을가진사람의대부분은정상체중을가진사람에비해인슐린이증가되어인슐린저항성과관련된 homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) 과관계가있으며, 종양세포인 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 인터루
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1 Original Article Korean J Obes 2016 September;25(3): pissn X eissn 국내중년기비만여성의생리적지표에대한복부비만관리프로그램의효과 : 메타분석 김경진, 홍해숙, 박완주, 고상진, 나연경 * 경북대학교간호대학 Effects of an Abdominal Obesity Management Program on Physiological Bio-markers of Middle-aged Women in Korea: A Meta-analysis KyengJin Kim, HaeSook Hong, WanJu Park, SangJin Ko, YeonKyung Na* College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Background: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of an abdominal obesity management program in middle-aged women in Korea. Methods: Examination of databases, including the Research Information Sharing Service, Database Periodical Information Academic, and Korean Studies Information, resulted in identification of 772 studies performed up to 2014, of which 43 satisfied the inclusion data. Data analysis was performed using R version 3.2 to calculate the effect sizes, explore possible causes of heterogeneity, and check for publication bias, using a funnel plot and its trim-and-fill analysis. Results: The mean effect size of the management program was small (g= 0.22), along with the anthropometric index (g= 0.18), metabolism index (g= 0.21), fat-distribution (g= 0.36), and inflammatory index (g= 0.36). Moderator analysis was performed to determine heterogeneity, but no significant differences were found between the randomized controlled trial (RCT) group and non-rct group. In addition, the length of the session was found to be statistically significant after performing a meta-regression. Finally, a funnel plot with a trim-and-fill analysis was produced to check for publication bias, but no significant bias was detected. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the abdominal obesity management program affects middle-aged women in Korea. Further research is needed to target other age groups with abdominal obesity. Key words: Abdominal obesity, Women, Middle-aged, Programs 서론 1. 연구의필요성비만은식생활의서구화와좌식생활의증가로인한신체활동량의감소등에의한에너지섭취와소비의불균형으로국내 외에서심각한문제로대두되고있다. 국내비만유병률은체질량지수 (body mass index, BMI) 를기준으로 2001년남성 31.8%, 여성 27.4% 이었으나 2012년에는남성 36.3%, 여성 28.0% 로증가된양상을보이고, 특히허 리둘레를기준으로조사된복부비만율은남성은전연령대를걸쳐 20% 대를유지하였으나, 여성에서는연령이증가함에따라복부비만율이증가하여 20대여성은 7.1%, 30대는 11.5%, 40대는 13.5%, 50대는 21.4%, 60대에서는 36.8% 로중년이후폐경과더불어 50-60대에복부비만유병률이증가하는양상을보이고있다. 1 비만은단순히체중과다로만정의내릴수없으며, 대사이상, 당뇨, 고혈압, 일부악성종양의발생등에관여하고있다. 2 특히허리둘레를기준으로한복부비만은심혈관계질환의독립적인위험인자로알려져있다. 3,4 복부비만 Corresponding author YeonKyung Na College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosangro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Korea Tel Fax: yoenkna@knu.ac.kr Received Jan. 5, 2016 Reviewed Feb. 10, 2016 Accepted Mar. 18, 2016 Copyright 2016 Korean Society for the Study of Obesity This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
