ mv cs2.txt cs3.txt ls cs2.txt cs3.txt

52 02 $ ls -l -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :37 cs1.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :56 cs3.txt $ mv cs3.txt /tmp $ mv cs3.txt /tmp ls -l cs3.txt /tmp/cs3.txt $ ls -l /tmp/cs3.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :56 /tmp/cs3.txt rm $ rm + cs1.txt $ rm cs1.txt rmdir $ rmdir +

53 test $ rmdir test rm -r $ rm -r 2.2 cat * more + head * tail * wc * cp 1 2 mv 1 2 rm + rmdir + grep

54 02 (file attribute) cs1.txt $ ls -sl cs1.txt 6 -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :37 cs1.txt - d rw-r--r : (-) (d) (l) (p) (s) (b c)

55 ID( ) root (permission mode) (r) (w) (x) 2.4 r w w (owner) (group) (others) rw-r--r-- rw- r-- r--

56 02 X GNOME chmod -R $ chmod $ chmod [-R]

57 rw- r-- r cs1.txt 664 rw- rw- r cs1.txt $ chmod 664 cs1.txt $ ls -l cs1.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 chang faculty :37 cs1.txt [u g o a] + [+ - =][r w x] + u(user), g(group), o(other), a(all) : +(), -(), =() : r(), w(), x() cs1.txt cs1.txt w $ chmod g+w cs1.txt

58 02 chown chown -R $ chown $ chown [-R] chgrp -R $ chgrp $ chgrp [-R] (output redirection) 2.6 > $ >

59 who names.txt $ who > names.txt cat cat list1.txt list2.txt $ cat > list1.txt Hi! This is the first list. ^D $ cat > list2.txt Hello! This is the second list. ^D

60 02 $ cat list1.txt list2.txt > list3.txt list3.txt $ cat list3.txt Hi! This is the first list. Hello! This is the second list. (append) >> $ >> list1.txt $ cat >> list1.txt Bye! This is the end of the first list. ^D list1.txt $ cat list1.txt Hi! This is the first list. Bye! This is the end of the first list.

61 (input redirection) 2.7 < $ < wc list1.txt $ wc < list1.txt list1.txt wc list1.txt $ wc... ^D

62 02 (here document) << << $ <<... end wc $ wc << end hello! word count end $ who > names.txt $ sort < names.txt (pipe) 2.8

63 $ 1 2 $ who sort brain pts/ :23 ( ) chang pts/ :28 ( ) kimch pts/ :35 ( ) wc $ who wc -l 3 2.5

64 02 > >> < 1 2 cat 1 2 > Ctrl-C $ ^C Ctrl-Z $ ^Z () fg

65 $ fg 2.9 & $ & 100 done test.c $ (sleep 100; echo done) & [1] 8320 $ find. -name test.c -print & [2] 8325

66 02 jobs $ jobs [1] + Running ( sleep 100; echo done ) [2] - Running find. -name test.c -print fg $ fg % 1 $ fg %1 ( sleep 100; echo done ) $ find. -name test.c -print > find.txt & $ find. -name test.c -print mail chang & $ wc < inputfile & (process)

67 PID ps $ ps PID TTY TIME CMD 8695 pts/3 00:00:00 csh 8720 pts/3 00:00:00 ps ps u $ ps u USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND chang pts/3 Ss 11:12 0:00 -csh chang pts/3 R+ 11:15 0:00 ps u ps aux $ ps aux USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root ? Ss :27 init [5] root ? S< :01 [migration/0] root ? SN :00 [ksoftirqd/0] root ? S< :00 [watchdog/0]... root ? Ss 11:12 0:00 sshd: chang [pr chang ? R 11:12 0:00 sshd: chang@pts chang pts/3 Ss 11:12 0:00 -csh chang pts/3 R+ 11:24 0:00 ps aux

68 02 kill $ kill $ kill % 1 ( 8320) $ kill 8320 $ kill %1 [1] Terminated ( sleep 100; echo done ) 2.6 & ^C ^Z bg jobs fg %1 kill %1 ps kill

69 vi vi 5.5 X GUI gedit kwrite gedit X GNOME gedit GNOME [gedit ] $ gedit [ ] & gedit MS 2.10

70 02 kwrite KDE gedit 2.11

71

72 02 (1) (2) Lab02 (3) Lab02 (4) Lab02 (5) Lab02 (6) $ ls $ ls -a $ ls -l $ ls -al $ ls -d $ ls -F $ ls -u $ ls /tmp $ ls /etc

73 $ ls /etc/passwd $ ls -asl /etc/passwd $ mkdir unix $ cd unix $ cp /etc/motd test.txt $ ls $ cp /etc/motd. $ mkdir Temp $ cp test.txt Temp $ cp Temp Tmp // $ ls $ cp -r Temp Tmp $ ls Temp $ ls Tmp $ cd unix $ ls -l $ chmod 644 test.txt $ ls -l $ chmod 666 test.txt $ ls -l $ chmod 400 test.txt $ ls -l $ cd Tmp $ ls $ rm -i test.txt $ cd.. $ ls Tmp

74 02 $ rmdir Tmp $ rm -r Temp $ ls gedit kwrite (intro) $ cat intro $ cat -n intro $ more intro $ tail intro $ tail -5 intro $ tail +5 intro $ tail -f intro cp 8 (1) rwxr-xr-x (2) rw-r--r-- (3) rw-rw---- (4) r-xr--r--

75 Unix / Linux 03

76 Unix / Linux 03 X X (GUI) 1984 MIT 1987 X X X X X11R6 X 2004 X.org ( X11R7 3 X 1. 2.

77 X X X X xdmgdmkdm X (X display manager) X 3.1 (CentOS) X 3.2

78 X $ % X $ startx $ xinit X X (window manager) MS OS X X 3

79 03 X X X TWMMWMFVWM (Window Maker) (After Step) (Enlightenment) TWM(Timeless Window Manager) X X FVWM(F Virtual Window Manager) TWM (Window Maker) GUI

80 (After Step) FVWM GUI (Enlightenment) GNOMEKDE (Desktop Environment) MS GNOME KDE(K Desktop Environment) CDE(Common Desktop Environment)Xfce CDE GNOME KDE GNOME KDE X X GNOME KDE

81 03 GNOME(GNU Network Object Model Environment) X GNOME BSD GNOME GNOME GNOME GNOME GNOME

