07박구병

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1 Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 (2010): Park, Koo-Byoung (2010), After the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC): The Policy of Reparations and Commemoration in Argentina and Peru. Abstract This article tries to examine what followed after the official activities of the Argentine CONADEP(Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas) and the Peruvian TRC. The Argentine example along with its official report titled Nunca Más was regarded as a model case that the subsequent similar commissions would have to consult. After a long pause of forgetting and indifference, the Argentine civilian governments succeeded in resuming the processes of transitional justice, caring for the victims rights to truth and justice, providing them with reparations, and even putting the military perpetrators on trial. In contrast, the Peruvian case, in spite of the comprehensive recommendations of the TRC, exemplified a complex and unfavorable situation in which the longstanding tripartite strife hindered the successive governments from propelling effective policies of reparations and reconciliation. In both countries, reparations entailed acts of restoring what had been lost and giving something, whether symbolic or material, to victims equivalent to a loss to compensate harm. Neither truth nor justice, including economic reparations, was able to repair the loss of victims, but such measures provided recognition for victims and contributed to better individual and collective processes of dealing with the tragic past. The policy of reconciliation included not only reparations but also a continuing dynamic confrontation with the past, in other words, an exercise of memorialization through institutional and state-sponsored commemoration. In Argentina and Peru, these programs of reconciliation at the level of the state worked in the form of building monuments for victims and opening security 0 0 * 2009.

2 archives, though it is too early to judge whether such development of levels of reconciliation could be identified as solid democratization and culture of peace and human rights. Key words Argentina, Peru, Reparations, Reconciliation, Commemoration ,,.,,,,.. (Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas: CONADEP) 2. Nunca Más.. (Alberto Fujimori) ( )

3 (Alejandro Toledo) (Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación: CVR). (Sendero Luminoso: PCP-SL) ( ).,,,,.. 1)..., (Lerner Febres 2009, ).,, Revista Iberoamericana ),, ( 2008, 298)., ( ),.

4 (Kaiser 2005, ). ( )..,..,,.,.,,,,..,, ( ),

5 ... ( ),.,,,. Revista Iberoamericana ,,,,,,, ,,..

6 ( ),,, ( 23,466 ) ( 1,228/87 ). (Carrillo 2006, 506) 1988 (Inter-American Court of Human Rights: IACHR) ( 24,043 ) ,466, ( ). 5, 21,, ,,,.. (Subsecretaría de Derechos

7 Humanos y Sociales) (Ministerio de Interior) (Ministerio de Justicia, Seguridad y Derechos Humanos) 2002 (Secretaría de Derechos Humanos y Sociales), /91, 1/30( $27). 5( $49,275)., 30% 5( $34,492, 70% ). 24,043 ( ) $74 (Guembe 2006, 31-33) (Roht-Arriaza 1995, 290) (Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo). Revista Iberoamericana

8 (Madres de Plaza de Mayo- Línea Fundadora) (Guembe 2006, 47),. ( 2006, 83).., ,..

9 , 2003 (Néstor Kirchner) (Grandin 2005, 64). 2 ( ) (Ayacucho),, (rondas campesinas) (Burt 2007, 16; 2008, 274) (Huamanga) (Méndez & Mariezcurrena 2003, 248). 2) 40%. 17, , 20 69,280 79%. 3) Revista Iberoamericana ) (Abimael Guzmán) (la cuna) (CVR 2003, I, 79; Theidon 2004, 26). 3) 54%, 37% (Theidon 2004, 19; Burt 2007, 2; 2008, 166) ,, (Haworth 1993, 53-55; Stern 1998, ; Burt 2007, 3, 6-7).

10 , (Chuschi) (Ministerio Público) 60.1% (Cueva 2006, 85-86, 89) ) 2005 (Defensoría del Pueblo) 5) 1, ) 2 24 (Laplante & Theidon 2007, 244). 5) 1996,, (The Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission). 5 (, Defensor/Defensora) 2/3.

11 . 6). ( ).. 75% 40% ( 2008, 443).., 20., Revista Iberoamericana ) 2006 (APRA, 1950 ) (Alan García).

