대한방사선의학회지 1995 ; 33( 4) : ti ve reconstruction) 을하였다. 총 개의순간영상 이얻어졌으며이영상들을감쇠도변화의시각적인지도 를강조하기위해미리정한표준윈도우 (level, -700 HU to - 800HU ; wid

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1 부분스캔에해당하는 초후향적재구성 (retrospec- 야υ대한방사선의학회지 1995 : 33( 4) : 폐의호흡역동적 CT: 초기임상경험 I 정명진 임정기 구진모 연경모 목적 : 나선식 CT 를이용하여호흘중폐실질의역동적인변화를평가하고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 정상인 (n=5), 펴 기종 (n =4), 비특이적세기관지폐색성질환 (n =3), 미만성범세기 관지염 (n =4), 기관지결핵 (n =2) 등총 18 명을대상으로하였다. 강제적인폐활량호흘법 (forced in spiratory and expiratory vi tal capacity maneuver) 을시행하는동안 초에걸쳐연속적으로수집 된정보를영상당 0.67 초간의정보로후향적재구성하였다. 영상간에동일한위치의관심영역으로부터 측정된값을이용, 시간 감쇠계수곡선을그렸다. 각각의질환에서시간 - 감쇠계수곡선의특징과변 수들과질환과의관계를비교하였다. 기존의연속정보를재구성하여영화출력 (c ine - display) 하였으 며이로서폐실질의형태및감쇠도의변화앙상을관찰하였다. 결 과 : 정상인 5 명에서측정된흘기 - 호기간감소 계수차는평균 HU 이었으며 20% 호기점 80% 호기점간소요시간은평균 2.04초이었다. 폐색성폐질환자 4명에서최대흘기최대호기간감쇠계수차는평균 21.2 HU 이었으며 20% 호기점 -80% 호기점간소요시간은평균 3.64초이었다. 세기관지질환에서병변및정상부위의최대흘기 -최대호기간감쇠계수차는각각 49.8HU, 167.0HU 이었으며미만성범세기관지염에서는각각 35.4 HU, 79.3 HU 이었다. 결 론 : 폐의호흘역동적 CT 늠호흘기능을영상화할수있는새로운방법이며이는기도의폐색을 동반하는각종질환의정랑적진단과일부의정성적진단에있어서그유용성을찾을수있을것으로 사료된다. 서 료응 - 대상및방법 CT영상에서보이는폐실질의감쇠도는폐실질내의공기一물부피비와비례한다고알려져있다 (1). 이러한폐실질의감쇠도가정상범위밖으로변화하는소견을역동적영상에서보여줄수있다면임상적으로시행하고있는 CT 영상의형태학적정보에추가되는기능적정보를제공함으로써폐질환의진단에도움이될다른차원의역할을기대할수있다. 몇몇저자들은 ultrafast CT를이용하여강제호기시에폐설질의감쇠및해부학적형태의변화를보고한바있다 (2 5). 그러나, 나선식 CT를이용한호흡중폐실칠의변화에대한연구는보고된바가없다. 저자들은나선식 CT를이용한호흡중폐실질의역동적인변화를평가하고자하였다. 정상인 5 명과폐의각종질환을가진 1 3 명을대상으로 하였다. 대상질환들은폐기종 4 예, 비특이적국소적세기 관지폐쇄성질환 3 예, 미만성범세기관지염 (diffuse panbronchiolitis) 4 예, 기관지결핵 2 예등이었다. 스캐너는 Somatom plus -S (Siemens Medical System, Er langen, Germany) 를사용하였다.3mm 의 collimation 과 137kVp, 165mA 의조건을적용하였으며고공간주파 수얄고리듬 (high spatial frequency algorhythm) 을이 용하여영상을재구성하였다. 전예에서스캔은대동액궁, 기관분기부, 기관분기부 5 cm 하방등의 3 콧에서시행되었다. 각각의스캔은한차례 의강제적언폐활량호흡법 (forced inspiratory and expi ratory vital capacity maneuver) 을시행하는동안 초에걸친시간 - 연속적정보수집 (time -con tinuous 1 서울대학교의과대학방사선과학교실 이논문은 1995 년 6 월 15 일접수하여 1995 년 9 월 20 일에채택되었음 data aquisition) 으로이루어졌다. 폐활량호흡을위해스 캔시작직전에심호흡방법을교육하였다. 연속적으로수집된정보를 초간격으로, 240 도