82

83 GNOME DVD-ROM 3.8 DVD-ROM DVD-ROM (arag and drop) 3.7 [Open in Terminal]

84 (file manager) 3.8 (Nautilus)

85 03 GNOME (Firfox)

86 KDE(K Desktop Environment) X KDE KDE KDE HP-UXBSD KDE 3.10 KDE 4

87

88 KDE URL Dophin Dolphin

89 KDE (file manager) (Dolphin) MS 3.17

90 KDE NTA(Network Transparent Access) Network URL ftp URL

91 KDE 3.19

92 X GUI X GUI X (X protocol) X X X X X X X X 3.20 X X X X X X X xterm xclock firefox X X X X X

93 03 X X X 3.20 X X X X X X GNOME KDE X X xterm xterm GNOME Terminal konsole xclock X xclock $ xclock & [1] X X X X X X DB

94 3.21 xclock X X X X X $ x -display :0 & cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr konsole 3.22 linux.sookmyung. ac.kr $ konsole -display linux.sookmyung.ac.kr:0 & # cs2

95 03 X X X SSH X X X X xhost $ xhost +[] linux.sookmyung.ac.kr cs2 $ xhost +cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr

96 + - $ xhost - MS X MS X X X X X X X X X X MS PC PCX MS X XmanagerXming MS Xmanager Xming Xmanager XDMCP(X Display Manager Control Protocol) X Xmanager 3.23 Xbrowser Xbrowser 3.24

97 03 Xbrowser (Address Bar) IP Xbrowser IP 3.25 (CentOS) 3.26

98

99 03 X (1) X X 5 (2) X (3) xhost GNOME KDE KDE GNOME X X (window manager) (file manager) MS X

100 Unix / Linux 04

101 Unix / Linux 04 (Local Area Network) LAN 4.1 (Ethernet) PARC LAN 48 MAC LAN LAN

102 04 (router) 4.2 (Gateway) 4.3 LAN (protocol)

103 (wireless access point, WAP) (Internet) TCP/IP (protocol) TCP/IP IP(Internet Protocol) IP IP IP IP TCP(Transport Control Protocol) IP HTTPFTPSMTP IP TCP TCP/IP

104 04 (hostname) IP (domain name) IP 4.1 cs.sookmyung.ac.kr cs.kaist.ac.kr cs.berkeley.edu IP IP IP IP DNS(Domain Name System) DNS nslookup(name server lookup) (domain name server)

105 $ nslookup IP $ nslookup cs.sookmyung.ac.kr Server: Address: #53 Name: cs.sookmyung.ac.kr Address: finger $ finger Login Name TTY Idle When Where chang Byeong-Mo Chang pts/5 Tue 12: $ finger chang $ finger chang Login name: chang In real life: Byeong-Mo Chang Directory: /user/faculty/chang Shell: /bin/csh On since Feb 12 21:07:26 on pts/5 from No unread mail No Plan.

106 04 wrtie $ write Ctrl-D brain $ write brain who write $ who brain pts/ :36 ( ) brain pts/ :46 ( )... $ write brain pts7 wall(write all) (shutdown) $ wall

107 $ wall System will be shut down in 5 minutes. Please logout quickly. ^D wall tty $ cat /etc/group... tty::7:root,tty,adm... mesg (y) (n) $ mesg [y n] mesg is y is n $ mesg is y write $ mesg n $ mesg y

108 04 $ ftp ftp (File Transfer Protocol, FTP) FTP FTP FTP ftp FTP FTP ftp sftp(secure ftp) sftp ftp

109 $ ftp -n $ sftp -n cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr ftp sftp $ ftp cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr Connected to cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr. 220 (vsftpd 2.0.5) Name (cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr:chang): 331 Please specify the password. Password: 230 Login successful. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> $ sftp cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr Connecting to cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr... chang@cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr's password: sftp > ftp get put ftp> get ftp> put // // cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr README ls get ftp> ls 200 PORT command successful. Consider using PASV.

110 Here comes the directory listing. Desktop README Directory send OK. 29 bytes received in seconds (3.25 Kbytes/s) ftp> get README 200 PORT command successful. Consider using PASV. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for README (1673 bytes). 226 File send OK. local: README remote: README 1673 bytes received in seconds (38.71 Kbytes/s) ftp> quit README $ ls -sl README 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :48 README mgetmput ftp 4.2!command lcd path cd path get mget * put mput * help

111 ls [path] pwd quit ascii bin (ascii mode) (binary mode) telnet ssh telnet (local host) (remote host) telnet $ telnet IP cs telnet $ telnet cs.sookmyung.ac.kr Trying Connected to cs. Escape character is '^]'.

112 04 SunOS 5.9 login: 2 telnet 4.4 cs C:\> telnet cs.sookmyung.ac.kr telnet (secure shel) ssh rshrlogintelnet ssh

113 $ $ ssh -l cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr chang $ ssh chang@cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr chang@cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr's password: $ ssh ssh who cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr $ ssh cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr who chang@cs2.sookmyung.ac.kr's password: root : :48 chang pts/ :53 2 MS ssh PuTTY PuTTY PuTTY

114 telnet ssh ssh ssh 4.6 ssh cs2 ping IP

115 $ ping eecs.mit.edu $ ping eecs.mit.edu PING EECS.mit.edu ( ) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from EECS.MIT.EDU ( ): icmp_seq=0 ttl=239 time=229 ms 64 bytes from EECS.MIT.EDU ( ): icmp_seq=1 ttl=239 time=228 ms... (CERN) (Tim Berners Lee) (World Wide Web, WWW, W3 (Web) HTTP HTML 1993 (hypertext) HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language) (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

116 04 HTTP (Uniform Resource Locator) '//' URL (Firefox) (web browser) WWW URL Gmail 1993 (Mosaic) 1994 (Netscape) 1995 (Internet Explorer) (Mozilla) (Firefox) (Safari) (Chrome)

117

118

119 4.9

120 04

121 telnet ssh (1) IP (2) (3) ftp sftp ftp C IP

122 Unix / Linux 05

123 Unix / Linux 05 AWKvi grep $ grep * grep you.txt grep you.txt When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary When troubles come and my heart burdened be Then, I am still and wait here in the silence Until you come and sit awhile with me

