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1 Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.2, 2006, pp.153~174 Investigation of SAR Systems, Technologies and Application Fields by a Statistical Analysis of SAR-related Journal Papers Hoonyol Lee Department of Geophysics, Kangwon National University Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to establish the category of SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) systems, technologies and application fields, thus to provide the world-wide trend in SAR research and development activities by analysing SAR-related journal papers. This paper presents an analysis result of SAR-related journal papers published from the late 1960s to early Abstracts and indices of 2665 peer-reviewed, English journal papers published in 243 journals were collected from the Cambridge Scientific Abstracts and classified into the categories according to the system, technique, and application field. Statistics on each category were provided so that one can understand the historical and on-going development in SAR systems, techniques, and a variety of application fields such as land, ocean, cryosphere and atmosphere. This statistical analysis data would be a valuable guideline to establish a future SAR system application and satellite manoeuvering policy in Korea. Key Words : SAR, system, technique, application. hoonyol@kangwon.ac.kr 153

2 Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.2,

3 Investigation of SAR Systems, Technologies and Application Fields by a Statistical Analysis of SAR-related Journal Papers 1. CSA ILLUMINA( ( license) 2. [Power Search] [Advanced Search] ( ): synthetic aperture radar Specific Databases: AGRICOLA, Aqualine, ASFA, CSA Technology, Environmental Sciences, Meteorological, Oceanic Abstracts Continue to Search. Data Range: Earliest to 2005 Limited to: Journal Articles Only, English Only [Search] 3. [Peer-Reviewed Journals] ( 4145, ) 4. Record # 4145 [Go], record (2839 ). 5. [Save_Print_ ] [Export to RefWorks]. 6. RefWorks, 1-500, , , , , RefWorks (exact close) Fig. 1. Journal paper collection procedure in CSA ILLUMINA. 155

4 Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.2, 2006 Table 1. Analysis Procedure and work plan. 156

5 Investigation of SAR Systems, Technologies and Application Fields by a Statistical Analysis of SAR-related Journal Papers Fig. 2. Distribution of SAR-related journal papers. 157

6 Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.2, 2006 Fig. 3. Yearly publication of SAR-related journal papers. 158

7 Investigation of SAR Systems, Technologies and Application Fields by a Statistical Analysis of SAR-related Journal Papers Table 2. Classification Scheme (STAR). STAR Class Sub-class Description Description SEASAT-A 1978(100days), USA, L-HH ERS-1/ (ERS-1), 1995-(ERS-2), EU, C, VV System Technology Application Unrepairable Radarsat-1 JERS-1 Envisat Planetary Sensors Shuttle 1995-, Canada, C, HH , Japan, L, HH 2002-, EU, C, dual pol. radio telescope, Magellan, Cassini SIR-A, SIR-B, SIR-C/X-SAR, SRTM Repairable Airborne Sensors onboard airplane Ground/ISAR GB-SAR, ISAR Simulated SAR simulation ETC ETC Scatterometer, Radiometer, Altimeter, Almaz, Receiving System, etc SAR General visual interpretation Basic Advanced Land SAR Algorithm SAR System/Processor SAR Classification Radarclinometry Radargrammetry InSAR DEM InSAR Coherence DInSAR PSInSAR PolSAR Pol-InSAR Tomography ATI Agriculture Archeology/Subsurface Topography Forestry Geology Geotectonics Hydrology Seismology Soil Volcanology Urban/Manmade Thematic Mapping modelling, parameter extraction focusing, filter, new system Thematic Mapping Shape-from-shading Stereo SAR Interferometry, Phase unwrapping change detection, decorrelation Differential InSAR, surface deformation Permanent Scatterer InSAR Polarimetry Polarimetric and Interferometric SAR 3D modelling Along Track Interferometry agricultural crop, vegetation, trees, but agricultural soil goes to Soil. subsurface penetration, paleo-channel, landmine detection. DEM from InSAR, radargrammetry, and radarclinometry. Slope angle from PolSAR. forest, biomass, vegetation. forest fire, deforestation, but crop goes to agriculture lithology, structural mapping, geomorphology, mineral exploration, lineament. tectonic motion, subsidence, land slide, tectonic strain rivers. lakes, limnology, flood, snow, ice (non-polar) earthquake displacement soil moisture, soil type (natural or agricultural) volcanic morphology, swell, subsidence, lava flow, eruption urban area mapping. Target, building, power line, foliage/snow penetrating target detection. land cover map. Classification of various surface type. 159

