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1 뉴럴네트워크알고리즘을이용한비드가시화 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 31 卷 5 號別冊

2 35 연구논문 뉴럴네트워크알고리즘을이용한비드가시화 구창대 * 양형석 * 김중영 ** 신상호 ***, * 한국폴리텍Ⅵ대학산업설비학과 ** 한국폴리텍Ⅴ 대학산학협력팀 *** 토탈소프트뱅크의공학연구소 Using Neural Network Algorithm for Bead Visualization Chang-Dae Koo*, Hyeong-Seok Yang*, Jung-Yeong Kim** and Sang-Ho Shin***, *Dept of Automation of Industrial Installation Korea Polyteching Ⅵ College, Daegu , Korea **Korea Polyteching Ⅴ College Iksan Campus, Iksan , Korea ***Dept of Bio-medical Engineering Institute TOTAL SOFT BANK LTD. Busan , Korea Corresponding author : shinsky@tsb.co.kr (Received ; June 14, 2013 ; Revised July 22, 2013 ; Accepted October 16, 2013) Abstract In this paper, we propose the Tangible Virtual Reality Representation Method to using haptic device and feature to morphology of created bead from Flux Cored Arc Welding. The virtual reality was started to rising for reduce to consumable materials and welding training risk. And, we will expected maximize virtual reality from virtual welding training. In this paper proposed method is get the database to changing the input factor such as work, travelling, speed, CTWD. And, it is visualization to bead from extract to optimal morphological feature information to using the Neural Network algorithm. The database was building without error to extract data from automatic robot welder. Also, the Neural Network algorithm was set a dataset of the highest accuracy from verification process in many times. The bead was created in virtual reality from extract to morphological feature information. We were implementation to final shape of bead and overlapped in process by time to using bead generation algorithm and calibration algorithm for generate to same bead shape to real database in process of generating bead. The best advantage of virtual welding training, it can be get the many data to training evaluation. In this paper, we were representation bead to similar shape from generated bead to Flux Cored Arc Welding. Therefore, we were reduce the gap to virtual welding training and real welding training. In addition, we were confirmed be able to maximize the performance of education from more effective evaluation system Key Words : Neural network algorithm, Virtual welding, Bead visualization 1. 서론 용접은기원전 3천년경청동기시대부터현재사용되어지고있는기술이다. 제조산업에서부터중공업, 자동차공업, 전기 / 전자산업, 플랜트설비산업분야등에서사용되어지고있다. 공업계고등학교, 마이스터고, 직업전문학교, 폴리텍 대학등에서는많은학생들을대상으로용접교육을실시하고있다. 하지만오랜세월동안사용해왔던기술이긴하지만, 교육훈련중에는많은문제점이있다. 가스중독, 섬광, 어지러움증, 정신이혼란한증세, 피부화상, 각결막염등질병과사고에노출될수있으며불꽃온도및작업복, 헬멧의착용으로체감온도가 40 도이상일정도로교육환경이열악한실정이다. 가상현실이란, 사람들이일상적으로경험하기어려운 Journal of KWJS Vol.31 No.5(2013) pp