2 대한방사선의학회지 1995 ; 33( 4) : ti ve reconstruction) 을하였다. 총 개의순간영상 이얻어졌으며이영상들을감쇠도변화의시각적인지도 를강조하기위해미리정한표준윈도우 (level, -700 HU to - 800HU ; width, 900 HU) 로보았다. 폐실질의평균 감쇠계수는늑막밖으로설정된관심영역에서 continuous pixel method 를 1 용, 흉곽및종격동을제거한후측정되 었다. 또한폐쇄성세기관지질환을가진 3 명의스캔에서 총 1 0 곳의저감쇠를보인소엽과 1 5 곳의정상폐실질에서, 그리고미만성세기관지염을가진 4 명의스캔에서총 15 곳 의소엽중심성병변을동반한소엽과 10 콧의소엽중심성 병변이나타나지않은폐실질에서 1 cm 2 크기의원형관심 영역을설정하고흡기및호기시에감쇠계수를측정하였 다. 전체영상에서각각의통일한위치의관심영역으로부 터측정된값을이용, 시간 - 감쇠계수곡선 (time- attenuation curve) 을그려폐실질의감쇠도가호흡중에변화하 는양상을보았다 (Fig. 1). 감쇠계수의최대, 최소치는각 각호기종말상태 (end - expiratory period), 흡기종말상태 (end-inspiratory period) 로간주하였다. 각각의질환에 서시간 감쇠계수곡선의특정과감쇠계수의최대치, 최 소치, 최대흡기 - 최대호기간감쇠계수차, 20% 호기점 - 80% 호기점간소요시간 ( 이하호기시간으로약청함 ) 등의변수들과질환과의관계를비교하였다. 계량적분석 이끝난후기존의연속정보를다시 0.2 초간격으로총 50 개내외의단면영상으로재구성하여영화출력 (cine- display) 을하였다. 영화출력된영상을설시간적으로관찰하 여폐설질의형태및감쇠도의변화양상을관찰하였다..7:l 등 E 호흡역동적 CT 의영상은환기중폐실질의변화하는형 과 태를보여주였으며다양한폐색성폐질환에서각각특정 적인영상을제공하였다. 시간 - 감쇠계수곡선의변수들도 질환별로다른소견을보일가능성이있었다 (Table 1). 정상인 5 명에서측정된최대흡기 - 최대호기간감쇠계수 차는 HU ( 평균 HU) 이었다. 호기시간은 초 ( 평균 2.04 초 ) 이었다. 호기시에폐실질의감 쇠도는고르게증가하였다. (HU) o (sec) Fig. 1. time-attenuation curve 01 a 40-year-old healthy man Mean lung parenchymal attenuation dillerence during lorced vital capacity maneuver (c) between maximal inspiration (b) and maximal expiration (a) is 133.5HU. The time interval (1) Irom the p이 nt % expiration (e) to 80 % expiration ( 이 is 5 seconds. 8 Table 1. Diagnosis 01 the Patients and Parameters 01 Respiratory Dynamic CT and PFT No. Age/Sex Attenuation Difference(HU) Expiration Time(sec) FEV1 (Llsec) Diagnosis 에1 J A4 ηζrι(b n 끼41 u1 A τ1 1 7I unu fl Fhu (O 40/M 49/M 58 /F 49/F 40/M 76/M 40/M 69/M 72/M 59/F 58 /F 42/F 42/M 60/F 52 /F 361M COPD COPD COPD COPD Bronchiectasis Asthma Chronic Bronchiolitis DPB DPB DPB DPB 4 얀μ1