124 05 You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas I am strong, when I am on your shoulders You raise me up, to more than I can be There is no life - no life without its hunger; Each restless heart beats so imperfectly; But when you come and I am filled with wonder, Sometimes, I think I glimpse eternity $ grep with you.txt Until you come and sit awhile with me There is no life - no life without its hunger; But when you come and I am filled with wonder, grep you.txt with without grep -w (word) without with $ grep -w with you.txt Until you come and sit awhile with me But when you come and I am filled with wonder, -n $ grep -n with you.txt 4:Until you come and sit awhile with me 15:There is no life - no life without its hunger; 17:But when you come and I am filled with wonder, -i (ignore)

125 $ grep -i when you.txt When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary When troubles come and my heart burdened be I am strong, when I am on your shoulders But when you come and I am filled with wonder, -v (reverse) $ grep -v raise you.txt When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary When troubles come and my heart burdened be Then, I am still and wait here in the silence Until you come and sit awhile with me I am strong, when I am on your shoulders There is no life - no life without its hunger; Each restless heart beats so imperfectly; But when you come and I am filled with wonder, Sometimes, I think I glimpse eternity (regular expression). : * : 0 a*b babaabaaab... a.* a [ ] : [ ] - [abc]d adbdcd [a-z] a z [1-9] 1 9 [^...] : [^ ] [^abc]d adbdcd edfd [^a-z]

126 05 ^, $ : 'st.*' stillstandstormystrong st 'w.*t' wait without w t $ grep -w 'st.*' you.txt Then, I am still and wait here in the silence You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas I am strong, when I am on your shoulders $ grep -w 'w.*t' you.txt Then, I am still and wait here in the silence There is no life - no life without its hunger; grep egrep fgrep egrep grep -E-F grep sort $ sort [-] *

127 -r 0 -o -tc c you.txt sort $ sort you.txt But when you come and I am filled with wonder, Each restless heart beats so imperfectly; I am strong, when I am on your shoulders Sometimes, I think I glimpse eternity Then, I am still and wait here in the silence There is no life - no life without its hunger; Until you come and sit awhile with me When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary When troubles come and my heart burdened be You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains You raise me up, to more than I can be You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas 0 $ sort +2-3 you.txt Then, I am still and wait here in the silence When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary Until you come and sit awhile with me

128 05 When troubles come and my heart burdened be Each restless heart beats so imperfectly; You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains You raise me up, to more than I can be You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas There is no life - no life without its hunger; I am strong, when I am on your shoulders Sometimes, I think I glimpse eternity But when you come and I am filled with wonder, split $ split [-] [ ] -l n 1000 aa zz xaaxab... split you.txt 10 ls xaa xab $ split -l 10 you.txt $ ls -l -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :36 xaa -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :36 xab -rw-r--r-- 1 chang faculty :33 you.txt

129 cmp $ cmp 1 2 you.txt me.txt me.txt When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary When troubles come and my heart burdened be Then, I am still and wait here in the silence Until you come and sit awhile with me You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas I am strong, when I am on your shoulders You raise me up, to more than I can be You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas I am strong, when I am on your shoulders There is no life - no life without its hunger; Each restless heart beats so imperfectly; But when you come and I am filled with wonder, Sometimes, I think I glimpse eternity $ cmp you.txt me.txt you.txt me.txt : 340, 10 diff -i

130 05 $ diff 1 2 diff 9 10 ~ 13 $ diff you.txt me.txt 9a10,13 > > You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains > You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas > I am strong, when I am on your shoulders n1n2 n3n4 (a) n1 n3 n4 n1 a n3,n4 > (d) n1 n2 n3 n1,n2 d n3 <

131 (c) n1 n2 n3 n4 n1,n2 c n3,n4 < -- > (link) (-s ) ln $ ln [-s] 1 [2] $ ln [-s] + (hard link) hi.txt hello.txt $ ln hello.txt hi.txt ls -l hello.txt hi.txt $ ls -l -rw chang faculty :31 hello.txt -rw chang faculty :31 hi.txt (symbolic link) C

132 05 $ ln -s hello.txt hi.txt hi.txt hello.txt ls -l $ ls -l -rw chang faculty :31 hello.txt lrwxrwxrwx 1 chang faculty :56 hi.txt -> hello.txt find $ find [-]

133 -name -atime +n -atime -n -mtime +n -mtime -n -perm nnn -type x -size n -links n -user -group -print -exec cmd {}; n n n n nnn x n n cmd find $ find /usr -name *.c -print /usr.c. $ find. -name ping -ls ping ls. $ find. -type d -print (d). $ find. -perm 700 -ls 700 ls. $ find. -size print

134 $ find. -name core -size ls core 2048 ls. $ find. -user chang -print chang. $ find. -atime +30 -print 30. $ find. -mtime -7 -print 7. $ find. -name core -exec rm -i {} ; core rm. $ find. -name *.c -atime +30 -exec ls -l {} ; 30 *.c ls -l. cron crontab cron crontab cron crontab crontab $ crontab crontab cron. crontab

135 $ crontab -l [] crontab. $ crontab -e [] crontab. $ crontab -r [] crontab. crontab 7 6 (*) - (,) 0=1=2=3=4= 5=6= crontab cron 6:30 /home/chang/tmp chang.cron * * * rm /home/chang/tmp/* $ crontab chang.cron crontab 20 1 * * * root find /tmp -atime +3 -exec rm -f () ';' /tmp * 2,4,6,8,10, /usr/bin/wall /var/tmp/message

136 wall. at at cron at at $ at [-] sort Ctrl-D <EOT> $ at 1145 jan 31 at> sort infile > outfile at> <EOT> -f atq at at atq $ atq Rank Execution Date Owner Job Queue Job Name 1st Jan 31, :45 chang a a stdin -r $ at -r $ at -r a

137 df $ df * $ df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda % / /dev/sda % /home /dev/sdb % /home1 /dev/sda % /boot tmpfs % /dev/shm du $ du [-s] * $ du 12./htdocs/graphics 258./htdocs/images 42./htdocs/lecture/math 2582./htdocs/lecture/sp/lab /htdocs/lecture/sp...