2 을가진사람의대부분은정상체중을가진사람에비해인슐린이증가되어인슐린저항성과관련된 homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) 과관계가있으며, 종양세포인 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 인터루킨 6 (IL-6), 아디포넥틴 (adiponectin) 을포함한사이토카인이나 C-reactive protein (CRP) 과같은염증지표의발현및호르몬불균형이나타난다. 3,5 또한피하조직이외에축적된복부비만은대사장애를일으켜대사성질환을증가시키며, 복부지방이증가할수록중성지방 (triglyceride, TG), 총콜레스테롤 (total cholesterol, TC), 저밀도지단백콜레스테롤 (low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL), LDL에존재하는지질단백질인아포 B (apolipoprotein B) 가증가하고, 고밀도지단백콜레스테롤 (high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL) 과 HDL에존재하는아포 A (apolipoprotein A) 가감소한다고보고되고있다. 4,5 중년기여성은여성의생애발달단계에서청년과노년의중간시기로, 일반적으로 40-60세여성을말하며, 신체적으로폐경이나노화현상을경험하고, 자신의내 외부로부터오는변화에적응해야하는부담등으로어느시기보다도많은스트레스를경험하고있다. 6 또한중년기여성의대부분이복부비만을가지고있으며 6, 폐경이되는시기는 40대중후반에서 50대로여성마다차이가있고 40대이후부터는여성의복부비만증가율이남성보다큰것으로나타났다. 7 Ban 등 7 의연구에따르면남성의 11.3%, 여성의 37.2% 에서복부비만이있으며, 우리나라의경우서구에비해복부비만이심각한것으로보고하고있다. 중년기여성에서나타나는복부비만은근육량의감소와체지방량의증가등과같은체성분의변화와여성호르몬의분비감소로인한체지방저장과복부지방의분해저하로나타나갱년기에는 1년평균 800 g의체중이증가하며, 폐경시에는체지방의재배치가일어나복부내장지방의축적이심화된다고하였다. 4 이에따라중년기여성의자아존중감저하및우울, 열등감, 스트레스등으로사회적부적응이나타날수있고관절부위에무리를주어관절염, 피로등악영향을미칠수있어국내중년기여성을대상으로복부비만에대한관리가필요하다고생각된다. 8 이처럼복부비만이사회적인이슈로받아들여지면서국내에서도다양한복부비만프로그램을개발하고적용하여효과를파악하고자하는연구들이증가하고있는추세이다. 복부비만관리에는식이요법을포함하여운동요법, 수술요법, 약물요법, 마사지요법및명상등다양한방법들이시도되고있으나 9 현재까지진행된복부비만프로그램을보면종류와그효과가다양하여효과적인중재프로그램을선택하는데어려움이있다. 비만프로그램의효과와관련하여메타분석을실시한연구들을살펴보면국내비만아동을대상으로한연구 10 이거나전반적인비만에대한연구 9 였으며중년기비만여성을대상으로실시한관리프로그램에대한연구는없었다. 또한많은연구들 이체중, 체질량지수를비롯하여염증지표및대사성질환관련지표와관련한생리적변수를사용하여효과를파악하고있음에도불구하고이와관련하여메타분석을실시한연구가미비하다. 이러한시도는복부비만중재를위한효과적인프로그램을선별해내고, 염증지표및대사성질환관련지표의비만중재와관련된효과를파악하는데의미가있다고할수있다. 따라서본연구에서는체계적고찰및메타분석을활용하여국내중년기비만여성을대상으로시행된복부비만프로그램의전체효과크기와각하위결과에대한생리적지표의효과크기를비교분석하고, 복부비만프로그램의종류, 중재횟수나기간, 중재방법등의특성을파악하여추후효과적이고적용가능한복부비만프로그램과그에따른적절한효과파악을위한기초자료로활용하고자한다. 방법 1. 연구설계본연구는복부비만중재프로그램이중년기비만여성의생리적지표인신체계측지표, 대사성지표, 지방분포율, 그리고염증성지표에미치는영향을파악하기위해국내복부비만중재논문의연구결과들을대상으로복부비만중재프로그램의효과를체계적이고종합적으로규명하기위해실시한메타분석연구이다. 2. 연구대상선정기준본연구에서체계적으로대상문헌을선정하기위해 PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) 의기준에의하여연구논문을검색하였다. 연구의대상자 (P) 는복부비만유병률이높은 40세에서 60세의중년기여성으로하였고 4,6, 중재방법 (I) 은복부비만중재프로그램으로한정하였다. 비교집단 (C) 로는복부비만중재프로그램을받지않는비중재집단으로하였으며, 중재결과 (O) 는연구에서제시된신체계측지표, 대사성지표, 지방분포율과염증성지표와관련한주요비만지표를종속변수로선정하였다. 연구설계로는무작위실험조사설계와유사실험조사설계로한정하였다. 본연구에서연구대상의기준을정할때복부비만중재프로그램을실험처치로하여중재전후의사전 사후측정을실시하여구체적수치로제시한논문을선정하였으며, 비중재연구, 초록이나포스터및단행본, 효과크기산출이불가능한연구는선정대상에서배제하였다. 3. 자료검색및선정과정본연구는연구계획에대한윤리적승인을위해 K대학교생명윤리심의위원회 (IRB) 의승인 (No. KNU ) 을받은후진행하였다. 복부비만중재프로그램과관련된논문들은국내데이터베이스의온 139
3 라인검색과참고문헌의수기검색으로수집하였다. 문헌선정은 2014년 12월까지국내의복부비만중재프로그램을적용한학술지논문과학위논문의전수를검색하였다. 본연구에서사용된검색어는복부비만, 중년여성또는복부비만, 여성또는복부비만중년기여성으로하였으며, 해당문헌검색을위해데이터베이스로는학술연구정보서비스 (research information sharing service, RISS), 한국학술정보서비스 (Koreanstudies information service system, KISS), 학술데이터베이스서비스 (database periodical information academic, DBpia) 를활용하여논문을검색하였다. 그결과, 관련국내학술지논문은 392편, 학위논문은 380편이었으며, 총 772편의논문을제목, 연도, 저자를중심으로일일이대조하여중복된자료와학위논문과학술지논문의중복논문 125편을제외하여 647편을선별하였다. 조사연구 204편과다른질병을포함한연구 101편을포함한 305편을제외한총 342편의연구의전문을엄밀히검토하여 40-60세의연령을벗어난 207편의연구를제외하였고, 대조군이선정되지않은 53 편, 나이에대한언급이없는 25편과통계적으로적합한언급이없는 14편을제외하여, 최종적으로선정기준에부합하는 43편의복부비만중재프로그램논문을분석대상논문으로선정하였다. 이과정에서연구자 3명간의견의불일치가있는경우에는논의하에진행하였다. 는 R version 3.2를사용하였으며, 평균효과크기는무선효과모형을적용하여산출하였다. 효과크기의통계적이질성은 forest plot을통해살펴본후, I 2 을산출하였다. 일반적으로이질성에대한판단은총분산에대한실제분산의비율인 I 2 이 50% 이상이고동질성검증의 P value가 0.1보다작으면상당한이질성을가진다고해석할수있다. 11 각연구가보여주는효과크기이질성을설명하기위해메타 ANOVA 와메타회귀분석을활용하였고, 전체연구결과의타당성을위해출간오류분석을실시하였다. 결과 1. 연구의선정과정연구선정과정은 4단계로선정되었으며, 1단계에서는각데이터베이스를통해총 772편이검색되었고, 2단계에서 2명의연구자가일일이대조하여중복된연구를제외하여 647편의연구를추출하였다. 3단계에서선정기준과배제기준에따라기준에충족하지못한연구들을제외하여 342편을추출하였고, 마지막 4단계에서 3명의연구자가논문전문을읽고엄밀히검토하여기준에부합하는총 43편의연구논문을최종적으로선정하였다 (Fig. 1) (Appendix 1). 4. 분석대상논문질평가연구결과의타당성에대한판단을위해선정된 43편의논문을대상으로연구의질평가를실시하였다. 