3 36 환경을직접체험하지않고서도그환경에들어와있는것처럼보여주고조작할수있게해주는방법이다. 응용분야는교육, 고급프로그래밍, 원격조작, 원격위성표면탐사, 탐사자료분석, 과학적시각화등에사용된다. 이러한가상현실방법을용접에적용하여실제용접훈련의위험성을제거하고, 소모성재료를절약하여비용적으로절감을극대화할것으로기대한다 1,2). 본논문에서는여러용접종류중에서도, 산업분야에서많이활용되고있는플럭스코어드아크용접의가상현실훈련시스템개발에필요한비드가시화방법을제시한다. 실용접에서생성되는비드의형상을분석하여가상훈련시스템에적용하여현실과동일한비드의형상을표현함으로서, 훈련자의용접훈련에많은도움이될것이다. 2. 비드데이터베이스 2.1 비드데이터베이스의정의 비드데이터베이스란가상현실비드가시화의목적으로실용접에서생성된비드의형태정보를수집하여, 용접조건별, 비드의형태정보를정리한데이터베이스이다. 비드데이터베이스를이용하여가상현실에서용접훈련시, 훈련조건에따른비드의형태정보를데이터베이스에서검색을하여비드를가시화한다. 2.2 비드데이터베이스수집방법사실적인비드를표현하기위해서는비드데이터베이스데이터가정확해야한다. 사람이용접을수행한결과를데이터로수집하기에는문제가있다. 용접마다그사람의성향에따라비드의모양이달라지기때문에, 비드데이터베이스에수집될데이터로는알맞지않다. 그럼으로용접을수행하는결과를데이터베이스에데이터로활용이되어야한다. 본논문에서는데이터를 Fig. 1 Welding output section Fig. 2 SEMcross-sectional imagesand measurement 플럭스코어드아크용접의로봇용접기를이용하여토치의작업각, 진행각, 속도및용접기의전압과전류의변화에따른용접을수행하고생성된용접결과물을절단한후절단된단면을전자현미경으로촬영하여, 비드의폭과높이, peak 너비, 용입깊이등의데이터를수집하였다. Fig. 1은전자현미경으로촬영한단면영상이며, Fig. 2는전자현미경으로촬영된영상을이용하여 Bead Width, Bead Height 를계측한영상이다. 2.3 비드데이터베이스활용각용접조건별로생성된비드의단면정보를 1:1 매핑하여데이터베이스에저장하여, 가상현실훈련에서비드생성시, 입력값에따른출력값으로활용된다. 입력값으로는전압, 전류, 작업각, 진행각, 속도이며, 해당입력값을뉴럴네트워크알고리즘에적용하여비드폭, 비드높이, peek 너비, 용입깊이등의출력값을도출한다. 3. 뉴럴네트워크알고리즘뉴럴네트워크는뉴로라고도불리는것으로, 인간의뇌의기능을적극적으로모방하려는생각에기초를두고있다. 즉, 무언가를보고, 그것이무엇인가를인식하여, 필요에따라행동을취한다는, 인간에게는아주간단하고당연한사고방식을컴퓨터에학습시키려는것이다. 제어대상과관련된복수의요인 ( 패러미터 ) 을설정하고, 이들의결합과결합의무게를생각하는방법이다. 현재까지개발된국내외가상용접훈련장비에는가상용접시, 항상정해져있는비드의형태를생성한다. 훈련자의행위에따라, 발생하는결과물이같다면, 훈련의성과를높이기힘들기에, 뉴럴네트워크알고리즘을가상용접에적용하여, 훈련자의행위에따라변화되는비드의형태를표현하기위해가상용접에뉴럴네트워크알고리즘을적용하게되었다. 402 Journal of KWJS, Vol. 31, No. 5, October, 2013

4 뉴럴네트워크알고리즘을이용한비드가시화 37 가상용접훈련에적용되는 Fast Artifical Neural Network 알고리즘을적용하였다. 무료라이브러리신경망알고리즘으로서, 뉴로생성및연산의속도가성능이뛰어나, 실시간으로비드의형상을예측하기에적합한알고리즘으로판단하여적용하였다. 가상용접훈련에서용접기의전압과전류, 토치의작업각, 진행각, 속도에따른비드형태를결정하기위하여뉴럴네트워크알고리즘을이용한다. 뉴럴네트워크알고리즘의입력값을전압, 전류, 작업각, 진행각, 속도를주어지게되며, 알고리즘의연산을통하여비드의너비, 높이, 용입깊이를도출한다 5). 알고리즘에기반이되는데이터는비드데이터베이스의데이터를활용하였다. Fig. 3과같이뉴럴네트워크알고리즘의입력값으로작업각, 진행각, 전압, 전류의값이입력되며, 연산을통한결과값으로는비드넓이, 비드높이, 비드깊이값이도출한다. 비드생성시, CTWD의변화에따라비드형상을결정하는데중요한인자로여겨지지만, CTWD는비드의형상을결정하는시점보다, 비드가중첩되는과정에서영향값으로적용되는게옳다고판단하여뉴럴네트워크알고리즘의입력값으로제외를하였다. 뉴럴네트워크알고리즘을통해출력되는출력값과비드데이터베이스에저장되어있는출력데이터를비교하여정확도검증을수행한다. 비교를위해입력되는입력값은비드데이터베이스에저장되어있는데이터를기반으로한다. 12개의데이터를입력하여정확도검증을수행하였으며정확도검증결과는아래의표와같다. Table 1 의실제측정데이터는실용접단면사진을통해획득한데이터이며, 뉴럴넷결과데이터는뉴럴네트워크알고리즘을적용하여추출한데이터이다. 두개의데이터를비교하여정확도를추출한결과 99.59% 정확도를도출하였다. 4. 비드가시화 Working Progressing Volt Amp Input layer Hidden layer1 Node : (7) Hidden layer2 Node : (50) Bead width Bead height Depth of penetration Output layer Fig. 3 Neural network algorithms Table 1 Neural network algorithm accuracy verification Real Data Neural Data Accuracy No Width Height Dept Widt Height Dept Width Height Dept 뉴럴네트워크알고리즘을통해비드의폭과높이, 용입깊이등의출력값을도출하였으며, 비드의형상을표현하는작업이필요하다. 이를비드가시화라고하며, 도출된출력값과토치의작업각, 진행각을이용하여실제비드와유사한가상현실속의비드를생성한다. 도출된출력값을이용하여 Fig. 4와같이곡선의방정식을적용한후비드의형태를생성한다. 비드형상을생성하기위한수식은아래와같다. 1) X(t) 값을기준으로곡선을둘로나눈후, 곡선의방정식의기울기를구한다. - 를지나고 축에대칭인곡선의방정식 - 곡선의방정식을미분한다. - 을대입하면 Left tow 의직선기울기가구해진다. - tan - 에 (0, 0) 을대입한다 Left tow (a) Bead height (h) Right tow (b) X(t) Average : Average itemized : Bead width Fig. 4 Generation algorithm bead 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 31 卷第 5 號, 2013 年 10 月 403

