Left Center Right 3차원 L 비디오 C 부호화시스템 R LCR 가상시점영상 N- 시점영상출력 깊이정보맵생성 L C R 깊이정보맵 가상시점영상합성 1. 3 N- Fig. 1. N-view system with the 3-view configuration.

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1 a), a) A Depth-map Coding Method using the Adaptive XOR Operation Kyung Yong Kim a) and Gwang Hoon Park a).,., /. XOR. DCT (H.264/AVC). H.264/AVC BD-PSNR 0.9 db ~ 1.5 db BD-rate 11.8 % ~ 20.8 %. BD-PSNR 0.5 db ~ 0.8 db BD-rate 7.7 % ~ 12.2 %. DCT,. Abstract This paper proposes an efficient coding method of the depth-map which is different from the natural images. The depth-map are so smooth in both inner parts of the objects and background, but it has sharp edges on the object-boundaries like a cliff. In addition, when a depth-map block is decomposed into bit planes, the characteristic of perfect matching or inverted matching between bit planes often occurs on the object-boundaries. Therefore, the proposed depth-map coding scheme is designed to have the bit-plane unit coding method using the adaptive XOR method for efficiently coding the depth-map images on the object-boundary areas, as well as the conventional DCT-based coding scheme (for example, H.264/AVC) for efficiently coding the inside area images of the objects or the background depth-map images. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves the average bit-rate savings as 11.8 % ~ 20.8% and the average PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) gains as 0.9 db ~ 1.5 db in comparison with the H.264/AVC coding scheme. And the proposed algorithm improves the average bit-rate savings as 7.7 % ~ 12.2 % and the average PSNR gains as 0.5 db ~ 0.8 db in comparison with the adaptive block-based depth-map coding scheme. It can be confirmed that the proposed method improves the subjective quality of synthesized image using the decoded depth-map in comparison with the H.264/AVC coding scheme. And the subjective quality of the proposed method was similar to the subjective quality of the adaptive block-based depth-map coding scheme. Keyword: 3D Video Coding, Depth-map Coding, FTV(Free view-point TV), MVC(Multi-view Video Coding)

2 Left Center Right 3차원 L 비디오 C 부호화시스템 R LCR 가상시점영상 N- 시점영상출력 깊이정보맵생성 L C R 깊이정보맵 가상시점영상합성 1. 3 N- Fig. 1. N-view system with the 3-view configuration. 3 3.,, 3. 3 HD 3. 3D HDTV, Mbps.. 3D 3 ISO/IEC MPEG(Moving Picture Experts Group) 3 a) Media Lab., College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University : (ghpark@khu.ac.kr) IT (NIPA-2011-(C )). ( ),(1 : ,2 :3 7 ), ( )., (Depth-map).,. 3D., 3. 1 MPEG 3 N(N>3)- [1].,,,,.,, 3..,..,,

3 3. 2 HM(Head Mount) TV(FTV; Free view-point TV) [2]. 3 MPEG 3.., 3., 3. DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform) [3].....,... II. (a) (b) (a) (c) (a) (d) (c) (e) (f) (e) (g) (e) (h) (g) 2. "Breakdancers" (a) (e) Fig. 2. Comparison of the subjective picture quality of the synthesized image generated by using the original depth map(a) and the decoded depth map(e) after encoding in the "Breakdancers" sequence

4 ,. (Edge). DCT,.. 2 MPEG Breakdancers. 2(a) Breakdancers 2(e) Breakdancers (Quantization Parameter) '37' H.264( MPEG-4 part 10 AVC; Advanced Video Coding) [4]. 2(c) 2(g) 2(a) (e). MPEG 3 (VSRS, View Synthesis Reference Software) [5,6]., 8 2 (2 ) 2 (1 3 ) (1 3 ). 2(e) ( 2(f)), DCT. 2(g) ( (h)),.. DCT [7,8]. DCT ( 3(A)) ( 3(B)) H.264/ AVC - (Rate-distortion Optimization) [9].. DCT, DCT. 3. 3(A) DCT, H.264/AVC. 3(B),,,. A DCT 기반동영상부호화방법 깊이정보맵블록입력 B 그레이코드변환 비트평면분리 비트평면부호화 다중화 비트스트림 3. [7] Fig. 3. Adaptive block-based depth-map coding method

