260 오세호 박은하 이승묵 손장호 박기홍 배민석 1. 서론초미세먼지 (PM 2.5 ) 의 70% 까지무게분율을나타내는유기성분 (Andrews et al., 2000) 은현분석기술로모든화학적성분을모두밝힐수없다는한계로, 유기지표성분 (organic molecular ma
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1 Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 교외지역수용성유기탄소내식생연소및 2차유기탄소에의한기여량연구 259 Vol. 34, No. 2, April 2018, pp p-issn , e-issn 교외지역수용성유기탄소내식생연소및 2 차유기탄소에의한기여량연구 Contribution of Biomass Burning and Secondary Organic Carbon to Water Soluble Organic Carbon at a Suburban Site 오세호 박은하 1) 이승묵 1) 손장호 2) 박기홍 3) 배민석 * 목포대학교환경공학과, 1) 서울대학교보건대학원환경보건학과, 2) 동의대학교환경공학과, 3) 광주과학기술원지구환경공학부 (2018년 1월 17일접수, 2018년 3월 9일수정, 2018년 3월 12일채택 ) Sea-Ho Oh, Eun-Ha Park 1), Seung-Muk Yi 1), Zang-Ho Shon 2), Kihong Park 3) and Min-Suk Bae* Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University 1) Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University 2) Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University 3) School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (Received 17 January 2018, revised 9 March 2018, accepted 12 March 2018) Abstract The PM 2.5 samples were collected for every 6th day during one year at a suburban site in the Namwonsi, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea. Samples were analyzed for elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and levoglucosan. Although the water-soluble fraction of fine particulate OC consistently showed over a year, levoglucosan fraction of WSOC varied considerably from month to month. In this study, non-biomass-burning WSOC (WSOC NBB ) and biomass-burning WSOC BB were calculated with measurements of organic source tracer, levoglucosan, to better understand the temporal distribution and sources of WSOC. Two methods of predicting the secondary organic carbon from the biomass-burning WSOC BB Method and the EC-tracer Method were compared. Poor correlations between SOC estimated between two methods suggested that the use of the EC tracer method to estimate SOC may be significantly flawed. Direct measurements of levoglucosan and WSOC can provide a reasonable estimate of secondary organic carbon concentrations. Key words : WSOC, SOA, Biomass burning, Levoglucosan *Corresponding author. Tel : +82-(0) , minsbae@hotmail.com J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., Vol. 34, No. 2, 2018