3 정멍진오1: 펴 의호흘억동적 CT 폐색성폐질환자 4 명에서는강제호기 (forced expirat ion) 에도불구하고최대흡기 - 최대호기간감쇠계수차 는 HU ( 평균 21.2HU) 에불과하였다. 호기시간 은 초 ( 평균 3.64 초 ) 이었다. CT 영상에서폐기 종에의한다수의기포가보였으며이러한기포들은흡기 시의영상과비교하여호기후의영상에서도그크기가감소하지않았다 (Fig. 2). 경증의비특이적폐쇄성세기관지질환의경우최대흡 기상태에서폐실질의평균감쇠계수는정상벙위내에있 었으며전체적인폐형태도정상이거나일부단면영상에 서부분적인소엽의과투과 ( 저감쇠 ; lobular hyperlucency) 가보였다. 그러나, 호기추 CT 영상에서이러한소 엽들의감죄도의증가가미약하여소기도폐쇄에의한공 기포착 (air-trapping) 이있음을시사하였으며이는주 변정상폐설질의뚜렷한감쇠도증가와대조되었다. 과투 과를보인소엽과정상폐실질에서측정된평균감쇠계수 는각각최대흡기시 878.8HU, HU, 최대호기시 829.0HU, HU 이였으며최대흡기 - 최대호기간 감쇠계수차는각각 49.8 HU, HU 이었다 (Fig.3). 미만성세기관지염의경우흡기상태의영상에서다수의 소엽중심성의결절흑은출아가의나뭇가지형태 (tree - in-bud) 가있었다. 호기시이러한소엽중심성병변들은 해당소엽의공기포착에의한과투과그리고주위의소엽 중심성병변이없는폐의음영증가에의하여보다강조되 어나타났다. 소엽중심성병변이있는소엽과정상부위에 서측정된평균감쇠계수는각각최대흡기시 HU, HU, 최대호기시 HU, HU 이였으 며최대흡기 - 최대호기간감쇠계수차는각각 35.4 HU, 79. 3HU 이었다 (Fig.4). 기관지결핵에의한주기관지협착이있었던 2여l 에서공 히협착후과팽창현상 (obstructive hyperinflation) 이있 었으며최대흡기 - 최대호기간의감쇠계수의차이는 10 HU 이하로서반대측폐에비하여현저한폐쇄성환기장 애가있음을나타냈다. 시간 감쇠계수곡선에서도병변 측폐의환기가거의이루어지지않았다 (Fig.5)., Mn 톰 r -... ζa (HU) "j 0.7 1A 220 V 137 b Fig. 2. CT 01 a 69-year-old man with severe chronic obstructive lung disease at lull inspiration (a) and lull expiration (b) a. CT scan obtained at 1 비 I inspiration shows severe emphysema in both upper lobes 01 the lungs. b. CT scan obtained at 1 미 I expiration shows minimal lung attenuation difference as compared with (a) measuring 미 y 23HU c. The time interval Irom the point 0120% expiration to 80% expiration is 4.25 seconds and slope 01 the curve is Ilattened.950 o (sec) c -553-

4 F 특나 대한방사선의학회지 1995: 33(4): 고찰 Hedlund 등 ( 6) 의연구에의하면 CT에서의감쇠계수는 OHU 이하에서대상의밀도와비례한다. 같은가정을폐에적용하여 Wandtke 등 (1) 은폐실질의감쇠도가폐내공기-물부피비에비례한다고하였다. 실제로다양한호흡상태에서의폐형태와폐실질의감쇠도를정량화하려는연구들이있었다. Kalender 등 (7) 은정상인의폐감쇠도를폐활량의 80% 흡기상태에서 HU, 20% 흡기상태에서 HU로측정하였다. Robinson과 Kreel (8) 은폐활량측정으로확인된폐부피가전체폐의평균감쇠도와유의한역비례관계가있음을증명하였다. 이러한결과는폐실질의평균감쇠도와호흡에따른감쇠도의변화양상을정상과비교할경우각종질환의호흡장애상태를평가할수있음을시사할것이다. CT로호흡상태를평가하기위한연구로스캔을폐활량계에동조시키는방법이보고되었으나 (7-9), 이와같은 폐활량계동조스캔 (spirometric-gating scan) 은정해진호홉상태에서의정지된스캔이며진정한의미의역동적스캔이되지못하였다. 최근의연구자들은전자범초고속 CT (electron beam ultrafast CT: Imatron) 를이용하여역동척호흡중에실시간스캔을시도하였다 (2-5). 초고속 CT를이용한연구결과는매우희망적인것이었으나이러한초고속 CT는아직고가이며상용화되지못하고있다. 저자들은최근급속히보급되고있는나선식 CT를이용하여호흡역통적 CT를시도하였다. 나선식 CT로도고속스캔이가능하나초고속 CT보다는 6 내지 10배의스캔시간이소요된다. Richie 등 (1 0) 은강제호기시의흉곽운동은그속도가 mm / second 에달하며이운동에의한 motion artifact를제거하려면스캔시간이적어도 0.024초이내이어야한다고계산하였다. 전자빔초고속 CT는 0.1 초스캔으로 180도부분스캔을하며나선식고속 CT는 0.6초스캔으로 240도부분스캔을할수있으므로두기기가모두 Richie 등 (1 0) 이계산한고속스캔을수행할수없으나, 분석에무리가없을정도의영상을제공할수있으 Mn ν n. 훌 ( 그a n.7 n 뼈b 0.7 A덕 (HU).500 용 Fig. 3. CT of a 42-year-old woman with chronic bronchiolitis a. CT scan obtained at full inspiration shows lobular hyperlucency b. On the CT scan at full expiration, the areas of hyperlucency utlined by interlobular septa (mosaic hyperlucency) is augmented by remarkable increase of surrounding lung attenuation c. The time-attenuation curve shows normal overall mean lung attenuation change and emphysema-i ike pattern of lucent area -800 o c (sec)