5 [10]... (P; Most significant bit-plane) (P; Least significant bit-plane) MPEG-4 Part-2 Visual(ISO/IEC ) [11] (binary shape coding) [12]. (CAE; Context-based Arithmetic Encoding) [13]. III. [7,8]..,., 4 Breakdancers (16x16 ). 5. ( 5(a) 5(b) 5(c)) ( 5(d) 5(e) 5(f)),., 6 비트평면블록 그레이코드로변환된비트평면블록 (a) 비트평면블록 그레이코드로변환된비트평면블록 (b) 비트평면블록 그레이코드로변환된비트평면블록 4. Breakdancers Fig. 4. Bit-plane analysis of the object boundary block with the depth-map of Breakdancers sequence (c)

6 (a) 4(a) -5 (b) 4(b) -6 (c) 4(c) (d) 4(a) -5 (e) 4(b) -6 (f) 4(c) 5. Fig. 5. Comparison of the bit-plane's binary image of before and after the gray coding 깊이정보맵블록 XOR( ),. 3 비트평면단위부호화 yes 1 모두 0 인지혹은모두 255 인지에대한모드정보만부호화 비트평면분리 2 적응적 XOR 연산 블록내모든이진영상값이동일한가? no 모드정보부호화와 CAE 이용하여이진영상을부호화 6. XOR Fig. 6. bit-plane unit coding method using the adaptive XOR method XOR., -(i), -(i-1) XOR ( A ). -(i), -(i-1) XOR ( B ). A B. XOR , Step 3-2 Step (0) 255(1) (CAE).

7 XOR DCT, DCT. DCT XOR. IV. XOR, XOR., DCT DCT ( 7(A)) ( 7(B)) H.264/AVC -.. DCT ( 7(A)) ( 7(B)).. 깊이정보맵블록 DCT 기반부호화 비트평면부호화 A 움직임예측 움직임보상 인터 + _ 변환 양자화 엔트로피부호화 다중화 비트스트림 영상버퍼 참조영상버퍼 인트라예측 인트라 재구성된영상버퍼 디블록킹필터 + + 역변환 역양자화 B 비트평면분리 비트율조절 XOR 연산 비트평면단위부호화 깊이정보맵구성 비트평면결합 XOR 연산 비트평면단위복호화 7. Fig. 7. Encoder block diagram of the proposed method

8 7(A) DCT H.264/AVC, 16x16.,. (Intra) (Inter). DCT. (1). 7(A),. 7(A),. ( ) (Motion Vector).. (2), ( ) (Residual Block),.,,,,. (2-1) DCT (Transform Coefficient). (Spatial Domain) (Frequency Domain),. (2-2) (Quantized Coefficient). (2-3) DC (Zigzag). (2-4) (Entropy). (CAVLC; Context-adaptive Variable Length Coding) (CABAC; Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding [15] ). (3) DCT. (4) (Inter-frame)..,. /., (Blocking Artifact) ( ). (5),. 7(B) XOR. 16x16. 7(B),, XOR,,.

9 (1) N- N. (2).,. H.264/AVC -. (3) n -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6,,.. (3-1) XOR ( ) XOR. XOR ( ). XOR 8. ( A )., XOR ( B ). A B A B XOR. XOR XOR (1 ), XOR 1 XOR '0' XOR. (3-2) MPEG-4 Part-2 Visual(ISO/IEC ) [11] [12]. (CAE; Context-based Arithmetic Encoding) [13]. (4). (5),. (m : ), m. (6) XOR XOR. XOR XOR. (7) m M-. (8) M- (N- ). N- (+m+1 ) 0(0). (9) 7(A) DCT 7(B) /,. 현재비트평면을이진부호화한후비트양측정 (A) 시작 A > B yes XOR 연산수행 끝 XOR 연산을수행한비트평면을이진부호화한후비트양측정 (B) 8. XOR Fig. 8. Method deciding whether or not the execution of XOR operation no