138 05 -s $ du -s tar(tape archive) tar tar tar c(create)v(verbose)x(extract)t(table of contents) f(file) tar -cvf.tar $ tar -cvf + -xvf $ tar -xvf -tvf $ tar -tvf src.tar

139 $ tar -cvf src.tar * $ tar -tvf src.tar $ tar -xvf src.tar compress Z uncompress $ compress * $ uncompress.z* gzip ZIP.gz -d $ gzip * $ gzip -d.gz* compress gzip

140 05 gzip src.tar.gz $ tar -cvf src.tar * $ gzip src.tar gzip -d src.tar tar -xvf $ gzip -d src.tar.gz $ tar -xvf src.tar AWK AWK Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger, Brian Kernighan AWK awk awk -f awk -F c $ awk [-Fc] * $ awk [-Fc] [-f ] * awk [ ] [ { } ]

141 awk NF(Number of Fields) $0 you.txt $ awk { print NF, $0 } you.txt 10 When I am down and, oh my soul, so weary 8 When troubles come and my heart burdened be 10 Then, I am still and wait here in the silence 8 Until you come and sit awhile with me 0 10 You raise me up, so I can stand on mountains 9 You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas 9 I am strong, when I am on your shoulders 10 You raise me up, to more than I can be 0 10 There is no life - no life without its hunger; 6 Each restless heart beats so imperfectly; 10 But when you come and I am filled with wonder, 6 Sometimes, I think I glimpse eternity NF $NF $ awk { print $1, $3, $NF } you.txt When am weary When come be Then, am silence Until come me You me mountains

142 05 You me seas I strong, shoulders You me be There no hunger; Each heart imperfectly; But you wonder, Sometimes, think eternity NR 1 4 $ awk NR > 1 && NR < 4 { print NR, $1, $3, $NF } you.txt 2 When come be 3 Then, am silence grep BEGIN // END // // // 1, 2 // 1 2 (action) C if () [else ] while () for ( ; ; ) break continue =

143 print [ ] printf [, ] next // exit // { } awk ex1.awk BEGIN { print " :", FILENAME } { print $1, $NF } END { print " " } ex1.awk you.txt -f $ awk -f ex1.awk you.txt : you.txt When weary When be Then, silence Until me You mountains You seas I shoulders You be There hunger; Each imperfectly; But wonder,

144 05 Sometimes, eternity ex2.awk BEGIN { print " " } { printf "line %d: %d \n", NR, NF; line++; word + = NF } END { printf " = %d, = %d\n", line, word } $ awk -f ex2.awk you.txt line 1: 10 line 2: 8 line 3: 10 line 4: 8 line 5: 0 line 6: 10 line 7: 9 line 8: 9 line 9: 10 line 10: 0 line 11: 10 line 12: 6 line 13: 10 line 14: 6 = 14, = 106

145 ex3.awk { for (I = 1; I <= NF; I += 2) printf "%s ", $I printf " \n" } $ awk -f ex3.awk you.txt When am and, my so When come my burdened Then, am and here the Until come sit with You me so can on You me to on seas I strong, I on shoulders You me to than can There no - life its Each heart so But you and am with Sometimes, think glimpse st e ex4.awk /st.*e/ {print $0 } $ awk -f ex4.awk you.txt Then, I am still and wait here in the silence You raise me up, to walk on stormy seas

146 05 I am strong, when I am on your shoulders Each restless heart beats so imperfectly; strong heart ex4.awk /strong/, /heart/ { print $0 } $ awk -f ex5.awk you.txt I am strong, when I am on your shoulders You raise me up, to more than I can be There is no life - no life without its hunger; Each restless heart beats so imperfectly; vi vi $ vi * vi 5.1

147 you.txt5.2 vi (command mode)(input mode) vi vi GUI vi vi

148 05 iiooaa ESC ZZ :wq (ZZ ) :q :q!

149 vi 5 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) h, j, k, l, BACKSPACE SPACE -

150 05 + RETURN 0 $ ^ w b ^F ^B ^D ^U ng n 1G G :n n /? /? /?

151 i a I A o O ESC r ESC r R s C cc cw s s :s// :n,m s// (n m)

152 05 :n s// (n) (.) 3, ,$., ,$ think THINK 1,$ s/think/think/g u (Undo) U. (Redo) x X D dd :n,m d n m

153 ny :n,m y n n m p P (write) :w. :w. :wq. ZZ. :e. :e!. :e#. :set number :se nu :set nonumber

154 05 :se non vi :! Enter vi :!ls :!cat test.c ls. cat test.c.

155 (1) tar (2) tar (3) ftp (4) tar (5) tar vi M M M F M F F 2

156 05 2 awk.txt linux.txt. /etc/passwd C.txt *.h (1) (*) awk (2) awk

157 (3) awk C 8

158 Unix / Linux 06

159 Unix / Linux 06 (shell) (Shell) (command processor)

160 C Bash tcsh /bin/sh /bin/ksh /bin/csh /bin/bash /bin/tcsh 2 (Bourne shell) AT&T (Stephen Bourne) (Korn shell) 6.2 (Bourne again shell) GNU OS X Bash Bash (Bill Joy) C (C shell) BSD

161 (login shell) /etc/passwd /etc/passwd /etc/passwd... root:x:0:1:super-user:/:/bin/csh... chang:x:109:101:byeong-mo Chang:/user/faculty/chang:/bin/csh C C C $ C % $ csh %... % exit $

162 06 chsh $ chsh Changing login shell for chang Old shell : /bin/sh New shell : /bin/csh $ logout login : chang passwd: % 3

163 3 6.3

164 06 (start-up file) /etc/profile ~/.profile /etc/profile /etc/bashrc ~/.bash_profile ~/.bashrc /etc/.login ~/.login ~/.cshrc

165 7 8 Bash C $ = TERM $ TERM=xterm $TERM TERM $ $ echo $TERM xterm export $ export TERM env set $ env HOSTNAME=CS2

166 06 HOST=CS2 TERM=xterm SHELL=/bin/sh GROUP=faculty USER=chang... /etc/profile.profile ~/.profile.profile PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin:/etc TERM=vt100 export PATH TERM stty erase ^.profile (.).profile $..profile

167 (built-in command) echocd $ echo -n * $ cd (utility program) PATH PATH PATH =.:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/etc ls /bin/ls $ ls 2

168 06 $ > (append) $ >> $ < (here document) $ << $ 1 2

169 (command sequence) $ 1; ; n $ date; who; pwd (command group) $ (1; ; n) pwd out1.txt out2.txt $ date; who; pwd > out1.txt $ (date; who; pwd) > out2.txt (conditional command sequence) && $ 1 && 2

170 06 a.out $ gcc myprog.c && a.out $ 2 $ gcc myprog.c echo (wildcard character) *? [..] *.c C.c C $ gcc *.c.c (a.c, b.c, c.c)

171 $ gcc a.c b.c c.c.txt $ ls *.txt a c $ ls [ac]* (command substitution) (`) `date` date $ echo `date` `ls wc -w` echo $ echo : `ls wc -w` : 32 3

172 06 3 * 4 = * $ echo 3 * 4 = 12 3 cat.csh count.csh grade.csh invite.csh menu.csh test.sh = 12 $ echo "3 * 4 = 12" 3 * 4 = 12 $ echo '3 * 4 = 12' 3 * 4 = 12 echo echo $name `date` $ name= $ echo ' $name `date`' $name `date` $ echo " $name `date`" (') 2. (") 3.