5 정명진외 : 폐의호흘염동적 CT 며특히영상의분석에중요한, 호기나흡기종말기에는 motion artifact가큰문제가되지않았다. 많은폐질환, 특히폐환기의변화를유발하는질환이 CT에서폐감쇠도의변화를동반한다. 폐기종환자의경우, 폐실질중많은부분이 HU 내지 -91O HU 이하의감쇠계수를나타내며이보다낮은감쇠계수로나타나는화소들은병리적으로확인된폐기종과일치하였다 (1 1, 12). 저자들의연구에서정상인의흡기 -호기간평균폐감쇠계수차가 145.8HU 이였으며호기시간은평균 2.04초임에비해, 만성폐색성폐질환에서는흡기호기간평균폐감쇠계수차가 21.2HU 에불과하였 3며호기시간은 2.84 초이상소요되었다. 흡기상태에서폐실질감쇠도의감소와더불어흡기 -호기간평균폐강쇠계수차의감소와호기시간의증가는만성폐색성폐질환의폐활량, 1초간강제호기량등폐기능검사수치의감소와각각연관시킬수있는소견으로여겨진다. 세기관지질환에서모자이크형태로과투과를보이는소엽들은흡기-호기간감쇠계수차가주변정상폐실질에 비해현저히감소되어있였으며시간 -감쇠계수곡선에서보이는특성은만성폐색성폐질환 : 의그것과유사했다. 그러므로세기관지질환에서과투과를보이는소엽은세기관지의폐쇄에의한과팽창을나타내는것으로여겨진다. 또한상대적으로높은감쇠도를보인폐실질은정상적인시간-감쇠계수곡선을나타냈으며일부에서는정상인에서의흡기 -호기간평균폐실질감쇠계수차보다큰변화를보여, 주변폐색소엽의저하된기능을보상하고있는것 a로여겨진다. 이환자들의폐기능검사결과는정상이거나경한폐쇄성질환의양상을나타내였다. 그러므로이러한보상작용에의해정상적인폐활량검사결과를보인환자에게호흡역동적 CT를이용하여폐활량검사보다예민하게세기관지질환을진단할수있을것이다. 미만성세기관지염의경우소엽중심의병변으로언해관심영역의평균감쇠계수가높아지나흡기 -호기간평균감쇠계수차는역시정상보다감소되어있으며시간-감쇠계수곡선은세기관지질환과유사한형태를보였다. 미만성세기관지염에서흡기시저감쇠와감소된흉기 -호기간평균감 b (HU) Fig. 4. CT 01 a 60-year-old woman with dilluse panbronchiolitis a. CT scan at lull inspiration shows multiple centrilobular treein-bud opacities b. On CT scan at lull expiration, the areas around the lesion remained hyperlucent like the air trapping in chronic bronchiolitis c. The time-attenualion curve shows higher mean attenuation 01 this lobular region than normal due to centrilobular opacities, but less attenuation dillerence during respiration than normal -800 entire norma lung sec 야 tion c (sec) F J 야μ