10 s 7 MPEG-4 Part-2 Visual(ISO/IEC ) [11] (binary shape coding) [12], 9. 현재비트평면블록 모드결정 재구성된영상 비트평면분리 XOR 연산 CAE 부호화다중화비트스트림 9. Fig. 9. Block diagram of the bit-plane encoding method 9. (1),,. 255(1) all_1, 0(0) all_0., intracae CAE [13]. (2) CAE [13]., (Binary Arithmetic Coding). (3), XOR, CAE. 참조비트평면 참조비트평면 XOR 연산 참조비트평면 XOR 연산 XOR 연산 XOR 연산 XOR 연산 참조비트평면 부호화할비트평면 10. Fig. 10. Construction method of the reference bit-plane

11 9. DCT ( 7(A)) ( 7(B)).. XOR XOR. 10 (-3) XOR CAE,. -3 CAE , XOR, XOR. 7 MPEG-4 Part-2 Visual(ISO/IEC ) [11] (binary shape coding) [12], ,. (1), XOR, CAE. (2) all_0 all_1,. intra- CAE, CAE [13]. (3) all_0, 0(0). all_1, 255(1). (3) CAE.,.. XOR XOR. 비트스트림 역다중화 재구성된영상 비트평면분리 XOR 연산 CAE 복호화 동일수준블록복호화 재구성된비트평면블록 11. Fig. 11. Decoder block diagram of the bit-plane decoding method (C), DCT 12(D). 12(C) XOR.

12 비트평면복호화 C 비트평면복호화 XOR 연산 비트평면결합 깊이정보맵구성 비트스트림 역다중화 DCT 기반복호화 D 엔트로피복호화 역양자화 역변환 + 디블록킹필터 + 인트라 인트라예측 재구성된영상버퍼 재구성된깊이정보맵블록 인터 움직임보상 참조영상버퍼 영상버퍼 12. Fig. 12. Decoder block diagram of the proposed method (m : ). m. 11. m XOR XOR XOR. M-. M- (N- ) (+m+1 ) 0(0) N-. 12(D) 12(C).. 12(D) DCT (H.264/AVC),,......,. V. H.264/AVC JM(Joint Model) 13.2 [14]

13 (a) breakdancers (b) ballet (c) champagne_tower (d) breakdancers (e) ballet (f) champagne_tower 13. Fig. 13. Real image and depth-map image DCT (H.264/AVC) [7], 13. 1, I-P-P-P CAVLC CAE, Hierarchical B CABAC(Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding) [15]. 1.. Table 1. Test Condition Ballet,Breakdancers (1024x768, 15Hz), Champagne Tower (1280x960, 30Hz) 100 Frames YUV 4:0:0 22, 27, 32, 37 I-P-P-P-, Hierarchical B CAVLC, CABAC, CAE DCT (H.264/AVC) [7], PSNR(Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) RD(Rate-distortion)-Curve , 16, 2,.. Breakdancers Ballet Champagne_ tower PSNR BD-PSNR [16], DCT I-P-P-P 1.3 db, Hierarchical B 1.0 db. I-P-P-P 0.8 db, Hierarchical B 0.6 db. bit-rate BD-bitrate [16]

14 14. Breakdancers (1 ) : (CAVLC), (CABAC) Fig. 14. Comparison of PSNR results in depth-map(view #1) of Breakdancers sequence: left(cavlc), right(cabac) 15. Ballet (1 ) : (CAVLC), (CABAC) Fig. 15. Comparison of PSNR results in depth-map(view #1) of Ballet sequence: left(cavlc), right(cabac) 16. Champagne_tower (39 ) : (CAVLC), (CABAC) Fig. 16. Comparison of the PSNR results in the depth-map(view #39) of Champagne_tower sequence: left(cavlc), right(cabac)

15 2. Table 2. Coding efficiency comparison of the depth-map coding methods DCT (H.264/AVC) BD-PSNR (db) CAVLC, I-P-P-P BD-rate (%) [7] BD-PSNR (db) BD-rate (%) DCT (H.264/AVC) BD-PSNR (db) CABAC, Hierarchical B BD-rate (%) [7] BD-PSNR (db) ballet breakdancers BD-rate (%) champagne tower Average , DCT I-P-P-P 17.1 %, Hierarchical B 14.9 %. I-P-P-P 10.2 %, Hierarchical B 9.5 %. 3 PSNR. 3 DCT, PSNR. PSNR, PSNR 1 db. 3. PSNR. Table 3. Comparison of the PSNR from the synthesized images. QP H.264/AVC Ballet Breakdancers Champagne tower PSNR (db) PSNR (db) PSNR (db) [7] H.264/AVC [7] H.264/AVC [7] PSNR (db) PSNR (db) PSNR (db) PSNR (db) PSNR (db) PSNR (db) PSNR (db) PSNR (db) PSNR (db) CAVLC, I-P-P-P QP CABAC, Hierarchical B