173 (Shell script) 1. #! #!/bin/csh #!/bin/ksh #!/bin/bash #!/bin/sh 2. # C 3. (1)

174 06 test.sh echo datewhouptime test.sh #!/bin/sh echo : date echo : who echo : uptime (2) chmod $ chmod +x test.sh (3) $ test.sh : : brain pts/ :25 chang pts/ :40... : , 18:55, 5 users, : 0.00, 0.00, Bash C

175 (process) (job) ps ps CPU $ ps PID TTY TIME CMD pts/3 00:00:00 csh pts/3 00:00:00 ps $ ps [-] BSD V (man) BSD psps -aps -aux -a: -u: -x: V psps -ef -e:

176 06 -f: sleep $ sleep sleep 5 $ (echo ; sleep 5; echo ) kill $ kill [-] SIGTERM kill kill -9 SIGKILL 1230 $ (echo ; sleep 5; echo ) & 1230 $ kill 1230 wait

177 $ wait [] $ (sleep 10; echo 1 ) & 1231 $ echo 2 ; wait 1231; echo $ (sleep 10; echo 1 ) & $ (sleep 10; echo 2 ) & $ echo 3 ; wait; echo exit (exit code) $exit [] nohup nohup

178 06 $ nohup [ & nohup.out nice id batch ID ID 6.2 cdecho evalexec shiht eval `echo x=5 ` x=5 x 5 $ eval `echo x=5` $ echo $x 5 exec

179 date exec 12 $ exec date shift shift $2... $n $1... $n-1 shift shift.sh #!/bin/sh echo $1, $* shift echo $1, $* $ shift.sh a b c d a, a b c d b, b c d

180 06.profile echo Hello Shell! PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin:. TERM=vt100 export PATH TERM stty erase ^H $..profile $ echo $PATH C ps C $ echo $SHELL /bin/sh $ ps $ csh % ps... % exit $ ps

181 ($1) $ date; who; pwd > out1.txt $ (date; who; pwd) > out2.txt $ ps -aux $ ps -ef $ id $ echo $SHELL #!/bin/sh echo $1, $* shift echo $1, $* shift echo $1, $* chsh

182 06 C C /tmp.txt $ ls -l * > list

183 Unix / Linux 07

184 Unix / Linux 07 (Borune-again shell) GNU (Brian Fox) 1989 OS X Bash Bash Bash Bash.bash_history Bash Bash (ksh) C (csh) Bash Bash (stdout) (stderr) Bash Bash (start-up file) /etc/profile

185 07 /etc/bashrc ~/.bash_profile ~/.bashrc 7.1 /etc/profile.bash_profile.bashrc.bash_profile /etc/profile #.bash_profile if [ -f ~/.bashrc ] then. ~/.bashrc

186 fi # PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin BASH_ENV=$HOME/.bashrc USERNAME="root" export USERNAME BASH_ENV PATH 7.1 if bashrc.bash_profile.bashrc PATH BASH_ENV USERNAME export PATH ':' $PATH $HOME/bin.bashrc.bash_profile (alias) /etc/bashrc ~/.bash_profile ~/.bashrc /etc/bashrc #.bashrc # alias rm='rm -i' alias cp='cp -i' alias mv='mv -i' alias ll='ls -al --color=yes'

187 07 # if [ -f /etc/bashrc ] then. /etc/bashrc fi Bash alias $ alias = ls -af dir $ alias dir=ls -af $ dir $ alias h=history $ alias list=ls -l

188 $ alias # dir ls -af h history list ls -l unalias $ unalias Bash $ history [-rh] [] history $ history 1 ls 2 who 3 env 4 vi test.sh 5 chmod +x test.sh 6 test.sh 7 ls 8 gcc test.c 9 history... HISTSIZE $ HISTSIZE=100

189 07 HISTFIESIZE.bash_history $ HISTFIESIZE=100 Bash 7.1!!!n n!!? $!! # $!20 # 20 $!gcc # gcc $!?test.c # test.c

190 = (simple variable) $ = city seoul $ city=seoul $ city $ echo $city seoul city city pusan city seoul pusan $ city=pusan country korea city seoul $ country=korea city=seoul

191 07 $ country= city= $ echo $country $city $ address=" " (list variable) $ =( ) cities $ cities=( ) $ 7.2

192 ${name[i]} ${name[*]} ${#name[*]} name i name name $ echo ${cities[*]} $ echo ${cities[1]} $ echo ${#cities[*]} # 3 $ echo ${cities[4]} cities cities $ cities=(${cities[*] )

193 07 $ echo ${cities[4]} read $ read 1,..., n $ read x y Merry Christmas! $ echo $x Merry $ echo $y Christmas! $ read x Merry Christmas! $ echo $x Merry Christmas!