2 260 오세호 박은하 이승묵 손장호 박기홍 배민석 1. 서론초미세먼지 (PM 2.5 ) 의 70% 까지무게분율을나타내는유기성분 (Andrews et al., 2000) 은현분석기술로모든화학적성분을모두밝힐수없다는한계로, 유기지표성분 (organic molecular marker, OMM) 을중심으로수용모델을이용한유기탄소의발생원인연구가활발히진행되고있다 (Khuzestani et al., 2017; Zheng et al., 2002; Schauer et al., 1996). 초미세먼지내탄소성분은유기탄소 (organic carbon, OC) 와원소탄소 (elemental carbon, EC) 로구성되며 (Mader et al., 2003), 대부분석탄및디젤연소과정에서발생되는 EC와는다르게, OC의주요원인으로는식생연소 (biomass burning, BB) (Bae et al., 2012), 도로변발생 (Park et al., 2015), 각종연소성분직접배출에의한 1차유기탄소 (primary organic carbon, POC), 그리고광화학적반응에의한 2차유기탄소 (secondary organic carbon, SOC) (Bae et al., 2017) 등이있다. OC 는다시수용성탄소 (water-soluble organic carbon, WSOC) 와불용성탄소 ( 또는지용성탄소 ) 로나눌수있다. WSOC는국지적으로수분과결합하여스모그를형성하며 (Ciarelli et al., 2017), 구름응결핵 (cloud condensation nuclei, CNN) 으로작용하여기후변화에영향을미치는것으로알려져있다 (Saxena et al., 1995). 또한, 최근세포독성연구에의하면, 인체유해성과깊은관련성이있다 (Bae et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2013). WSOC 발생원인으로크게 (1) 휘발성유기화합물 (volatile organic compounds, VOCs) 또는 1차배출성분이응결또는핵 (nucleation) 형성에따른산화과정에의해생성된 2차유기탄소와 (Kanakidou et al., 2005), (2) 레보글루코산 (levoglucosan, 1,6-anhydro-β- D-glucose, Mnemonic: LEVOG) 의유기지표성분을포함하는식생연소에의한 1차유기탄소로구분된다 (Sannigrahi et al., 2006). 산업배출의영향을받지않고, 대기중난분해성분인레보글루코산은가장효과적인식생연소유기지표성분이다 (Simoneit et al., 1999). 이에, WSOC 내에존재하는 2차유기탄소와식생연소의정량적기여량을분석하는것은, 전지구기후변화, 인체유해성과관련한대기질정량원인분석및기후모델등에적용하는데매우중요하다. 레보글루코산의정량분석은 Gas Chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS), Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), two dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time of Flight mass spectrometry (GC GC-TOFMS) (Bae et al., 2012; Hinwood et al., 2008) 등다양한방법에의해분석되고있다. GC/MS를이용한분석방법은유기용매를이용한추출및치환과정에많은시간이요구되며, AMS는레보글루코산과같은유기지표성분을정성, 정량분석하기에는많은질량파편의공존으로아직까지정량적분석에한계가있다. 본연구는전라북도남원시에위치한측정소에서 1 년간 6일간격, 24시간포집한시료를바탕으로, 액체크로마토그래피를이용한레보글루코산분석을통해 2차유기탄소와식생연소에의한 WSOC의정량적기여량을연구하였다. 또한, 기존의 OC 및 EC의비율법에의해계산된 SOC와비교분석하였다. 2. 연구방법 2. 1 포집장소대기중 OC, WSOC, 레보글루코산을분석하고자전라남도남원시강기리에위치한대기측정소 (35.46 N, E) 에서 2014년 12월부터 2015년 11월까지매 6일간격 24시간동안고용량포집장치 (Tisch Environmnetal, Inc., USA) 를이용하여, 1.13 m 3 /min 유량하에석영필터 (2500QAT-UP, Pall Corp., USA) 에 PM 2.5 를포집하였다. 본측정소는남원시의도심북쪽끝에위치해있으며, 서쪽약 1 km에 12번고속도로가위치해있다. 측정소주변동쪽및북쪽은농업지역으로교외지역이다 ( 그림 1) 여과지분석 OC 및 EC는 National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) 5040 프로토콜 (protocol) 을기초로한탄소분석기 (Carbon Aerosol Analyzer, Sunset laboratory Inc., USA) 를이용하였다 (Bae et al., 2013). 간략히, NIOSH5040 승온에따른연소에의한탄소분석과함께광학투과율에의해 OC 및 EC로분리분석된다 cm 2 로절단된석영여과지에단당 (sucrose) 을이용한외부표준물질및 5% CH 4 내부표준물질을분석하여시료내 OCEC를정량분석하였다. 외부표 한국대기환경학회지제 34 권제 2 호