6 대한방사선의학회지 1995; 33(4) ; 간 I 훨 i 셔 r ~ 화괜콰 a Mul 3, (sec) c d Fig. 5. CT 01 A 31-year-old woman with endobronchial tuberculosis a. Coronal relormatted image (collimation 3 mm /table leed 4 mm/reconstruction interval 2 mm) shows diffuse irregular narrowing 1 the trachea (arrow) and left main bronchus (arrowheads) b. CT scan obtained at lull inspiration shows slightly lower attenuation 01 the aerated portion 01 the left upper lobe than that 01 the right. Also noted as multiple nodular and branching linear lesions due to endobronchial spread 01 tuberculosis in left upper lobe c. CT scan obtained at lull expiration shows persistantly hyperlucent lelt upper lobe and no signilicant change in size 01 sectional area 01 it. On the contrary, CT scan shows remarkable increase in attenuation and decrease in size 01 right upper lobe d. Time-attenuation curve shows that normal pattern in the right lung. The curve 01 the left lung is Ilattened suggesting almost n ventilation 쇠계수차를보이는소엽들의분포는소엽중심성병변의분포와일치하였으며, 이는출아기의나뭇가지형태를보이는소엽중심성병변이소엽중앙의세기관지의폐쇄를유발하고있는것에기인할것이다. 기관지결핵에의해주기관지가부분협착되였을때, 동측폐는폐쇄성과팽창이되며이러한병변측폐의시간 감쇠계수곡선은역시폐기종의그것과유사하였다. 반면건측폐의시간 -감쇠계수곡선은세기관지질환에서의건강한폐실질과마찬가지로상대적으로강조된흡기 -호기간감쇠계수차를보였다. 그러므로이러한환자에서명변측폐는거의기능을하고있지못함에도건측폐의보상작용으로인해폐기능검사결과는병변의섬도를대변할수 없을것이다. 이러한경우, 호흡역동적 CT를이용, 흡기호기간감쇠계수차의양측폐사이의비로부터양측폐의분리된폐기능을추측할수있을것이다. 만일내과적으로회복이불가능한기관지결핵으로인해일측폐절제를시행코자할때, 양측폐의폐기능분포를아는것은도움이될수있을것이다. 이와같이호흡역동적 CT는호흡중의역통적인영상을표현할수있으며, 정적인 CT에서관찰할수없었던폐실질의기능적상태를영상화할수있다. 기도의폐색을동반하는각종의질환을감별하고정량적으로진단하는데있어서호흡역동적 CT의유용성을찾을수있을것으로사료된다

7 정명진외 폐의호흘역동적 CT ;ii:~ τ1 C 그 - - I 그 ~ - 헌 computed tomography comparison of inspiration and expirati on scans. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1979 ; 3 : Wandtke JC, Hyde RW, Fahey PJ, et al. Measurement of lung Tomogr 1991 ; 15(5): gas volume and regional density by computed tomography in 9. Rienm li er R, Behr J, Kalender WA, et al. Standardized quantitative high resolution CT in lung diseases. J Comput Assist 10. Ritchie CJ, Godwin JD, Crawford CR, et al. Minimum scan dogs. Invest Radio/1986 ; 21 : speed for supression of motion artifacts in CT. Radiology 2. Stern EJ, Webb WR, Warnock ML, Salmon CJ. Bronchopul- 1992; 185: monary sequestration : dynamic, ultrafast, high-resolution CT 11. Muller NL, Staples CA, Miller RR, Abboud RT Density evidence of air trapping. AJR 1991 ; 157: mask": an objective method to quantitate emphysema usi ng 3. Stern EJ, Webb WR, Golden JA, Gamsu G. Cystic lung dis- computed tomography. Chest 1988 ; 94: ease associated with eosinophilic granuloma and tuberous sclerosis : air trapping at dynamic ultrafast high-resolution CT. Radiology 1992 ;182 : Gould GA, MacNee W, Mclean A, et al. CT measurements of lung density in life can quantitate distal airspace enlarge ment : an essential defining feature of human emphysema 4. Webb WR, Stern EJ, Kanth N, Gamsu G. Dynamic pulmonary Am Rev Respir Dis 1988 ; 137 : CT findings in healthy adult men. Radiology 1993 ; Geraghty JJ, Stanford W, Landas SK, Galvin JR. Ultrafast 124 computed tomography in experimental pulmonary embolism 5. Aquino SL, Webb WR, Zaloudek, Stern EJ. Lung cysts asso- Invest Radio/1992 ; 27 :60-63 ciated with honeycombing : chang in size on expiratory CT scans. AJR 1994; 162 : King MA, Bergin CJ, Yeung DW, et al. Chronic pulmonary thromboembol ism : detection 01 regional hypoperlusion with 6. Hedlund LW, Vock P, Effman EL, Computed tomography 01 CT. Radiology 1994 ; 191 : the lung : densitometric studies. Radiol Clin North Am 1983 ; 15. Gruden JF, Webb WR, Warnock M. Centrilobular opacities in the lung on high-resolution CT: diagnostic considerations and 7. Kalender WA, Rienm li er R, Seissler W, Behr J, et al. Measu- pathologic correlation. AJR : rement 01 P 비 monary parenchymal attenuation : use 01 spiro- 16. Nishimura K, Kitaichi M, Izumi T, Itoh H. Diffuse panbronchiometric gating with quantitative CT. Radiology 1990 ; 175 : Radiology 1992; litis : correlation of high-resolution CT and pathologic lindings 8. Robinson PJ, Kreel L. Pulmonary tissue attenuation with 떼ι