194 (environment variable) (local variable) 7.2 export country

195 07 city $ country= city= $ export country $ echo $country $city $ sh $ echo $country $city $ ^D $ echo $country $city (predefined environment variable) $USER $TERM $PATH $HOME $SHELL $MAIL $HOSTNAME 7.3

196 $ echo = $HOME = $USER = $SHELL = /user/faculty/chang = chang = /bin/csh $ echo = $TERM = $PATH = vt100 = /bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin 7.4 (predefined local variable) $$ $0 $1 ~ $9 $* $# #!/bin/bash # builtin.bash echo : $0 echo : $1 echo : $* echo : $$ $ builtin.bash hello shell : builtin.sh : hello

197 07 : hello shell : Bash (1) Bash 7.4 state.bash echodatewhouptime #!/bin/bash # state.bash echo -n : date echo : who echo : uptime (2) chmod $ chmod +x state.bash $ state.bash : : chang pts/ :40 ( ) brain pts/ :12 ( )

198 ... : , 12, 4 users, : 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 Bash Bash ifcaseforwhile if-then if then fi Bash test [ ] if `test $# -eq 1` if [ $# -ne 1 ]

199 07 [ ] 7.5 wc if-then 1 wc #!/bin/bash # : wc1.bash # wc. if [ $# -ne 1 ] then echo : $0 exit 1 fi file=$1 wc $file $ wc1.bash : wc1.bash $ wc1.bash cs1.txt cs1.txt if-then-else if then else fi

200 7.6 if-then-else #!/bin/bash # : count1.bash [ ] #. if [ $# -eq 0 ] then dir="." else dir=$1 fi echo -n $dir : ls $dir wc -l $ count1.bash. : 17 Bash ($#)

201 07 1 -eq 2 1 -ne 2 1 -gt 2 1 -ge 2 1 -lt 2 1 -le == 2 1!= 2 -n null -z null 7.7 #!/bin/bash # : reply.bash #. echo -n "?" read reply if [ $reply == " " ]

202 then echo elif [ $reply == "" ] then echo fi $ reply.bash? Bash (file-oriented operator) 7.7 -a -e -r -w -x -O -z 0 -f -d

203 wc $file wc if [ -e $file ] then wc $file else echo "! " fi # $file # $file 7.2 $dir if [ -d $dir ] then echo -n $dir : ls $dir wc -l else echo $dir\: fi (Boolean operators)! (negation) && (logical and) (logical or) uptime if [ -f $file ] && [ -w $file ]

204 then fi uptime > $file # $file if [! -e $file ] then # $file echo $file : fi if [! -d $file ] then # $dir echo $file : fi Bash $ a=2+3 "2+3" expr expr a $ a=`expr 2 + 3`

205 07 Bash let let $ let = $ let a=2*3 $ echo $a 6 $ let a=$a+2 $ echo $a 8 C $ let a*=10 $ let a++ Bash C 7.8 -! * / % + - << >> <= >= < > ==!= && & ^ and xor or

206 Bash (()) #!/bin/bash # : wc2.bash # wc. if (( $#!= 1 )) then echo : $0 exit 1 fi file=$1 wc $1 Bash declare typeset declare bash 2 declare 7.9

207 07 declare -r declare -i declare -a declare -f declare -f declare -x export let $ declare -i a # a $ a=12 $ a=a+1 # let $ echo $a $ a=12.3 # bash: 12.3: syntax error in expression (error token is ".3") $ declare -r b=23.4 # b $ b=23.5 # bash: b: readonly variable Bash ifswitchforwhile

208 if if then fi if then else fi if then elif then else fi if 7.9 #!/bin/bash # : score1.bash #.

209 07 echo -n ' : ' read score if (( $score >= 90 )) then echo A elif (( $score >= 80 )) then echo B elif (( $score >= 70 )) then echo C else echo fi $score1.bash : 85 B if case case in 1) ;; 2) ;;... *) ;; esac 7.9 case 7.10 score 10 grade case "10" "9" grade 10 9 echo A

210 #!/bin/bash # : score2.bash #. echo -n ' : ' read score let grade=$score/10 case $grade in "10" "9") echo A;; "8") echo B;; "7") echo C;; *) echo ;; esac for for in do done 7.11 person list echo echo \ #!/bin/bash # : invite.bash #.

211 07 invitee=(lee kim choi) for person in $invitee do echo " :." \ mail "${person}@gmail.com" done for $* for file in $* do... done 7.12 ls -l cut #!/bin/bash # : perm1.bash * #. if [ $# -eq 0 ] then echo : $0 * exit 1 fi echo " for file in $* do "

212 if [ -f $file ] then fileinfo=`ls -l $file` perm=`echo "$fileinfo" cut -d' ' -f1` echo "$perm $file" fi done $ perm1.bash cs1.txt cs2.txt -rw-rw-r-- cs1.txt -rw-rw-r-- cs2.txt while while do done 2 n 7.13 $j 10 while 2 ^ 1 = 2 i 2 j 1 2 ^ 1 = 2 2 ^ 10 = 1024 #!/bin/bash # : power.bash # let i=2 let j=1 while (( $j <= 10 )) do

213 07 echo '2 ^' $j = $i let i*=2 let j++ done $ power.bash 2 ^ 1 = 2 2 ^ 2 = 4 2 ^ 3 = 8 2 ^ 4 = 16 2 ^ 5 = 32 2 ^ 6 = 64 2 ^ 7 = ^ 8 = ^ 9 = ^ 10 = 1024 casewhile 7.14 case while q #!/bin/bash # : menu.bash #. echo stop=0 while (($stop == 0)) do cat << MENU d : l : w :

214 q : MENU echo -n '? ' read reply case $reply in "d") date;; "l") ls;; "w") who;; "q") stop=1;; *) echo ;; esac done $ menu.bash d : l : w : q :? d d : l : w : q :? q Bash () { }

215 07 $1,..., $n 7.15 lshead() /tmp 3 #!/bin/bash # : lshead.bash lshead() { echo ", $1" date echo " $1 3 " ls -l $1 head -4 } echo "" lshead /tmp exit 0 $lshead.bash, /tmp /tmp rw chang faculty Ex rw chang faculty Ex rw root other Ex02504

216 Bash $ bash -vx [ ] -v -x menu.bash -v $ bash -v menu.bash #!/bin/bash echo stop=0 while (($stop == 0)) do cat << MENU echo -n '? ' read reply case $reply in "d") date;; "l") ls;; "w") who;; "q") stop=1;; *) echo ;; esac done d : l : w :

217 07 q :? d d : l : w : q :? q shift shift [] for while while shift $1 #!/bin/bash # : perm2.bash * #. if [ $# -eq 0 ] then echo : $0 exit 1 fi echo " while [ $# -gt 0 ] "

218 do file=$1 if [ -f $file ] then fileinfo=`ls -l $file` perm=`echo "$fileinfo" cut -d' ' -f1` echo "$perm $file" fi shift done for * * cd $dir for file in * do... done 7.17 ($#) ($1) for file in * 1 #!/bin/bash