3 교외지역수용성유기탄소내식생연소및 2 차유기탄소에의한기여량연구 Latitude ( N) Namwonsi Longitude ( E) Longitude ( E) Fig. 1. Sampling site (Nanwonsi, Jeollanamdo, Repuplic of Korea). 준물질및내부표준물질의비율은 100±3.00% 로유지했으며, 재차분석결과 100±3.68% 이내의정확도를나타냈다. WSOC는 cm 2 로절단된석영여과지에 40 ml 의초순수액으로 120분간초음파추출하였다. 이후시린지여과지 (PVDF 0.45 μm pore size, Agilent, USA) 를사용하여불용성분진을제거한후, 최종수용성시료를 total organic carbon (TOC) 분석기 (Sievers M9, GE, USA) 로분석하였다. 간략히, 인산 (H 3 PO 4 ) 과과산화황산염 ((NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ) 을각각 2 및 0.5 μl/min 유량으로주입반응시켜 UV 램프가장착된체류반응코일과 UV 램프가장착되지않은체류반응코일로이송되며, 254 nm의 UV에의해산화된탄소가전도도검출기에의해분석된다. 전기전도도검출기에의해분석된총탄소와무기탄소의차로부터 WSOC를산출한다 레보글루코산 (LEVOG) 분석석영여과지에채취한시료를 40 ml의초순수액에앞서설명한방법으로추출하여 WSOC를선분석후, 잔량을액체크로마토그래피 (Metrohm 930, Switzerland, Pulsed Amperometric Detector (PAD) 를이용하여목포대학교환경공학과에서레보글루코산을분석하였다. 분석조건및분석정확도를표 1에나타내었다. 간략히, Metrosep Carb 2 컬럼을이용하여, 0.8 ml/min 유량하에 5 mm NaOH 용리액조건에서 250 μl 주입하여 PAD 내 Au 전극에의해시료내레보글루코산의 Table 1. Operational conditions of LC-PAD system and Analytical Quality Assurance. LC system 930 compact flex Column (Guard) Metrosep Carb 2-250/4.0 (Metrosep Carb 2 Guard/4.0) Eluent 5 mm NaOH Flow rate (ml/min) 0.8 Injection volume 250 μl Detector Amperometric detector Electrode Au Voltage step V Voltage step V Voltage step V Time step ms Time step 2 50 ms Time step ms Retention time min Analytical quality assurance Duplication (%) 100±5.52% Recovery (Actual/Target, %) 100±1.32% MDL 1) ng/m 3 (ppb) 1.81 (3.31) 1) method detection limit 분석암페어를측정한다. 현장공시료 (field blank) 분석을통해배경농도를보정하여시료내레보글루코산농도를산출하였다. 재차분석, 회수율결과각각 100± 5.52% 및 100±1.32% 로나타났다. 또한약 10 ppb의표준시료를 7번분석한표준편차의 3.14배로부터분석최저한계 (method detection limit, MDL) 는 1.81 ng/m 3 ( 분석수용액농도 3.31 ppb) 로나타났다. 본연구에서는 MDL보다낮은시료는총시료 47개중에는나타 J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., Vol. 34, No. 2, 2018
4 262 오세호 박은하 이승묵 손장호 박기홍 배민석 1000 Standard Sample ( ) min 3.42 ppm 880 na na min 1.80 ppm Retention time (min) Retention time (min) Fig. 2. Chromatogram for Levoglucosan from LC-PAD. 나지않았다. 그림 2 는 LC-PAD 의분석조건을이용하 여표준시료 (3.42 ppm) 및시료 (2014 년 12 월 7 일 ) 의 분석크로마토그램을예시로나타내었다 WSOC 내식생연소기여율 (WSOC BB ) 분석 2 차유기탄소와식생연소에의해 WSOC 에대한정 량적기여량을분석하고자분석레보글루코산을이용한식생연소비율법을이용하였다 (Feng et al., 2013). WSOC BB OC BB WSOC BB = Levoglucosan OC BB Levoglucosan BB (1) 위식 (1) 을통해 WSOC 내식생연소에의한기여량을계산하였다. WSOC BB /OC BB 는 Sannigrahi et al. (2006) 의연구결과로부터계산되었으며, OC BB /Levoglucosan BB 는선행연소실험에서연구된결과의평균값을이용하였다 ( 표 2) (Salma et al., 2017; Calvo et al., 2015; Goncalves et al., 2011; Puxbaum et al., 2007; Fine et al., 2004). 적용된값은 0.24±0.04 ( 평균 ±95% 신뢰수준 ) 을적용하였다. 