연구의질평가는 Cochrane에서무료로제공되는소프트웨어인 Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3 program의 Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool 11 을이용하여비뚤림을평가하였으며, 비뚤림의초래하는영역을선택비뚤림 (selection bias), 실행비뚤림 (performance bias), 탈락비뚤림 (attrition bias), 결과확인비뚤림 (detection bias), 보고비뚤림 (reporting bias), 그외비뚤림 (other bias) 으로설정하여문헌의본문에합당한내용이언급되어있는경우는 낮음 (low risk of bias), 명백히합당하지않은내용이언급되어있는경우는 높음 (high risk of bias), 보고되지않거나명백한증거를발견할수없는경우 불확실 (unclear risk of bias) 로판단한다. 2. 선정된연구의특성본연구에선정된총 43편의논문의특성을분석하여 Table 1에정리하였다. 내용으로는저자, 출판연도, 연구설계유형, 대상자수, 식이모니터링여부, 중재프로그램명, 프로그램적용시간, 적용횟수, 기간, 효과측정의종속변수등으로구성하였다. 43편의논문은 2001년부터 2014년까지분포하였으며, 2006년논문이 7편으로가장많았고, 2010년이 5편, 2012년이 4편순이었으며, RCT논문이 16편이었고, 총대상자는최소 10명에서최대 72명으로, 20명미만이 22편, 20명이상이 21편이었다. 중재기간은 12주가 22편으로가장많았으며, 8주가 9 편, 4주가 4편순이었고, 주 3회시행이 12편으로가장많았으며, 식이모니터링을포함한논문은 7편이었고, 행동수정에대한언급이있는논문은 2편이었다. 5. 코딩및자료분석본연구에서선정된 43편의연구내에포함된프로그램의특성및연구에대한정보를추출하여코딩하였고, 기본적인통계수치인사전, 사후평균, 표준편차, 표본크기에대한정보는따로코딩하였다. 또한 t값, F값을제시하고있는경우공식을사용하여효과크기를별도로산출하였다. Cohen s d는표본수가작을경우효과크기를과대추정하는경향이있으므로이를교정해주는 Hedges g 값을산출하여모든연구결과의효과크기를제시하였고 12, 효과크기분석을위해서 3. 선정된연구에대한질검증연구의질평가는 Cochrane에서제시하는 risk of bias도구를사용하여실시하였다. 11 각문항은선택비뚤림 (selection bias), 실행비뚤림 (performance bias), 결과확인비뚤림 (detection bias), 탈락비뚤림 (attrition bias), 보고비뚤림 (reporting bias) 에대해평가하며, 평가영역으로는무작위배정순서생성방법, 배정순서은폐, 참여자에대한눈가림, 불완전한결과의양, 종류및처리, 결과평가자의눈가림, 선택적결과보고, 그외비뚤림에대해평가하여각문항에대하여낮음, 140
4 Table 1. Descriptive summary of incluced studies Author (year) Study design Subjects Cont. (n) Exp. (n) Type of program Abdominal obesity management program Total session Frequency (times/ wk) Duration (wk) Time (min) N/M Athropometric index Outcome measurement according to dependent variable Metabolism index Fat-distribution Inflammatory index 1. Yoon (2001) RCT 5 5 Aroma massage Type I No BF, LBM, WC HDL, LDL, TC, TG 5 Type II 2. Lee et al. (2007) RCT 8 8 Aerobic exercise No BMI, BF, BW, LBM HDL, LDL, TC, TG ASAT, V/S, AVAT CRP 3. Park et al. (2006-1) NRCT 7 7 Combined exercise No BMI, BF, BW, LBM, WHR FFA, HDL, HOMA-IR, Insulin, LDL, TC, TG, Glucose ASAT, TAF, V/S, AVAT 4. Park et al. (2006-2) RCT 8 8 Combined exercise No BF, BW, LBM, FFA, Glucose, HOMA-IR, Insulin ASAT, TAF, AVAT, V/S WHR 5. Kim et al. (2014) NRCT Combined exercise No BMI, BF, BW, WC, Glucose, HDL, HOMA-IR, Insulin, LDL, TC, TG WHR 6. So et al. (2008) NRCT 10 9 Resistance Elastic band type I No BMI, BF, BW, WHR 11 exercise Elastic band type II Yes BMI, BF, BW ASAT, AVAT 7. Kang et al. (2010) NRCT Aerobic exercise Moderate intensity High intensity Yoon et al. (2008) NRCT Aerobic Low intensity Yes BW, WC, BF, BMI Glucose, HDL, TC, TG 14 exercise Moderate intensity High intensity 92 Low intensity Aerobic exercise 14 Moderate intensity High intensity Park et al. (2001-1) NRCT 8 8 Combined exercise No BF, BW Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B, FFA, HDL, LDL, TC, TG ASAT, V/S, AVAT 10. Choi et al. (2010) NRCT Aerobic exercise No BF TAF 11. Park et al. (2007) NRCT Combined exercise No BMI, BF, BW, LBM Glucose, HOMA-IR, Insulin TAF, ASAT, V/S, AVAT Adiponectin, Resistin 12. Park et al. (2004) RCT 7 7 Combined exercise No BF, BW, LBM Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B, Atherogenic index, HDL, HOMA-IR, Insulin, LDL, TC, TG, 13. Park et al. (2006-3) NRCT 7 7 Combined exercise No BMI, Body fat, BW, LBM 14. Park et al. (2006-4) NRCT 8 8 Developed program Stretching No BMI, BF, BW, WC Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B, Glucose, HDL, HOMA-IR, Insulin 15. Han et al. (2003) RCT Aroma massage No BW 16. Park et al. (2003) RCT 7 7 Combined exercise No BMI, BW, LBM Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B, Atherogenic index, LDL, TC, TG, HDL 17. Kim et al. (2009) RCT Aroma massage No BF, WHR TC, TG ASAT, V/S, AVAT Resistin TAF, ASAT, AVAT, V/S Adiponectin ASAT, AVAT, V/S (Continued to the next page) 141