219 07 # : count2.bash [ ] #,,. if [ $# -eq 0 ] then dir="." else dir=$1 fi if [! -d $dir ] then echo $0\: $dir exit 1 fi let fcount=0 let dcount=0 let others=0 echo $dir\: cd $dir for file in * do if [ -f $file ] then let fcount++ elif [ -d $file ] then let dcount++ else let others++ fi done echo : $fcount : $dcount : $others $ count2.bash /user/faculty/chang: : 4 : 45 : 0

220 C (recursion) Bash Bash (head) 7.18 head rhead.bash /home/ faculty/chang/bash/rhead.bash #!/bin/bash # rhead.bash [ ] #. cd $1 for file in * do if [ -f $file ] then echo "========== $file ===========" head $file fi if [ -d $file ]

221 07 then /home/faculty/chang/bash/rhead.bash $file fi done while for $ for f in * > do > echo $f > done $ let i=2 $ let j=1 $ while (( $j <= 10 )) > do > echo '2 ^' $j = $i > let i*=2 > let j++ > done 2 ^ 1 = 2 2 ^ 2 = 4 2 ^ 3 = 8 2 ^ 4 = 16 2 ^ 5 = 32 2 ^ 6 = 64 2 ^ 7 = ^ 8 = ^ 9 = ^ 10 = 1024

222 Bash (1) : (2) [... ] (3) 2 (4) 3

223 07 (5) 4 (6) 5 Bash : listexe [ ] del del Bash -p -l : trash [-pl] * while Bash Bash #!/bin/bash let i=2 let j=1 while (( $j <= 10 )) do echo '2 *' $j = $i let i+=2 let j++ done

224 Bash : listdir [ ] yes Bash : delete [ ] 7.18 #!/bin/bash date > $1.$$ ls $1.$$ #!/bin/bash mail $1 << ENDOFTEXT - $USER ENDOFTEXT echo $1

225 Unix / Linux 08

226 Unix / Linux 08 1 C (Bill Joy) C C C C C 6 C C C OS X C tcsh 8.1 C

227 08 C C ~/.cshrc /etc/.login, ~/.login 1 ~/.cshrc 2 /etc/.login 3 ~/.login.login TERMPATH.login echo Hello, $USER! echo Welcome to UNIX

228 echo -n "Today is "; date set term = vt100 set path=(. /bin /usr/bin /usr/local/bin) set history = 40 set prompt = '\! % ' stty erase ^H.cshrc.cshrc alias h history alias dir ls -af alias ll ls -l alias m more alias x chmod +x alias % alias # ls -af dir

229 08 % alias dir ls -af % dir % alias h history % alias list ls -l % alias # dir ls -af h history list ls -l unalias % unalias C $ history [-rh] [] history % history 1 ls 2 who 3 set 4 vi test.sh 5 chmod +x test.sh 6 test.sh

230 7 ls 8 gcc test.c 9 history... history % set history = 40 savehist % set savehist = 32 \! % set prompt = '\! % ' C 8.2!!!n no!!?

231 08 %!! # %!20 # 20 %!gcc # gcc %!?test.c # test.c % > % gcc a.c > errors >& % >& errors % gcc a.c >& errors 1 2

232 % ( > 1) >& 2 out errors % (gcc a.c > out) >& errors 1 2 % 1 2 % gcc a.c wc & % 1 & 2 wc % gcc a.c & wc 1 2

233 08 % (1 > ) & 2 out wc % (gcc a.c > out) & wc C C set (simple variable) % set = city seoul % set city = seoul $ city % echo $city seoul city city pusan city seoul pusan

234 % set city = pusan % set color % set color country korea color city seoul % set country = korea color city = seoul % set country = city = % echo $country $city % set address = " "

235 08 (list variable) set % set cities % set cities = ( ) $ 8.3 $name[i] ${name[i]} $#name ${#name} name i name % echo $cities % echo $cities[1]

236 % echo $cities[2-3] # % echo $#cities # 3 % echo $cities[4] cities cities % set cities = ($cities ) % echo $cities[4]

237 08 (environment variable) (local variable) C set setenv setenv

238 = % setenv LANG ko % setenv LANG ko C (predefined local variables) 8.4 $< $argv $argv[1] = $1 $cwd $history $home $$, $n, $* $prompt $shell $path $term $< % set input = $< hello C shell! % echo $input

239 08 hello C shell! C #!/bin/csh # local.csh echo : $argv[0] echo : $argv[1] echo : $#argv echo : $home echo : $cwd echo : $shell $ local.csh hello csh : : hello : 2 : /user/faculty/chang : /user/faculty/chang/unix/csh : /bin/csh C (predefined environment variable) $HOME$USER$TERM$PATH$PWD 8.5 $HOME $USER $TERM $PATH $PWD $home $user $term $path $cwd

240 $TERMCAP $LD_LIBRARY_PATH $LOGNAME ld(linkage editor) C C (1) C 8.2 state.csh echodatewhouptime #!/bin/csh # state.csh echo -n : date echo : who echo : uptime (2) chmod % chmod +x test1.csh (3) C % state.csh

241 08 : : chang pts/ :40 ( ) brain pts/ :12 ( )... : , 12, 4 users, : 0.01, 0.01, 0.01 C C ifswitchforeachwhile if if () "yes" echo set input = $< if ( $input == "yes") echo hello world! if-then if () then endif 8.3

242 wc if-then 1 #!/bin/csh # : wc.csh # wc. if ($#argv!= 1) then echo : $argv[0] exit 1 endif set file = $argv[1] wc $file $ wc.csh : wc.csh $ wc.csh cs1.txt cs1.txt if-then-else if () then else endif 8.4 if-then-else

243 08 #!/bin/csh # : count1.csh [ ] #. if ($#argv == 0) then set dir = "." else set dir = $argv[1] endif echo -n $dir : ls $dir wc -l $ count1.csh. : 17 C 8.6 =~!~ *? ==!= =~ ==!~!=

244 8.5 #!/bin/csh # : reply.csh #. echo -n "?" set reply = $< if ($reply == " ") then echo else if ($reply =~ *) then echo endif $ reply.csh? C 8.7 (file-oriented operator)

245 08 -e -r -w -x -o -z 0 -f -d 8.3 wc $file wc if (-e $file) then # $file wc $file else # $file echo "! " endif 8.4 $dir if (-d $dir) then echo -n $dir : ls $dir wc -l else echo $dir\: endif