식 (1) 의 Levoglucosan은본연구에서 LC-PAD로분석된결과값을나타낸다. WSOC NBB =WSOC T - WSOC BB (2) 식 (1) 로부터산출된 WSOC BB 와 TOC로분석된 WSOC의결과값의차이로부터 WSOC 중비식생연소기여량, 즉 2차유기탄소기여량을최종산출하였다. Table 2. Ratio of Levoglucosan (LEVOG) to OC BB. LEVOG/ OC BB References Note Puxbaum et al., Salma et al., ~0.409 Fine et al., ~0.129 Calvo et al., ~0.582 Gonçalves et al., 2011 Except Briquettes & Olive 본연구에서, 레보글루코산를이용하는방법외에 EC를이용하여 1차유기탄소와 2차유기탄소를구분하는방법으로 원소탄소추정법 (EC tracer method) 을이용하였다. 본방법은지금까지많은연구자들에의해널리쓰이고있으며, 이를식 (3) 에나타내었다 (Aswini et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2015; Turpin and Huntzicker, 1995). SOC =OC T - ([OC/EC] prim EC+OC non-comb ) (3) 식 (3) 의 [OC/EC] prim 은 1차배출원으로부터기여된 OC와 EC의비를나타내며, OC non-comb 는비연소 1차유기탄소를의미하며, OC T 와 EC는본연구에서탄소분석기를통해분석된대기중탄소농도를나타낸다. 본연구에서는 [OC/EC] prim 와 OC non-comb 에대한추정방법들중최소 OC/EC를구하여적용하는방법 (Yu et al., 2015; Lim and Turpin, 2002; Strader et al., 1999) 을사용하였다. 즉, OC/EC 하위 10개의직선회기식으로부터계산된기울기와절편 (OC=5.63EC+0.653, r 2 = 0.83) 을이용하여 2차유기탄소를계산하였다. 한국대기환경학회지제 34 권제 2 호
5 교외지역수용성유기탄소내식생연소및 2 차유기탄소에의한기여량연구 결과및고찰 2014 년 12 월부터 2015 년 11 월까지남원측정소에서 분석된 OC, WSOC, 레보글루코산, EC, WSOC/OC, 그 리고레보글루코산 (LEVOG)/WSOC 의전체평균값을 표 3 에나타냈다. 본연구에서사용된일별데이터는 분석 MDL 이상농도총 47 일유효데이터를이용하여 분석하였다. OC 의경우 5.69±2.08 μg/m 3 ( 평균 ± 표준 편차 ), WSOC (3.32±0.97 μg/m 3 ), 레보글루코산 (0.30±0.38 μg/m 3 ), EC (0.59±0.23 μg/m 3 ) 로나타났다. OC 내 WSOC 의비율 (WSOC/OC) 은 0.61 로분석되어, 약 61% 가수용성유성성분으로구성되며, WSOC 와레 보글루코산의비율은 8% 로분석되었다. 일반적으로 레보글루코산농도의경우계절적영향을많이받는것으로보고되었다. 벨기에도심에서측정된레보글루코산의농도는여름 19 ng/m 3, 겨울철 420 ng/m 3 으로나타났으며 (Pashynska et al., 2002), 오스트레일리아의경우여름 270 ng/m 3, 겨울철 5,200 ng/m 3 으로보고되었다 (Jordan et al., 2006). 또한, 인도네시아에서스모그발생시 9,400 ng/m 3 으로고농도가보고되었으며 (Radzi bin Abas et al., 2004), 브라질의경우건기에 2,006 ng/ m 3 으로우기 4.4 ng/m 3 에비해약 450배이상높은농도가나타나, 식생연소에따른계절적, 대기상태에큰농도변이를나타냈다. 또한, 우리나라광주에서식생소각에의한영향으로 1,754 ng/m 3 이보고되었고 (Park et al., 2006), 최근, 헝가리에서대기식생연소기여율계산을위해분석된레보글루코산이 717 ng/m 3 으로보고되었다 (Salma et al., 2017). 본연구에서분석된월별농도를살펴보면, OC 및 WSOC 경우 2015년 1월 9.13 μg/m 3 및 4.93 μg/m 3 으로분석기간중가장높은평균값을나타냈다. 7월에 4.28 Table 3. Results of OC, WSOC, Levoglucosan, EC, WSOC/ OC, and Levoglucosan/WSOC. Compound Unit n 1) Average SD 2) OC μg/m WSOC μg/m LEVOG μg/m EC μg/m WSOC/OC LEVOG/WSOC ) Number of sample 2) Standard deviation μg/m 3 및 2.67 μg/m 3 으로가장낮은평균값을나타냈다. 2016년초여름철서울올림픽공원에서관측된 Korea US Air Quality 캠페인 (KORUS-AQ 2016 Campaign) 에서분석된 OC 농도는 4.85 μg/m 3 으로보고되었고 (Jeong et al., 2017), 2016년 2월에목포대학교에서분석된 WSOC 농도 2.61 μg/m 3 와비교할때, 남원관측지점의농도는서울, 목포대지역과비교하여겨울철에 OC 및 WSOC 모두약 1.9배높은수준으로분석되었다. 