8 Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.2, 2006 Table 2. Continued. STAR Class Sub-class Description Description Application Ocean Cryosphere Atmosphere Representative or Review paper Wind Surface Wave Internal Wave Current Bathymetry Slick Ship Intertidal/Coastal Glaciers Sea Ice Ice Sheet/Ice Shelf amplitude phase wind speed and direction measurement from capillary or gravity wave by backscattering coefficient. comparison with scatterometer wave caused by wind, bathymetry, tide, etc. wave spectra. waves visible in SAR resolution. surface imprint of internal wave eddies, upwelling, current, frontal system subwater topography from wind/wave/tide pattern oil slick, biological film ship detection, ship wake intertidal zone, coastal zone. glacier motion, Glacier snow cover, glacier retreat/expansion sea ice type, first year ice, multi-year ice, pressure ridge, lead, polynya, floe, Iceberg, sea ice snow cover. continental ice cap, ice stream, ice sheet motion, topography, hingeline of ice shelf, snow on ice sheet/ice shelf weather systems imprinted on ocean surface. Storm, rain, wind, weather front, atmospheric lee wave, marine atmospheric boundary layer, vortex, solitons, atmospheric gravity wave. atmospheric delay or refraction of radar signal by water vapor, ionosphere, etc. representative, exemplary paper recommended for vital reading or review paper Specification Target Vehicle Antenna Carrier frequency Polarization Imaging mode Table 3. SAR Systems (Mode-based). Type Earth or planets stationary, airborne, satellite, shuttle or spaceship monostatic or bistatic X, C, S, L, or P bands single-, dual-, full-polarization (HH, HV, VH, VV) strip, scan, spot, etc Examples: SIR-C/X-SAR: Earth, shuttle, monostatic, L/C/X, full-pol, strip. ERS-1/2: Earth, satellite, monostatic, C, VV, strip SRTM: Earth, shuttle, bistatic, C/X, HH/VV, strip Arecibo Antenna: planet, stationary, monostatic, multibands, multi-pol, strip/spot Magellan, Cassini SAR: planet, spaceship, monostatic, S, HH, strip AIRSAR/TOPSAR: earth, airborne, mono/bi, L/C/P, fullpol, strip 160

9 Investigation of SAR Systems, Technologies and Application Fields by a Statistical Analysis of SAR-related Journal Papers Table 4. SAR Systems (Vehicle-based). Class Sub-Class SAR Systems SAR Systems Characteristics Unrepairable SAR (Satellite and Spaceship) Repairable SAR (Shuttle, Airborne, Ground Systems) 1st Generation 2nd Generation Airborne SEASAT-A (USA, 1978), ALMAZ-1 (Russia, ), Magellan SAR (US, , Venus), Cassini SAR (US, , Titan), ERS-1 (EU, ), ERS-2 (EU, 1995-), JERS-1 (Japan, ), Radarsat-1 (Canada, 1995-) ENVISAT (EU, 2002), RADARSAT-2 (Canada, 2006s), PALSAR (Japan, 2006s), TerraSAR-X(EU, 2006s), TanDEM-X (EU, 2008s) TOPSAR (JPL, USA), IFSARE (ERIM/Intermap, USA), DO-SAR (Donier,Germany), E-SAR (DLR, Germany), AeS-1 (Aerosensing, Germany), AER-II (FGAN, Germany), C/X-SAR (CCRS, Canada), EMISAR (Denmark), Ramses (ONERA, France), ESR (DERA, UK), etc. single frequency, single polarization, single mode (except Radarsat-1) single freq., dual-pol, multi-mode (s: scheduled) Next Generation LightSAR (US), MicroSAR(EU), Military SAR systems light, constellation, real time multi-frequency, fullpolarization, multi-mode, SIR-A (USA, 1981), SIR-B (USA, 1984), SIR-C/X-SAR (USA, Shuttle Germany, Italy, 1994), SRTM (USA/Germany, 2000) bistatic (SRTM) fairly versatile 161