12 (Theidon 2006, ).,,,.. ( ),, ( 2008, 143, 204) ,,, (Plan Integral de Reparaciones: PIR) (Guillerot 2006, 34).,,,, ( 2008, ).,, ( ) (Laplante & Theidon 2007, 240, ). (Cole 2007, 8),,.

13 12.5% ( ) 11.9% (2002) ( ),..,. ( ) Revista Iberoamericana (Segovia 2006, 672) , ( ),, 7) 7)

14 ,,,,.. (Parque de la Memoria) (Ley 46/98, ), ( ) (ESMA) 8) (Museo de la Memoria) (Ley 392/00, ), (Instituto Espacio para la Memoria) (Ley 961, ) (Archivo Nacional de la Memoria: ANM) (Espacio para la Memoria y para la Promoción y Defensa de los Derechos Humanos).. (46/98 ) (Comisión pro Monumento a las Víctimas del Terrorismo de Estado) 9). (Rodolfo Walsh) (Instituto Espacio para la Memoria 2007, 106). 8) (sitios de memoria) ),

15 (Tandeciarz 2007, 153) (Monumento al escape) Revista Iberoamericana 21.1 (Victoria) 12 30, , (CGTP) (Pedro Huilca Tecse), 1990 (Bernabé Baldeón García),,, (Barrios Altos) (Defensoría del Pueblo 2008, 280). (Apurímac), (Junín), (Ucayali), (Huánuco), (Huancavelica). (Comisión Episcopal de Acción Social: CEAS) (Casas de la Memoria)., 27 (Tappatá de Valdez 2003, 100).

16 ,.,. (Maymí-Sugrañes 1999, 230, 235) (Alberti 2004, ). ( ). (Lerner Febres 2009, 252). (Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales: CELS) 1979.,. 10) 1989 (Memoria Abierta) 10) 1991 (UN)

17 - (Tappatá de Valdez 2004, ) (Instituto Espacio para la Memoria), (Estado de Derecho) ( 2010, 213).. 11) /2003.,,,,,,,,,.,,, Revista Iberoamericana ) (Amnesty International)

18 ( 2010, ).,,. (know-how). (UNESCO) 1992,. (Alberti 2004, ).,,. 3,400. (Instituto de Democracia y Derechos Humanos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú: IDEHPUCP) ,917,,

19 :,,,,,,,,, Revista Iberoamericana (Centro de Información para la Memoria Colectiva y los Derechos Humanos) 5,,, ( ).,

20 .., (Sikkink & Walling 2006, ) ). (José Zalaquett). 12), , , 10 (BBC News, 23 April

21 (Grandin 2005, 47) ,... (Cole 2007, 13, 16-17).. Revista Iberoamericana

22 ...,,,. (2006), :,, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp ( )(2008), II,. ( )(2010), III: ( ),. (2008),,, ( ), : 21,,, pp B. (2008),,,. Agüero, Felipe (2007), Dictatorship and Human Rights: The Politics of Memory, Radical History Review, Vol. 97, pp Alberti, Gloria (2004), Los Archivos del Dolor en América Latina. International Council on Archives, Comma, No. 2, pp Barahona de Brito, Alexandra(2001), Truth, Justice, Memory, and Democratization in the Southern Cone, Paloma Aguilar et al.(eds.), The

23 Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp Burt, Jo-Marie (2007), Political Violence and the Authoritarian State in Peru: Silencing Civil Society, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Carrillo, Arturo J. (2006), Justice in Context: The Relevance of Inter-American Human Rights Law and Practice to Repairing the Past. Pablo de Greiff(ed.), The Handbook of Reparations, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp Cole, Elizabeth A.(ed.) (2007), Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación(2003), Informe Final, cverdad.org.pe Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (2003), Un pasado de violencia, un futuro de Paz: 20 años de violencia , Lima: Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación, Defensoria del Pueblo. Cueva, Eduardo González (2006), The Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Challenge of Impunity, Naomi Roht-Arriaza & Javier Mariezcurrena(eds.), Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth versus Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp Defensoría del Pueblo (2008), El Estado frente a las víctimas de la violencia. Hacia dónde vamos en políticas de reparación y justicia? Serie Informes Defensoriales-Informe, No. 128, Lima: Defensoría del Pueblo. Grandin, Greg (2005), The Instruction of Great Catastrophe: Truth Commissions, National History, and State Formation in Argentina, Chile, and Guatemala, American Historical Review, Vol. 110, No. 1, pp Guembe, María José (2006), Economic Reparations for Grave Human Rights Violations: The Argentine Experience, Pablo de Greiff(ed.), The Handbook of Reparations, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp Guillerot, Julie y Lisa Magarrell (2006), Reparaciones en la transición peruana: Memorias de un proceso inacabado, Lima: APRODEH/ICTJ. Revista Iberoamericana