이는겨울철에 OC 및 WSOC 모두증가하는것을감안할때, WSOC 중 SOC 증가보다식생연소의증가로판단된다. 레보글루코산농도는 2014년 11월에증가하기시작하여, 1월에 1,155 ng/m 3 으로가장높게나타났으며, 이후여름철로갈수록낮은값을나타내어 6월 33 ng/m 3 로분석되었다. 이는, 1월이 7월에비해약 35배높게분석되어, 겨울철지역식생연소가강하게나타났다. 본측정지점은남원시에서북쪽에위치한농업중심의교외지역으로지역주민대부분이겨울철에아궁이난방연소를이용함을감안할때, 레보글루코산농도와직접적관련이있다. WSOC 및 OC의월별비율변화를살펴보면 ( 그림 3(c)), 연중큰변화를나타내지않아, WSOC의두주원인인식생연소및 2차유기탄소의계절적영향이모두측정기간내내존재함을알수있다. 특히레보글루코산및 WSOC의월별비율변화를살펴보면 ( 그림 3(d)), 겨울철레보글루코산농도와높은상관성을나타내어, 겨울철식생연소가 2차유기탄소영향보다상대적으로크게나타남을알수있다. Sannigrahi et al. (2006) 의연구결과및식 (1) 에서사용된 0.24±0.04 ( 평균 ±95% 신뢰수준 ) 값으로부터산출된레보글루코산과 WSOC의비율은 0.34로분석되어본연구에서 2014년 11월 0.27 및 2015년 1월 0.21과비료해볼때, 유사한값을나타냈다 (Salma et al., 2017; Calvo et al., 2015; Goncalves et al., 2011; Puxbaum et al., 2007; Fine et al., 2004). 결과적으로겨울철에 WSOC 내식생연소에의해영향이상대적으로매우크게나타나며, 여름철에는 2차유기탄소영향이크게나타났다. 그림 4(a) 는식 (3) 의원소탄소추정법에의해계산된월별 2차유기탄소농도변화를 OC와함께나타낸것이다. 월별 2차유기탄소의농도를살펴보면, 2015년 1 월 4.83 μg/m 3 으로분석기간중가장높은평균값을나타냈으며, 이후감소하기시작하여 5월에 2.65 μg/m 3 J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., Vol. 34, No. 2, 2018
6 264 오세호 박은하 이승묵 손장호 박기홍 배민석 (a) Conc. (μg/m 3 ) OC & WSOC OC WSOC 0.0 (b) LEVOG conc. (μg/m 3 ) Levoglucosan & WSOC LEVOG WSOC WSOC conc. (μg/m 3 ) (c) 1.0 WSOC/OC 0.8 WSOC/OC (d) 0.5 LEVOG/WSOC 0.4 LEVOG/WSOC Fig. 3. Monthly variations of OC, WSOC, Levoglucosan, WSOC/OC, and Levoglucosan/WSOC. 으로다시증가하였다. 또한, 그림 4(b) 에식 (2) 에의해계산된월별 WSOC NBB 농도를나타내었다. 여기서, WSOC NBB 는비식생연소, 즉 2차유기탄소를의미한다. 계산된월별 WSOC NBB 농도는 2015년 1월 0.86 μg/m 3 의최소값으로분석되었으며, 이후증가하기시작하여 6월까지지속되는것으로나타났다. 그림 4(c) 에식 (1) 의레보글루코산을이용하여분석한월별 WSOC BB 농도를나타내었다. 월별 WSOC BB 농도를살펴보면, 2014년 12월및 2015년 1월평균 3.19 μg/m 3 으로분석기간중가장높은평균값을나타냈으며, 이는 WSOC 중 69% 에해당한다. 2015년 2월이후감소하기시작하여 9월에 0.02 μg/m 3 으로최소값을나타냈다. 이에, 한국대기환경학회지제 34 권제 2 호
7 교외지역수용성유기탄소내식생연소및 2 차유기탄소에의한기여량연구 265 (a) Conc. (μg/m 3 ) OC & SOC OC SOC 0 (b) Conc. (μg/m 3 ) OC & WSOC NBB OC WSOC NBB 0 (c) Conc. (μg/m 3 ) WSOC & WSOC BB WSOC WSOC BB 0 Fig. 4. Monthly variations of OC, SOC, WSOC NBB, and WSOC BB with 95% confidence level. 아궁이에의한식생연소영향을많이받은 2014년 11 월, 12월, 2015년 1월, 2015년 11월 (cold season) 과나머지달 (warm season) 에대한 WSOC 내 WSOC BB 및 WSOC NBB 분율을그림 5에나타냈다. 분석결과, cold season의경우 WSOC 중 WSOC BB 에의한영향이 48% 로높게나타났으며, warm season의경우 WSOC NBB 에의한영향이 93% 로높게나타나, WSOC의주원인으로겨울철식생연소및여름철 SOC에의한영향으로최종분석하였다. 마지막으로, 원소탄소추정법에의해계산된 SOC 농도와식 (2) 에의해계산된 WSOC NBB 농도에대한상관관계를그림 6에나타냈다. 결과, 전체분석자료에대한상관관계결정계수 (r 2 ) 가 0.01로나타나상관성이없는것으로나타났다. 하지만, warm season에해당하는 4월부터 9월까지상관관계결정계수 (r 2 ) 가 0.63 ( 그 42% Cold Season 58% WSOC BB Fig. 5. Percent of WSOC contributed by WSOC NBB and WSOC BB for the cold and warm season. 림 6) 으로나타나여름철에는두분석법이상대적으로 높은상관성을나타냈다. 이는원소탄소추정법에의 해계산된 SOC 가겨울철에과대평가될가능성이매 7% Warm Season WSOC NBB 93% J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., Vol. 34, No. 2, 2018