5 Table 1. Continued Author (year) Study design Subjects Cont. (n) Exp. (n) Type of program Abdominal obesity management program Total session Frequency (times/ wk) Duration (wk) Time (min) N/M Athropometric index Outcome measurement according to dependent variable Metabolism index Fat-distribution Inflammatory index 18. Chae et al. (2008) NRCT Seogeum therapy No BMI, BF, BW, WC, WHR 19. Park et al. (2009) NRCT 10 9 Combined exercise No BF, BW, LBM Glucose, HDL, HOMA-IR, Insulin, LDL, TC ASAT, AVAT, TAF Adiponectin, CRP 20. Shin et al. (2011) NRCT Aroma massage Yes BMI, BF, WC, WHR ASAT 21. Kwon et al. (2002) RCT 9 9 Resistance exercise No BF, BW, LBM ASAT, TAF, AVAT, V/S 22. Park et al. (2001-2) NRCT 8 8 Resistance exercise No BF, BW ASAT, TAF, AVAT, V/S 23. Park (2006) RCT Aroma massage Yes BMI, BF, BW HDL, LDL, TC, TG 24. Lee (2013) NRCT Combined exercise No BF, BW, WHR Homocystein CRP, TNF-α 25. Ka (2006) NRCT Aerobic exercise No BF, BW, LBM, WHR 26. Park (2009) NRCT Combined exercise No BMI, BF, BW, LBM, WHR 27. Lee (2012-1) NRCT 7 8 Massage No WC, BF, BW, BMI, WHR ASAT, AVAT, 28. Lee (2005) RCT 5 5 Combined exercise No Body fat ASAT, TAF, AVAT Adiponectin, Resistin 29. Jang (2006) NRCT 7 7 Combined exercise No BMI, BF, BW, LBM Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B, Glucose, HDL, HOMA-IR, Insulin, LDL, TC, TG 30. Kim (2010-1) NRCT 8 8 Combined exercise No BMI, BF, BW, LBM, WC, WHR Glucose, HDL, Insulin, LDL, TC, TG ASAT, TAF, AVAT 31. Kim (2004) RCT 7 7 Combined exercise No BF, BW Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B, Atherogenic index, HDL, LBM, LDL, TC, TG V/S, AVAT, TAF, ASAT TNF-α, Adiponectin TAF, V/S, ASAT, AVAT 32. Kim (2011-1) NRCT 8 8 Aerobic exercise No WC TG, HDL, Glucose 33. Kim (2010-2) NRCT Aerobic exercise No BMI, BF, BW, LBM, WC Glucose, HDL, LDL, TC, TG 34. Cho (2012) NRCT Combined exercise No BW, LBM, WHR Glucose, HDL,TG AVAT Resistin, TNF-α 35. Gwak (2012) RCT 9 9 Combined exercise No BF, BW, LBM, WHR HDL, HOMA-IR, Insulin, LDL, TC, TG 36. Kim (2010-3) NRCT 7 7 Aerobic exercise No BF, BW, LBM, WHR 37. Yu (2004) RCT Aroma massage No BF, BW, WHR HDL, LDL, TC, TG 38. Lee (2014) RCT Crystal jewelry thermotherapy No BMI, BF 39. Jeon (2007) RCT Aerobic exercise Yes BMI, BF, BW, LBM HDL, LDL, TC, TG 40. Kwak (2005) RCT 6 6 Aroma massage No BF, BW, WC 41. Park (2014) NRCT Resistance exercise Yes BMI, BF, BW, WHR 42. Kim (2010-2) NRCT Massage No BW, BF, WC AVAT 43. Lee (2012-2) NRCT Nutrition management Yes BW, BMI, BF, WC, WHR TC, HDL, TG, Glucose, Insulin, FFA, Homocystein CRP, Adiponectin RCT, randomized controlled trials; NRCT, non-randomized controlled trials; N/M, nutrition monitoring; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; HOMA IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; FFA, free fatty acid; CRP, C-reactive protein; K, Number of Studies; BW, body weight; BMI, body mass index; LBM, lean body mass; WHR, waist-hip ratio; TAF, total abdominal fat; AVAT, abdominal visceral adipose tissue; ASAT, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue; V/S, ratio of visceral and subcutaneous fat; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; BF, body fat