5 tan - tan - tan - 2) 왼쪽곡선의방정식 - 에서 tan 를대입한다 3) 오른쪽곡선의방정식 - - 를대입하면 Right tow 의직선기울기가구해진다. - tan - tan Fig. 5는비드가시화방법의절차를표현하며, Fig. 6은비드가시화방법에따라생성된가상의비드를표현한것이다. Fig. 5 Bead visualization procedures Professional Trainee Fig. 7 Evaluation of the bead width Professional Trainee Fig. 8 Evaluation of the bead height 5. 비드형상평가 가상용접훈련의가장큰이점은훈련즉시평가가가능하다는점이다. 실용접의경우, 훈련을수행한후, 교수및강사에게훈련에대한평가를받아야하지만, 훈련자가비드를생성방법과비드의단면을평가하기에는어려움이많다. 가상용접훈련은훈련자가훈련을수행하는과정을모두저장을함으로서, 훈련이끝난후, 훈련에대한평가를훈련자에게제시한다 3,4). 평가항목으로는작업각, 진행각, 속도, 작업경로, 비드너비, 비드높이등의평가를수행하며, 특히비드의너비와높이는일정한모양으로생성하는것이중요하여일정너비와높이에서벗어났을때의면적을계산하여배점을수행한다. 비드의너비와높이의계산하는면적그래프는아래의그림과같다. 비드의넓이와높이평가는비드의미려도평가로서, 비드의결함이없고, 깨끗하면서완전한비드를생성하기위해, 반드시수행해야할평가방법이다. Fig. 7은비드의너비를평가하는방법을그래프로표현한것이고, Fig. 8은비드의높이를평가하는방법을그래프로표현하였다. 6. 실험및구현결과분석 Fig. 6 Bead visualization video 본실험환경은 Inter(R) Xeon(R) CPU 3.07GHz 3.06GHz 와 4G의 RAM 이장착된 IBM 호환 PC상에서 Virtools 5.0 과 Visual studio 2008 MFC, Microsoft SQL Server 2005를사용하여구현하였다. 제안된가상용접훈련은사용자가용접기의전압과전류를설정하여용접을수행한다. Fig. 9는전압과전류를설정하는화면이다. 실제플럭스코어드아크용접기에서사용하는토치를가상용접훈련장치에장착하여훈련을진행하며, 토치의위치정보를인식하여데이터베이스에저장한다. 404 Journal of KWJS, Vol. 31, No. 5, October, 2013