246 (Boolean operator)! (negation) && (logical and) (logical or) uptime if (-f $file && -w $file) then uptime > $file endif # $file if (! -e $file) then endif echo $file : # $file if (! -d $file) then endif echo $file : # $dir C % set a = 2 * 3 set

247 @ = a = 2 * 3 % echo $a 6 a = $a + 2 % echo $a 8 C a *= 10 (associativity)c C C 5 * i = 20 / 5 * 2 % echo $i 2

248 i = % echo $i 3 C C 8.8 -! * / % + - << >> <= >= < > ==!= && & ^ and xor or C ifswitchforeachwhile

249 08 if if () if () then endif if () then else endif if () then else if () then else endif if 8.6 if

250 #!/bin/csh # : score1.csh #. echo -n ' : ' set score = $< if ($score >= 90) then echo A else if ($score >= 80) then echo B else if ($score >= 70) then echo C else echo endif $score1.csh : 85 B if switch switch () case 1: breaksw case 2: breaksw... default: breaksw endsw

251 switch 8.7 score 10 grade switch case "10" case "9" breaksw grade 10 9 echo A #!/bin/csh # : score2.csh #. echo -n ' : ' set score = grade = $score / 10 switch ($grade) case "10" : case "9": echo A breaksw case "8": echo B breaksw case "7": echo C breaksw default: echo endsw foreach foreach ()

252 end 8.8 person list echo echo \ #!/bin/csh # : invite.csh #. set list = (lee kim choi) foreach $person ($list) echo :. \ mail "${person}@gmail.com" end foreach $argv foreach file ($argv)... end 8.9 ls -l 6 #!/bin/csh # : filesize1.csh * #.

253 08 if ($#argv == 0) then echo : $0 * exit 1 endif echo " ()" foreach file ($argv) if (-f $file) then set fileinfo = `ls -l $file` set size = $fileinfo[5] echo "$file $size" endif end $ filesize1.csh cs1.txt cs2.txt () cs1.txt 2088 cs2.txt 1247 while while () end 2 n 8.10 $j 10 while 2 ^ 1 = 2 i 2 j 1 2 ^ 1 = 2 2 ^ 10 = 1024 #!/bin/csh # : power.csh #

254 set i = 2 set j = 1 while ( $j <= 10 ) echo '2 ^' $j = i *= j++ end $ power.csh 2 ^ 1 = 2 2 ^ 2 = 4 2 ^ 3 = 8 2 ^ 4 = 16 2 ^ 5 = 32 2 ^ 6 = 64 2 ^ 7 = ^ 8 = ^ 9 = ^ 10 = 1024 switchwhile 8.11 switch while q #!/bin/csh # : menu.csh #. echo set stop = 0 while ($stop == 0) cat << MENU d :

255 08 l : w : q : MENU echo -n '? ' set reply = $< switch ($reply) case "d" : date breaksw case "l": ls breaksw case "w": who breaksw case "q": set stop = 1 breaksw default: echo endsw end $ menu.csh d : l : w : q :? d d : l : w : q :? q

256 C C C C % csh -vx [] -v -x -vx menu.csh -v % csh -v menu.csh echo set stop = 0 while ( $stop == 0 ) cat << MENU d : l : w : q : echo -n '? '? set reply = $< d switch ( $reply )

257 08 date breaksw end echo -n '? '? set reply = $< q switch ( $reply ) set stop = 1 breaksw end while ( $stop == 0 ) -x % csh -x menu.csh echo set stop = 0 while ( 0 == 0 ) cat d : l : w : q : echo -n?? d set reply = d switch ( d ) date breaksw end while ( 0 == 0 ) cat

258 d : l : w : q : echo -n?? q set reply = q switch ( q ) set stop = 1 breaksw end while ( 1 == 0 ) shift shift [] shift argv[2]... argv[n] argv[1]... argv[n-1] foreach while while shift argv[1]

259 08 #!/bin/csh # : filesize2.csh * #. if ($#argv == 0) then echo : $0 * exit 1 endif echo " ()" while ($#argv) set file = $argv[1] if (-f $file) then set fileinfo = `ls -l $file` set size = $fileinfo[5] echo "$file $size" endif shift end foreach * * cd $dir foreach file (*)... end ($#argv)

260 ($argv[1]) foreach file (*) 1 #!/bin/csh #,,. #: count2.csh [ ] if ($#argv == 0) then set dir = "." else set dir = $argv[1] endif if (! -d $dir) then echo $0\: $dir exit 1 fcount = dcount = others = 0 echo $dir\: cd $dir foreach file (*) if (-f $file) fcount++ else if (-d $file) dcount++ others++ endif end

261 08 echo : $fcount : $dcount : $others $ count2.csh ~ /user/faculty/chang: : 4 : 46 : 0 C C (recursion) C (head) 8.14 foreach file (*) head rhead.csh /home/faculty/chang/csh/rhead.csh #!/bin/csh # rhead.csh [ ] #. cd $argv[1]

262 foreach file (*) if (-f $file) then echo "========== $file ===========" head $file endif if (-d $file) then /home/faculty/chang/csh/rhead.csh $file endif end while foreach % foreach f (*)? if (-d $f) echo $f? end % set i = 2 % set j = 1 % while ($j <= 10)? echo '2 ^' $j = i *= j++? end 2 ^ 1 = 2 2 ^ 2 = 4 2 ^ 3 = 8 2 ^ 4 = 16 2 ^ 5 = 32 2 ^ 6 = 64

263 08 2 ^ 7 = ^ 8 = ^ 9 = ^ 10 = 1024

264 C (1) : (2) [... ] (3) 2 (4) 3

265 08 (5) 4 (6) 5 C listexe [ ] del del C -p -l trash [-pl] * while C C #!/bin/csh set i = 2 set j = 1 while ( $j <= 10 ) echo '2 *' $j = i += j++ end

266 listdir [ ] yes C delete [ ] 8.14 #!/bin/csh date > $argv[1].$$ ls $argv[1].$$ #!/bin/csh mail $argv[1] << ENDOFTEXT. - $USER ENDOFTEXT echo $argv[1].

267 Unix / Linux 09

268 Unix / Linux 09 C C C C C C (cc) C gcc(gnu cc) gcc C 9.1 longest[] longest.c #include <stdio.h> #define MAXLINE 100