6 392 Journal records indentified Through RISS (n=264) Through KISS (n=91) Through DBpia (n=37) Total 772 records identified through databases searching 380 thesis records indentified Through RISS (n=380) 125 duplicates removed 647 records screened (abstract) (Two searcher and agreement procedure) 305 studies excluded with reason Surveys (n=204) Mixed with other disease (n=101) 342 full text articles assessed for eligibility (Three searcher and agreement procedure) 43 studies included in quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) 298 studies excluded with reason Mixed inclusion & exclusion age (n=207) No age (n=25) No control group (n=53) Ineligible statistical information (n=14) Fig. 1. Flowchart of study selection. RISS, research information sharing service; KISS, korean studies information service system; DBpia, database periodical information academic. 높음, 불확실로평가하였다. 선정된논문에대한전체질평가는 Fig. 2 와같다. 연구논문모두비만중년여성을대상으로하였으며연구주 제와용어에대한정의가명확하게기술되었다. 선택비뚤림을최소 화하기위해서는무작위배정이가장좋은방법이다 편의무작위 논문중 4 편의연구에서는주사위굴리기등구체적인무작위방법이 제시되었으나, 나머지 12 편의논문에서는무작위배정에대한설명이 미흡하였다. 참여자에대한눈가림은실행비뚤림을최소화하는것 으로 13 5 편의논문을제외하고대부분의연구에서실시하였고, 탈락 한대상자에대한언급이없는논문 1 편, 탈락이유에대한설명이없 는논문 2 편을제외한 40 편의논문에서탈락이없거나탈락이유에 대해구체적으로제시하였다. 또한유의미하지않는결과를보고하지 않음에대한식별을위해프로토콜에대한분석을실시하였고 10 편 의논문이모든결과를제시하지않거나특정결과를제시하였다. 선 정된논문에대한전체적인질평가결과최종분석에사용된논문의 질적수준은연구의결론이바뀔가능성이없는것으로판단되었다. 4. 복부비만프로그램의효과크기 선정된 43 편의연구를대상으로각하위결과별교정된표준화된 평균차이를산출한결과를 Table 2 에제시하였다. 하위결과는신체 계측지표, 대사성지표, 지방분포율, 염증성지표로 4 개의그룹내에 총 26 개의효과크기를분석하였으며, 하위종속변수로는신체계측지 표에는 body fat, BMI, body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), LBM (lean body mass index), 대사성지표에 는 Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B, 동맥경화지수, free fatty acid (FFA), glucose, HDL, HOMA-IR, homocystein, insulin, LDL, TC, TG 이있고, computer tomography (CT) 를이용한전산화단층 촬영을바탕으로측정한지방분포율에는복부피하지방, 총복부지 방, V/S (ratio of visceral and subcutaneous fat), 복부내장지방이있으 며, 염증성지표에는 adiponectin, CRP, resistin, TNF-α 이있다. 신체 계측지표 (k=188) 의 Hedges g= 0.18 (95% CI, ) 이고, 대사성 지표 (k=157) 의 Hedges g= 0.21 (95% CI, ) 로작은효과크기 를나타냈고, 지방분포율 (k= 65) 의 Hedges g = 0.36 (95% CI, ) 이고, 염증성지표 (k= 18) 의 Hedges g= 0.36 (95% CI, ) 로중간정도의효과크기를보였다. 5. 효과크기의이질성검증 전체평균효과크기는 Hedges g= 0.22 (95% CI, ) 로나타 났으며, 이질성은 Higgins 등 11 이제시하는중간정도의이질성 (I 2 = 44.5%, Q =768.95, P< 0.001) 으로나타났다. 12 따라서본연구에서각 연구간의효과크기가다른이유에대해설명이필요하다고판단하 여연구변수인설계유형, 출간유형을조절변수로하여메타 ANOVA 를실시하였다. Low risk of bias Fig. 2. Risk of bias included in meta-analysis. Unclear risk of bias Random sequence generation (selection bias) Allocation concealment (selection bias) Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Selective reporting (reporting bias) Other bias High risk of bias 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% RCT 집단과 NRCT 집단을비교하면 RCT 집단의경우효과크기가 0.26, NRCT 집단의경우 0.26 으로동일하게나타났으며, 두집단간의 Q 값, 즉 Q b = 0 (df=1, P = 0.996) 으로나타나두집단간의효과크기 143