8 266 오세호 박은하 이승묵 손장호 박기홍 배민석 SOC (μg/m 3 ) WSOC NBB (μg/m 3 ) y = 1.47x r 2 = 0.63 Fig. 6. Pairwise scatterplot between SOC calcuated by EC tracer method and WSOC NBB by Levoglucosan applied method colored by the sampling date. (Note: the correlation plot shows only from April to September in 2015) 5 6 Date 나, 식생연소에의한영향이매우미비한것으로분석되었다. 또한, 기존의원소탄소추정법에의해계산된 2차유기탄소와레보글루코산분석에의한 2차유기탄소비교분석한결과, 원소탄소추정법에의해계산된 2차유기탄소는겨울철에과대평가되어, 본모델을이용한 2차분진추정에매우주의해야한다. 감사의글본논문은정부의재원으로한국연구재단 (NRF-2017 R1D1A1B , NRF-2015R1A2A1A 및 NRF-2017M3D8A ) 의지원을받아수행된연구결과입니다. 본연구를위해서울대학교보건대학원환경보건학과모든연구원및탄소분석에애쓰신목포대학교환경공학과조지혜연구원님께깊은감사를드립니다. 우큰것으로분석되었다. 이는원소탄소추정법이많은연구자들에의해 SOC를추정하는데많이이용되고있지만, (1) 측정수용체에영향을주는다양한원인이존재할경우, 즉 OC/EC 비율이큰범위를나타낼경우, (2) 비연소 1차유기탄소추정에대한가정설정, (3) 식생연소에대한영향등을고려할때, 큰불확실성을내포하고있다. 본연구에서의겨울철 SOC 또한, 아궁이연소에의한 1차발생 OC가크게증가한반면, EC의경우상대적으로증가하지않아, 원소탄소추정법에의한 2차유기탄소추정이과대평가되었다. 이는, 향후 2차분진에대한대기모델연구등에적용시매우주의해야한다. 4. 결론본연구는전라북도남원시에위치한측정소에서포집한시료를 OCEC, TOC, LC-PAD 분석기를이용하여, SOC와 BB에의한 WSOC의정량적기여량을레보글루코산분석을통해연구하였다. 결과, 겨울철의 WSOC 중 WSOC BB 에의한영향이 48% 로겨울철에는식생연소에의한영향이매우크게나타났으며, 여름철에는 2차유기탄소에의한영향이 93% 로높게나타 References Andrews, E., Saxena, P., Musarra, S., Hildemann, L.M., Koutrakis, P., McMurry, P.H., Olmez, I., White, W.H. (2000) Concentration and Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS Experiment and a Review of the Closure Between Chemical and Gravimetric Measurements, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 50(2), Aswini, A.R., Hegde, P., Nair, P.R. (2018) Carbonaceous and inorganic aerosols over a sub-urban site in peninsular India: Temporal variability and source characteristics, Atmospheric Research, 199, Bae, M.-S., Lee, J.Y., Kim, Y.-P., Oak, M.-H., Shin, J.-S., Lee, K.-Y., Lee, H., Lee, S.Y., Kim, Y.-J. (2012) Analytical Methods of Levoglucosan, a Tracer for Cellulose in Biomass Burning, by Four Different Techniques, Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 6(1), Bae, M.-S., Park, S.-S., Kim, Y.J. (2013) Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols measured at Gosan - Based on analysis of thermal distribution by carbon analyzer and organic compounds by GCMS, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 한국대기환경학회지제 34 권제 2 호
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