16 3 (warping).. Ballet Breakdancers, (arc)., 17 ( 17(b)) MPEG 3 (VSRS, View Synthesis Reference Software) [5,6]. 2 (2 ), 2 (1 3 ) (1 3 ). 17(c) ( 17(a)) ( 17(b)). 17(a) 17(b), ( 17(c)).. (PSNR). 3., DCT, , 2 (1 3 ) (1 3 ). DCT ( 18(c), 18(f), 18(i)).. ( 18(e), 18(h), 18(k)). DCT. ( 18(e), 18(h), 18 (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 'Breakdancers' 2 Fig. 17. Comparison of the real image and the synthesized image and the subtracted image of the two images in the Breakdancers sequence(view #2).

17 (a) DCT (b) (c) (d) DCT (e) (f) (g) DCT (h) (i) 18. 'Breakdancers' 2 Fig. 18. Comparison of the subjective quality of the synthesized image(view #2) in the Breakdancers sequence (k)) ( 18(d), 18(g), 18(j)). VI. 3

18 . / XOR. DCT.,,. XOR, DCT... [1] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, Draft Report on Experimental Framework for 3D Video Coding, N11478, Geneva, Switzerland, July [2] M. Tanimoto, Overview of Free Viewpoint Television, Signal Processing: Image Communication, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp , July [3] A. Smolic, K. Mueller, N. Stefanoski, J. Ostermann, A. Gotchev, G.B. Akar, G.A. Triantafyllidis and A.Koz: Coding Algorithms for 3DTV - A Survey, IEEE Trans. οn Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 11, pp , November [4] ITU-T Recommendation H.264 and ISO/IEC (MPEG-4 Part 10 AVC), Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services, Version 1: March 2003, Version 2: May 2004, Version 3: March 2005, Version 4: September 2005, Version 5 and Version 6: June 2006, Version 7: April 2007, Version 8: July [5] Y. Mori, N. Fukushima, T. Yendo, T. Fujii, M. Tanimoto, View generation with 3D warping using depth information for FTV, Image Communication, Vol. 24 No. 1-2, pp , January [6] M. Tanimoto, T. Fujii, View synthesis algorithm in view synthesis reference software 2.0 (VSRS 2.0), ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC29/WG11 M16090, Lausanne, Switzerland, February [7] K.Y. Kim, G.H. Park, D.Y. Suh, Adaptive Depth-map Coding for 3D-Video, IEICE Trans. on INF. & SYST., Vol. E93-D, No. 8, pp , August [8] K.Y. Kim, G.H. Park, D.Y. Suh, Bitplane-based lossless depth-map coding, SPIE Optical Engineering, Vol. 49, No. 6, , June [9] T. Wiegand, H. Schwarz, A. Joch, F. Kossentini, and G.J. Sullivan, Rate-Constrained Coder Control and Comparison of Video Coding Standards, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp , July [10] J. R. Bitner, G. Ehrlich, and E. M. Reingold, Efficient generation of the binary reflected gray code and its applications, Commun. ACM, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp , September [11] ISO/IEC (MPEG-4 Visual), Coding of Audio-Visual Objects - Part 2: Visual, Version 1: April 1999, Version 2: February 2000, Version 3: May [12] N. Brady, and F. Bossen, Shape compression of moving objects using context-based arithmetic encoding, Signal Processing: Image Communication, Vol. 15, No. 7, pp , May [13] N. Brady, F. Bossen, and N. Murphy, Context-based arithmetic encoding of 2D shape sequences, Special session on shape coding (ICIP '97), Vol. 1, pp , [14] F. Heinrich-Hertz-Institut, H.264 Reference Software Version JM13.2, May [15] D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand, Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding in the H.264/AVC Video Compression Standard, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp , July [16] G. Bjøntegaard, "Calculation of average PSNR differences between RD-curves," ITU-T SG16 Q.6, VCEG-M33, Texas, USA, April 2001.

19 : : ~ : - :,, : : : Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of EEAP : Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of EEAP ~ : ~ : ~ : - :,,,,

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