7 Table 2. The effects of AMP on categorys (random-effects model) Category Subgroup K Hedges'g Lower limit 95% CI Upper limit I 2 (%) P Anthropometric index BW BMI Body fat (%) < LBM WC WHR Fat-distribution TAF < AVAT < ASAT V/S < Metabolim index HDL LDL Total Cholesterol Tiglyceride Apolipoprotein A-I Apolipoprotein B Glucose < Homocystein Insulin Atherogenic index HOMA-IR FFA Inflammatory index TNF-α < CRP Adiponectin Resistin AMP, abdominal management program; K, number of studies; BW, body weight; BMI, body mass index; LBM, lean body mass; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; TAF, total abdominal fat; AVAT, abdominal visceral adipose tissue; ASAT, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue; V/S, ratio of visceral and subcutaneous fat; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; FFA, free fatty acid; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; CRP, C- reactive protein. Table 3. Effects of moderator variables by study design, publication Category Subgroup K Hedges'g Lower limit 95% CI Upper limit I 2 (%) Qb (P) Study design NRCT (0.996) RCT Publication No (0.071) Yes K, number of studies; Qb, Q-value between subroups; RCT, randomized controlled trials; NRCT, non-randomized controlled trials; CI, confidence interval. 는통계적으로유의한차이가없는것으로나타났다. 그리고학위논 문과학술지논문간의효과크기에서는학위논문이 0.19 이고학술지 논문이 0.34 로차이가나타났으나 Q b = 3.26 (df=1, P = 0.071) 로통계 (Z = 0.85; 95% CI, ), 중재기간이길어질수록효과크기는증 가하고통계적으로유의한결과를보였다 (Z =3.45; 95% CI, ) (Fig. 3). 적으로유의한차이가없는것으로나타났다 (Table 3). 또한연속변수에해당되는복부비만중재프로그램의중재횟수, 중 재기간을조절변수로하여메타회귀분석을실시한결과, 중재횟수가 많을수록효과크기는증가하나통계적으로유의하지는않았고 6. 출간오류분석 연구결과의타당성을검증하기위해 funnel plot 으로출간오류분 석을실시한결과좌우대칭이아닌것으로확인되었다 (Fig. 4). 즉평 144
8 A Treatment effect (standardised mean difference) B Treatment effect (standardised mean difference) The number of session The length of session Fig. 3. Effects of moderator variables. (A) Regression of the number of session on Hedges g, (B) Regression of the length of session on Hedges g. Table 4. Results of publication bias analysis by trim-and-fill Studies Trimed Fixed effects Duval and Treedie s trim and fill Random effects Point Estimate Lower Limit Upper Limit Point Estimate Lower Limit Upper Limit Observed values Adjusted values Q-value Standard error 는 0.14로산출되어관찰된평균효과크기인 0.26보다약 12% 감소된것을알수있다. 하지만보정된평균효과크기의 P 값이 0.001보다작아여전히통계적으로유의함을알수있다. 따라서이결과는본연구에서포함된연구에출간오류가없다고말할수는없지만전체연구결과를번복할정도의심각한오류는아니라고말할수있다 Standardised mean difference Fig. 4. Results of publication bias analysis by adgusted funnel plot. 균의왼쪽방향으로몇몇연구들이누락되어있음을짐작할수있다. 이를보다객관적으로검증하기위해 Egger s regression test를실시한결과, bias =1.86 (t= 4.43, df= 41, P< 0.001) 로출간오류가있음을인정하지않을수없다. Fail-safe N을분석한결과안정성계수 N= 319로나타나 Rosenthal의제시한 5k+10 (k= 연구수 ) 를기준으로 225개보다많으므로출간오류는그다지크지않다고결론을내릴수있다. 12 그러나 fail-safe N은해석에대한통계적기준이없으며, 추정하는공식도다양하여 12, 출간오류의심각성정도를검증하는방법인 Duval과 Tweedie 의 trim-and-fill 방법을사용하여다시분석한결과, Table 4와같이 16개의효과크기가채워졌으며, 보정된평균효과크기 고찰 본연구는국내에서시행된중년기비만여성을대상으로실시한복부비만중재프로그램의효과를객관적으로종합 분석하여프로그램의효과적인구성요소를확인하고그특성을파악하여학문적기초자료를제공하고자시도되었다. 각데이터베이스의검색가능한연도부터 2014년 12월까지국내에서여성을대상으로복부비만프로그램을실시한총 772편의연구에서선정기준에부합한 43편의논문중제공된복부비만중재프로그램의유형은유산소운동과근저항운동을복합적으로실시한복합운동이 17편으로가장많았으며, 유산소운동만실시한연구가 10편, 아로마를이용한연구가 7편, 근저항운동만실시한연구가 4편이었으며, 마사지를단독으로실시한연구는 4편이었고, 그중 39편의연구는운동요법을단독또는병행해서시행하였다. 연구결과중년기비만여성의복부비만관리프로그램은평균효과크기가 0.22로작은효과크기를나타냈고, 운동요법을적용한효과크 145