24 Haworth, Nigel (1993), Radicalization and the Left in Peru, , Barry Carr & Steve Ellner(eds.), The Latin American Left: From the Fall of Allende to Perestroika, Boulder and London: Westview Press, pp Instituto Espacio para la Memoria (2007), Leyes principales instrumentos legales sobre derechos humanos y memoria, Buenos Aires: Instituto Espacio para la Memoria. Jelin, Elizabeth (2003), State Repression and the Labors of Memory, translated by Judy Rein and Marcial Godoy-Anativia, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Kaiser, Susana (2005), Postmemories of Terror: A New Generation Copes with the Legacy of the Dirty War, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Laplante, Lisa J. & Kimberly Theidon (2007), Truth with Consequences: Justice and Reparations in Post-Truth Commission Peru, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp Lerner Febres, Salomón (2009), Achievements and Tasks in Confronting the Past in Peru and Latin America,, ( ), pp Maymí-Sugrañes, Héctor J. (1999), Latin American Archival Theory and Practice during the 1970s and 1980s, Libraries & Culture, Vol. 34. No. 3, pp Méndez, Juan E. & Javier Mariezcurrena (2003), Unspeakable Truths, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp Roht-Arriaza, Naomi (1995), Conclusion: Combating Impunity, Naomi Roht- Arriaza(ed.), Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp Segovia, Alexander (2006), Financing Reparations Programs: Reflections from International Experience, Pablo de Greiff(ed.), The Handbook of Reparations, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp Sikkink, Kathryn and Carrie Booth Walling (2006), Argentina s Contribution to Global Trends in Transitional Justice, Naomi Roht-Arriaza and Javier Mariezcurrena(eds.), Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century:

25 Beyond Truth versus Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp Stern, Steve J. (1998), Conclusion. Shining and Other Paths: The Origins, Dynamics, and Legacies of War, , Steve J. Stern(ed.), Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, , Durham: Duke University Press: Tandeciarz, Silvia R. (2007), Citizens of Memory: Refiguring the Past in Postdictatorship Argentina, Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, Vol. 122, No. 1, pp Tappatá de Valdez, Patricia (2003), El Parque de la Memoria en Buenos Aires, Elizabeth Jelin & Victoria Langland(eds.), Monumentos, memoriales y marcas territoriales, Buenos Aires: Siglo veintiuno de Argentina Editores, pp Tappatá de Valdez, Patricia (2004), Archivos y Organizaciones de Defensa de los Derechos Humanos en Argentina, Comma, No. 2, pp Theidon, Kimberly (2004), Entre prójimos: El conflicto armado interno y la política de la reconciliación en el Perú, Lima: IEP. Theidon, Kimberly (2006), Justice in Transition: The Micropolitics of Reconciliation in Postwar Peru, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp Revista Iberoamericana

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<32303131C7CFB9DDB1E22028C6EDC1FD292E687770> 통일문제연구 2011년 하반기(통권 제56호) 전쟁 경험의 재구성을 통한 국가 만들기* - 역사/다큐멘터리/기억 - 1)이 명 자** Ⅰ. 들어가는 말 Ⅱ. 과 제작배경 Ⅲ. 과 비교 Ⅳ. 역사/다큐멘터리/기억 현대 남북한 체제 형성에서 주요한 전환점인 한국전 쟁은 해방 후 시작된 좌우대립과 정치적,