6 뉴럴네트워크알고리즘을이용한비드가시화 39 비드형태와현미경계측영상과의비교를수행한그림이다. 실용접에서획득한단면사진과가상용접을통해형상화시킨비드의형태정보를비교를하였다. 비드의넓이와높이를계측하였고, 비드의형태정보를실용접단면사진에오버랩하여비드의형태적인차이를비교하였다. Fig. 9 Welding voltage and current settings Table 2 Welding measurement environment Welding measurement environment ID Measure Voltage Currents Speed (mm/min) Working travelling thickness F_B_1 Standard F_B_2 Voltage F_B_3 Voltage F_B_4 Voltage F_B_5 Voltage F_B_6 Voltage Fig 10 Perform virtual welding training F_B_7 Currents F_B_8 Currents Fig. 10은실제토치를이용하여가상용접훈련을수행하는그림이다. 훈련자는모니터상에나타난가상의모재에토치를이용하여가상용접훈련을수행한다. 훈련을수행한조건에따라, 데이터베이스에정보가저장이되며, 형상된비드의형태정보를이용하여비드데이터베이스생성시에사용된전자현미경계측영상과비교하여비드형상정확도를측정한다. 측정항목은비드의폭과비드높이및비드의형태정보를비교하였다. 비드폭과비드높이, 비드의형태는 Auto CAD 프로그램을이용하여비교를수행하였다. 실험은전압, 전류, 속도, 작업각, 진행각, CTWD의변화를주어, 가상용접을수행한후, 생성된비드의형태정보와실용접결과물의단면정보를비교를수행하였다. 실험은총 24건의환경값으로수행하였으며, 실험환경값은아래의 Table 2와같다. 정확도검증결과 96.84% 의정확도가실험을통해서도출되었다. 정확도검증방법은, 실용접에서획득한비드단면정보와가상으로생성된비드의형태정보를비교하여검증을수행하였다. 평가항목으로는비드의넓이와높이정보및형태학적특징으로설정하였다. Fig. 11은비드형상알고리즘을통하여생성된 F_B_9 Currents F_B_10 Currents F_B_11 Currents F_B_12 Currents F_B_12 Speed F_B_14 Speed F_B_15 Working F_B_16 Working F_B_17 Working F_B_18 Working F_B_19 Working F_B_20 travelling F_B_21 travelling F_B_22 travelling F_B_23 travelling F_B_24 travelling 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 31 卷第 5 號, 2013 年 10 月 405

7 40 련자가가상현실에서수행한용접훈련이실용접훈련과의정확성을검증할수있으며, 이를통해, 가사용접에서생성된비드에대한신뢰성을확인할수있었다. 가상용접훈련의정확성과신뢰성을바탕으로향후, 용접교육을수행하는훈련자에게많은도움이될것이라는전문가자문을통해확인하였다. Reference Fig. 11 Bead accuracy verification 7. 결론 본논문에서는실용접에서획득한비드의단면정보를이용하여가상현실에서실제비드형태와동일하게가시화하기위하여비드데이터베이스및, 뉴럴네트워크알고리즘, 비드가시화알고리즘을이용하여 96.84% 의높은정확도를가지는비드를생성하였다. 또한, 실제용접에서와동일한형태의비드를생성함으로서, 훈 1. U.Y. Yang, D.S. Jo, Y.W. Kim, G. Lee, H.M. Kim, J.H. Kim, K.H.Kim : Virtual Reality Technology for Industrial Application, ETRI, 26-1 (2011), (in Korean) 2. G. Lee, U.Y. Yang, U.H. Son, Y.W. Kim, D.S. Jo, K.H. Kim, J.S. Choi : Virtual Reality Content-Based Training for Spray Painting Tasks in the Shipbuilding Industry, ETRI Jourmal, 32-5 (2010), (in Korean) 3. S.M. Lee, J.W. Son, D.S. Jo, Y.D. Pak : Training of welders and engineers by using the virtual welding simulator, Abstracts of KWJS, 54 (2010), 71 (in Korean) 4. D.S. Jo, Y.W. Kim, U.Y. Yang, G. Lee, J.S. Choi, K.H. Kim : Virtual Reality Based Welding Training Simulator, Abstracts of KWJS, 53 (2010), 49 (in Korean) 5. D.S. Jo, Y.W.Kim, U.Y. Yang, G.A. Lee, J.S.Choi : Visualization of Virtual Weld Beads, In Proceedings of the 2009 ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, 2009, Journal of KWJS, Vol. 31, No. 5, October, 2013

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