9 기는 0.24이고아로마를포함한마사지를적용한연구의효과크기는 0.12를보였다. 국내의비만관련메타분석연구에서젊은여성을대상으로운동요법만을메타분석한 Kim 등 14 의연구는평균효과크기가 -0.33으로나타났고국내비만아동의비만관리프로그램의효과에대해연구한 Sung 등 10 의연구는평균효과크기가 -0.23으로나타났다. 또한아로마테라피를적용하여비만관리에대한효과를분석한 Jeon 등 15 의연구는효과크기가 0.30으로나타나본연구와비슷한수준이었다. 외국의비만관련메타분석의경우에는학교기반비만중재프로그램을실시하여체질량지수로만효과크기를파악한 Sobol-Goldberg 등 16 의연구에서는 -0.06이었고, 아동및청소년을대상으로실시한비만예방프로그램 17 의효과크기는 0.04를나타내어전반적으로작은효과크기를나타내었는데, 이는비만관련연구의특성상체중이나체질량지수와같은수치로측정되어지는객관적인도구를사용하여변수를선택하였기때문으로사료된다. Lee 9 의연구에서비만인을대상으로자기보고식설문지에따라측정한자기존중감의효과크기는 1.38로높게나타났고, Sung 등 10 의연구에서도자가평가보다객관적도구에의한변수들을많이선택할수록효과크기가크게측정되지않는다고보고하는것을근거로할때, 본연구를비롯한생리적비만지표에대한메타분석연구에서효과크기가크게나타나지않았다고보인다. 복부비만에대한중재는운동요법, 수술요법, 약물요법, 식이요법, 행동수정요법등이있고, 최근에는여러가지방법을같이사용하여효과적인프로그램을개발하려는시도를하고있다. 본연구에서는식이모니터링이포함된연구가 7편이었으나효과크기는 0.14로운동중재와비교하여작게나타났다. 이는운동요법과식이요법을병행중재효과가가장크다는 Sung 등 10 과 Miller 등 18 의연구와차이가있었는데, 본연구에서사용된논문에서는식이요법에대한조절및행동수정이아닌영양교육만으로구성되어행동수정에대한접근이부족했기때문이다. Miller 등 18 의연구에따르면비만성인을대상으로식이요법과운동요법, 그리고운동과식이요법을병행한중재를비교하였을때운동과식이요법을병행한연구에서가장큰효과크기를보였으며식이요법, 운동요법순으로나타났고본연구에서는운동요법, 운동요법과식이모니터링을병행한방법순이었다. Lee 9 의연구에따르면행동적접근이중요하며, 식이요법, 운동요법과행동수정요법을병행하는것이성공적이라고언급하고있는것으로근거로추후행동수정요법을병행한연구가필요하다고사료되며, 행동수정의효과를위해서는지속적인프로그램의평가가필요하다. 각하위영역의효과크기는최소 0.12에서최대 1.19까지다양하게나타났으며, 염증성지표의효과크기는 0.36으로, 그중 TNF-α가평균효과크기 1.19로큰효과크기를보였다. TNF-α는염증반응을일으키는사이토카인이며, 비만에따른지방조직의염증이 TNF-α를 증가시켜복부비만관리프로그램을통해중년비만여성의지방조직량감소와함께비대지방세포의감소를가져오며 8, 이는 TNF-α와같은지방조직유래염증성매개자의감소를가져온것으로보인다. Resistin, adiponectin과 CRP에서는작은효과크기를보였는데, 비만관리중재를통한비교가능한연구는없으나, Choi 등 19 의연구에서염증관련지수가미국, 캐나다를포함한여성의비만과 0.53의중간정도의관계를보이고, 전체적으로 WC가 0.40, WHR이 0.23, BMI가 0.37 의관계를보여 Esposito 등 3 의연구와같이체중감소에염증반응성인자의감소에효과가있으며반복연구를통한효과분석이필요하다고생각된다. 대사성지표는평균효과크기가 0.21로본연구에서동맥경화지수는평균효과크기 0.55이고 HOMA-IR은평균효과크기 0.37로중간정도의효과크기를나타냈다. 동맥경화지수는혈관손상의심각도를반영하는지표로심혈관질환의이환및사망의강력한예측요인으로알려져있고, HOMA-IR은인슐린저항성을측정하는방법중하나로내장지방조직으로 FFA이쉽게유리되어, 그로인해인슐린의지방분해억제기능이저하되어인슐린저항성을유발한다. 5,8 따라서복부비만관리프로그램을통해동맥경화지수와 HOMA-IR의감소에효과가있는것으로볼수있으며, 대사증후군과심혈관관련질병을예방하는데매우중요하다고생각된다. 고지혈증수치인중성지방의효과크기는 0.14, 총콜레스테롤은 0.21, HDL은 0.19, LDL은 0.25로작게나타났는데, 이는 Sung 등 10 의연구에서중성지방이 -0.58, 총콜레스테롤이 -0.43, HDL이 0.48, LDL이 -0.34을나타낸것과, Lee 9 의연구에서 HDL이 0.37을나타내어중간정도의효과크기를보인것과차이가있었다. 이는고지혈증이영양섭취와관련성이높은것으로미루어볼때 5 본연구에서는식이와관련한지지가부족하여작은효과크기를보인것으로사료된다. 본연구에서지방분표율은평균효과크기 0.36을나타냈고, 총복부지방은효과크기 0.46, 복부내장지방은 0.42, 내장지방과피하지방의비율은 0.48로중간정도의효과크기를나타냈다. 이는 Vissers 등 20 의과체중성인의운동을통한내장지방의감소를측정한연구에서 -0.49를나타낸것과비슷한결과를보였는데, 이는복부비만관리프로그램이중년기여성에게호르몬변화와관련된체지방의재배치에서긍정적인영향을주는것으로보인다. 신체계측지표는평균효과크기 0.18로, 하위영역내의체중의효과크기인 0.13을비롯하여 BMI는 0.12, WHR은 0.12, body fat (%) 은 0.31 로대부분작은효과크기를나타냈는데, Miller 등 18 의연구에서 0.13 으로나타난것과동일하였다. 그러나 Lee 9 의연구에서비만인을대상으로측정한체중의효과크기가 -0.46으로높게나타난것과는차이가있었는데, 이는 Lee 9 의연구에서행동수정을포함한중재연구가전체의 25% 정도차지하고있으며, 대상자의연령대가학생에서성인 146
10 까지포함하고있기때문이며, Miller 등 18 의연구에서는 19세이상비만성인을대상으로하였고, 본연구에서는중년기여성을대상으로하여성인보다학생의프로그램에대한효과가높은것을알수있다. 이러한생물학적변수외에도우울, 스트레스등사회심리학적변수에대한관심이증가하고있으나, 선정된연구에서생리적측정도구가동일하지않아병합하기어려운점이있었다. 따라서동일한도구의반복연구를통해중년기여성의사회심리적요인의파악이필요하다. 본연구결과는최근대두되고있는비만여성에대한건강증진및복부비만개선에대한중재효과를염증반응성인자와관련하여계량적으로분석한점에서복부비만프로그램의중재의효과파악을위한표준근거자료로활용되기를기대할수있다. 본연구에서 RCT에대한구체적인언급이없는경우나, 선행연구에서복부비만프로그램에대한진행방법이분명하게제시되어있지않은경우에있어일반화는지양되어야할것이다. 또한국내의연구만을대상으로시행하였다는점과 43편의적은논문수가적용되었다는점에서한계가있으며, 다양한중재방법의비교연구를위해서추가적인메타분석연구가필요하다. 요약 배경 : 한국의중년여성의복부비만유병률은급속하게증가하고있으나복부비만관리프로그램의종류와그효과가다양하고효과적인중재방법을선택하는데어려움이있다. 따라서본연구의목적은한국의중년비만여성을대상으로실시한복부비만관리프로그램의효과를체계적이고종합적으로규명하여학문적기초자료를제시하는데있다. 방법 : 학술지 392편, 학위논문 380편으로총 772편의논문중중복된자료를제외한 647편에서조사연구이거나나이에적합하지않거나대조군이선정되지않는등, 선정기준에부합하지않는 604편을제외하여총 43편의복부비만관리프로그램논문을분석대상으로선정하여주요비만지표의효과크기를분석하고, 각효과크기의이질성에대한설명을위해메타 ANOVA와메타회귀분석을활용하여조절효과분석을실시하였다. 또한출간오류분석을통해연구결과의타당성을확인하였다. 결과 : 본연구의결과는다음과같다. 비만중년여성을대상으로실시한복부비만관리프로그램의표준화된평균효과크기는 0.22로작은효과크기를나타냈고, 염증성지표와지방분포율은각각 0.36으로중간정도의효과크기를나타냈으며, 대사성지표는 0.21, 신체계측지표는 0.18로작은효과크기를보였다. 