8 대한방사선의학회지 1995 : 33( 4) : Journ al of the Korean Radiological Society 1995: 33(4): Respiratory Dynamic CT of the Lung: Initial Clinical Experience' Myung Jin Chung, M.D., Jung-Gi 1m, M.D., Jin Mo Goo, M.D., Kyung Mo Yeon, M.D. 1 Department 0' Radiology, Seoul National University College 0' Medicine Purpose : We applied spiral CT to evaluate the dynamic changes of regional ventilation of the lung in normal subjects and abnormal patients. Materials and Methods: This study includes normal subjects (n=5) and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n=4), small air-way disease (n=3), diffuse panbronchiolitis (n=4), and tracheobronchial tuberculosis (n=2). Time-continuous scan data at a fixed level during forced vital capacity maneuver (10-12 seconds) were obtained and images were reconstructed retrospectively by using 0."67 second scan da!a per image. The reconstructed images were displayed in a cine mode. Time-density curves were plotted and were correlated with clinical diagnosis. Results: In normal subjects, mean attenuation difference between f비 1 inspiration and f비 1 expi rati on was HU and mean time interval between 20 % expiration and 80 % expiration was 2.04 seconds. In chronic obstructive lung disease, mean attenuation difference between f비 1 inspiration and ω11 expiration was 21.2 HU and mean time interval between 20 % expiration and 80 % expiration was 3.63 seconds. In small air-way disease, mosaic-pattern hyperlucency and normal portion of lung showed mean attenuation differences between 20 % expiration and 80% expiration to be 49.8HU and 167.0HU, respectively. In diffuse panbronchi 이 tis, centrilobular region and normal portion of lung showed mean attenuation differences between 20 % expiration and 80 % expiration to be 35.4 HU and 79.3HU, respectively. Conclusion: Respiratory dynamic CT is an updated technique which enable imaging of the functional status of the lung parenchyma. It may be useful in differentiation and quantitation of variable obstructive lung diseases Index Words: Lung, CT Lung, diseases Computed tomography(ct), technology Computed tomography(ct), high-resolution Address reprint requests to : Jung-Gi 1m, M.D., Department of Radiology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine # 28, Yongon 깅 ong, Chongro-gu, Seoul, Korea. Tel Fax

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¼Û±âÇõ 223 Table 1. Results of FEV 1.0, Methacholine Challenge Test, and Exercise Provocation Test in Eight Patients Who Performed PFT Pts Tests 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FEV 1.0 (%pred) 66.6 88.8 120 101 90.5 95.4 91.6

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< Function of Respiration > 1) pulmonary ventilation 2) alveoli와 blood 사이에서산소와이산화탄소의 diffusion 3) blood와 body fluid에서산소와이산화탄소의운반 4) regulation of vent

< Function of Respiration > 1) pulmonary ventilation 2) alveoli와 blood 사이에서산소와이산화탄소의 diffusion 3) blood와 body fluid에서산소와이산화탄소의운반 4) regulation of vent 호흡생리 (Respiratory physiology) < 호흡 > 1) External respiration : lung에의해산소를흡수하고이산화탄소를배출시키는과정. 호흡생리에서다룸. 2) Internal respiration : 주위조직으로부터세포로산소의이동이일어나세포가산소를이용하고 이산화탄소를발생시키면세포로부터주위조직으로배출시키는과정. < Respiratory

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