10 Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.2, 2006 Table 5. SAR System Specifications. Sensor Country Mission Band polari Look Antenna size Alt. Swath Peak Resolu Data rate Mission polari Alt. Swath Resolu Data rate Sensor Country period Band zation angle (azimuth (km) (km) Power tion(m) (Mbps) period zation (km) (km) tion(m) (Mbps) (degree) range, m) (kw) SEASAT-A USA 6/1978-, 105 days L HH (5 bps) SIR-A USA 11/1981, 2.5 days L HH Optical SIR-B USA 10/1984, L HH , 257, days 360 (3-6 bps) SIR-C/ X-SAR ALMAZ-1 ERS-1 ERS-2 JERS-1 Radarsat-1 SRTM USA/ 4/1994, 11 Germany, days Italy Russia EU EU Japan Canada / L/C/X full / , 4.4/1.2/ 90 (4-8 bps) /45(4-6 bps) USA/ 2/2000, HH/ / 180 (C), C, X / Germany 11 days VV (X) 3/1991-, S HH yrs -70 (5 bps, I/Q) 7/1991-2/ 105 C VV (5 bps, I/Q) 4/ C VV present (5 bps, I/Q) 2/ L HH /1998 (3 bps, I/Q) 11/ , 105 C HH present -820 (4 bps, I/Q) Envisat EU 2002 C dual Radarsat-2 Canada ca C full variable ALOS (PALSAR) Japan 1/2006 L dual , 240 TerraSAR-X Germany ca X dual TanDEM-X Germany ca X dual LightSAR L, C. USA - (US SAR) or X full variable COSMO- Sky Med Italy - X SMART SAR Germany

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16 Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.2,

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18 Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.2,

19 Investigation of SAR Systems, Technologies and Application Fields by a Statistical Analysis of SAR-related Journal Papers Fig. 4. Distribution of journal papers related to the SAR Systems. 171

Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.

20 Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.2, 2006 Fig. 5. Distribution of journal papers related to the SAR Technologies. Fig. 6. Distribution of journal papers related to the SAR Advanced Technologies. Fig. 7. Distribution of journal papers related to the SAR Applications. 172

Investigation of SAR Systems, Technologies and

Application - Land. Fig. 9. Application - Ocean. Fig. 10.

21 Investigation of SAR Systems, Technologies and Application Fields by a Statistical Analysis of SAR-related Journal Papers Fig. 8. Distribution of journal papers related to the SAR Application - Land. Fig. 9. Distribution of journal papers related to the SAR Application - Ocean. Fig. 10. Distribution of journal papers related to the SAR Application - Cryosphere. Fig. 11. Distribution of journal papers related to the SAR Application - Atmosphere. 173

22 Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.22, No.2, 2006 Ahmed, S., H. R. Warren, D. Symonds, and R. P. Cox, The Radarsat System, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 28(4): Bamler, R. and P. Hartl, Topical review synthetic aperture radar interferometry. Inverse Problems, 14: R1 - R54. Brown, W. M., Synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, AES-3(2): Carrara, W. G., R. S. Goodman, and R. M. Majewski, Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms, Artech House, Boston, MA. Cloude, S. R. and K. P. Papathanassiou, Polarimetric SAR interferometry. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 36(5): Curlander, J. C. and R. N. McDonough, Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems and Signal Processing, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. Elachi, C., E. Im, L. E. Roth, and C. L. Werner, Cassini Titan Radar Mapper. Proceedings of the IEEE, 79: 867-????. Gens, R. and J. L. Genderen, SAR interferometry - issues, techniques, applications. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 17(10): Ulaby, F. T. and C. Elachi, Radar Polarimetry for Geoscience Applications, Artech House. 174

03¹Ú³ë¿í7~272s

03¹Ú³ë¿í7~272s Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.4, 2007, pp.257~272 Analysis of Relationships between Features Extracted from SAR Data and Land-cover Classes No-Wook Park*, Hoonyol Lee**, and Kwang-Hoon Chi*