이질성은중간정도의이질성 (I 2 = 44.5%, Q = , P< 0.001) 을보였고, Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) 여부나출판여부에따라효과크기에차이가없었다. 결론 : 본연구결과에근거하여최근대두되고있는비만여성에대한건강증진및복부비만개선에대한중재효과를계량적으로분석한점에서복부비만프로그램중재의효과파악을위한근거자료로활용될수있을것이다. 중심단어 : 복부비만, 여성, 중년기, 프로그램 Conflicts of Interest No conflicts of interest to be declared. References 1. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 (KNHANES V). Seoul: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Kahn BB, Flier JS. Obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2000;106: Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Masella M, Marfella R, et al. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289: Kim SY. The effects of abdominal obesity programs on middleaged women on physiology changes [dissertation]. Seoul: Seokyeong Univ.; Power ML, Schulkin J. The evolution of obesity. 1st ed. Baltimore: Johnshopkins University press; Park SN, Kim MS. Comparative study about the effect of abdomen obesity management program of middle-aged woman - focus on exercise, diet, massage treatment -. J Kor Soc Esthe Cosm 2007;2: Ban SJ, Kim JS, Kim JH. The effects of stone massage therapy on abdominal obesity reduction. Journal of the Korea Fashion & Costume Design Association 2013;15: Lee JW, Yoo SY, Yang SY, Kim H, Cho SK. Effect of an abdominal obesity management program on dietary intake, stress index, and waist to hip ratio in abdominally obese women - Focus on comparison of the WHR decrease and WHR increase groups -. Korean J Nutr 2012;45: Lee HY. Effectiveness of obesity management programs: systemat
11 ic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Health Edu Promot 2007; 24: Sung KS, Yoon YM, Kim EJ. Meta-analysis of the effects of obesity management program for children. Child Health Nurs Res 2013; 19: Higgins J, Altman D, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic review of interventions. The cochrane collaboration [serial online] 2011 March; Available from: URL: org 12. Hwang SD. Meta-analysis using R. 1st ed. Seoul: Hakjisa; Wood S, Mayo-Wilson E. School-based mentoring for adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Research on Social Work Practice 2012;22: Kim KB, Lim KI, So WY, Park SK, Song W. A meta-analysis of the effects of exercise therapy applied in obesity studies. Korean J Obes 2007;16: Jeon YA, Woo N. A meta-analysis of obesity management effects of aromatherapy use. Kor J Aesthet Cosmetol 2014;12: Sobol-Goldberg S, Rabinowitz J, Gross R. School-based obesity prevention programs: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013;21: Stice E, Shaw H, Marti CN. A meta-analytic review of obesity prevention programs for children and adolescents: the skinny on interventions that work. Psychol Bull 2006;132: Miller WC, Koceja DM, Hamilton EJ. A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet, exercise or diet plus exercise intervention. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21: Choi J, Joseph L, Pilote L. Obesity and C-reactive protein in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2013;14: Vissers D, Hens W, Taeymans J, Baeyens JP, Poortmans J, Van Gaal L. The effect of exercise on visceral adipose tissue in overweight adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013;8:e
서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
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