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1 연구논문 Journal of Drive and Control, Vol.12 No.1 pp Mar ISSN(print) ISSN(online) Estimation of Load on Ship's Hydraulic Steering Gear 지상원 1 오재민 2 정은석 3 김병곤 4 이일영 5* S. W. Ji, J. M. Oh, E. S. Jeong, B. K. Kim and I. Y. Lee Received: 05 Feb. 2015, Revised: 27 Feb. 2015, Accepted: 02 Mar Key Words:Steering Gear( 조타장치 ), Load Estimation( 부하추정 ), Test in a Real Ship( 실선시험 ), Load Reproduction( 부하재현 ) Abstract: For testing a newly designed ship's steering gear, a steering gear test bench with a steering gear to be tested and a load generation part should be prepared. The load given to the steering gear has to be pertinent to the load generated in a targeted ship. In this study, the authors suggest a process of estimating the load given to steering gears in ships. At first, a test for measuring the load in the steering gear of a real ship was conducted. Then, a process was developed to compute rudder driving torque and force by using basic equations including some empirical equations on ship's steering. The test results and the computation results on the load in the steering gear were compared, As a result, the process suggested in this study for estimating load in ship's steering gears was verified. 1. 서론 선박을목표로하는침로로항진시키는기능을수행하는기계장치인조타장치는기상및해상상태가변화하더라도일정시간이내에전타동작 ( 좌 / 우현 35 도에서우 / 좌현 30도까지의동작 ) 이완료되도록하는등의신뢰성있는동작이요구된다. 1,2) 이를위해소형선을제외하고는일반적으로유압동력원으로타를구동하는방식을채택하고있으므로, 조타장치는유압실린더및유압펌프등으로구성된다. 3,4) 현재까지널리사용되는조타장치용유압시스템에서는타의각 * Corresponding author: iylee@pknu.ac.kr 1 Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea 2 Graduate School, Pukyong National University. 3 Department of Ship Operation, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Korea. 4 Yoowon Industries Ltd, Busan, Korea 5 Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Pukyong National University. Copyright C 2015, KSFC This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 도가 0 를유지할때에도유압펌프는계속하여회전하므로일정량의에너지소모가지속적으로발생한다. 본논문의저자들은전기정유압구동기 (electric hydrostatic actuator, EHA) 를조타장치에적용하여에너지를절감하는연구를시도하고있다. 5) 이연구의과정에서 EHA 방식선박조타장치와기존방식조타장치의에너지소비효율을비교검증하는데에사용할공장시험용테스트벤치 (test bench) 의개발이추진되고있다. 그런데, 조타장치테스트벤치에서구현해야할부하력에관한종래의연구가거의없기때문에본논문의저자들은선박운항중에조타장치에가해지는부하력을추정하는연구를수행하게되었다. 본연구의시작단계에서, 실제의선박 ( 한국해양대학교실습선한나라호 ) 을운항하면서조타장치의기초적인특성을계측한다. 이어서선박에서의조타토크와조타력에관한기초방정식및관련경험식들을사용한시뮬레이션프로그램을개발한다. 시험및시뮬레이션결과를비교하는과정을거치면서, 본연구에서제안한조타장치부하 ( 시간변화에따른타각, 타속및실린더차압정보 ) 추정기법의타당성을검증한다. 드라이브 컨트롤

2 2. 시험장치의구성 실선시험에이용된선박은총톤수 3640 톤, 4000 마력디젤식주기관장치가장착되어최대 17 노트의속력으로항주할수있는한국해양대의실습선한나라호 (TS Hannara) 이다. Fig. 1에실선조타시험에사용된 11(5.5 2) kw급조타장치유압회로도및시험장치의구성을나타낸다. 이조타장치에서램의지름은 m이다. Fig. 1에나타낸조타장치는선교에서생성하는타륜 (steering wheel) 회전각의지령치를추종하여피드 (feed) 실린더의변위가생성되고, 생성된변위가기계적링크장치등을통해유압펌프에전달되어유압펌프를가변제어한다. 제어된유압펌프에서토출된유압유가실린더로공급됨에따라서램 (ram) 의변위가발생되고, 램의변위에비례하여틸러 (tiller) 가회전하게되므로원하는조타각을얻을수있는구조이다. 1 cylinder, 2 ram, 3 rudder tiller, 4 rudder angle sensor, 5 pressure sensor 6 electric power meter, 7 PC for data gathering Fig. 2 Photograph of the ship's steering gear with instruments for signal measuring in TS Hannara 3. 조타기부하모델링 타에가해지는부하력은일반적으로양력과항력의합력으로계산되므로부하력은타각과타로유입되는유체유속의함수로간주할수있다. 6,7) 타력과타토크에관한식들가운데서식 (1) 과 (2) 에나타낸 Joessel-Beaufoy의식은실선테이터의경험인자를반영하여조선설계에서가장널리사용되고있다 8,9). 1 rudder angle input sensor, 2 rudder angle output sensor, 3,4 cylinder pressure sensor, 5,6 electric power meter Fig. 1 Hydraulic circuit of the ship's steering gear in TS Hannara Fig. 2는조타장치실선시험을수행할때의조타실내부사진이다. 실선시험에서는조타장치에서의타각, 실린더압력등의신호는직접계측되었으며, 선속, 침로, 풍향, 풍속과같은선박운항관련신호들은시험이수행된시각에서의전자해도 (electronic marine chart) 데이터를이용하여취득하였다. sin (1) sin (2) 식 (1) 과 (2) 에서 은타의부하력 [N], 는중력가속도 [m/s 2 ], 는타의면적 [m 2 ], 은유체의유입속력 [m/s], 는타각 [degree], 는타의부하토크 [N m], 는타의평균폭 [m], 은타전단부터타의회전축까지의평균거리 [m] 를나타낸다. 식 (1) 과 (2) 에포함된유체의유입속력 은계측이곤란하므로 1축 1타인경우에는선속의 1.15배로가정하고 10), 식 (2) 의타의평균폭 는 Fig. 3에나타낸방법으로계산할수있다 1,2). 16 Journal of Drive and Control

3 지상원 오재민 정은석 김병곤 이일영 탈 (breakaway) 마찰력 [N], 는천이계수 [s/m], 는이동속도 [m/s], 는점성마찰계수 [Ns/m] 를각각나타낸다. 식 (3) 또는 (4) 에특정선박의관련수치정보를적용함으로써타의면적 가결정되면, 식 (1) 및 (2) 로부터선속과타각에따른타력과타토크를계산할수있고, 이러한정보로부터조타장치에서의램속도 () 와실린더차압 ( ) 을구할수있다. 전술한조타장치의부하력추정방법을 Fig. 4에순서도로나타내었다. Fig. 3 Mean chord and mean height of a rudder 1) 또한, 식 (2) 에서타의면적은 DNV 선급규정 11) 에의한식 (3) 또는선박의크기별추정방법 8) 인식 (4) 로부터결정할수있다. (3) (4) 식 (3) 와 (4) 에서 는선체의방형계수, 는선체의폭 [m], 은선체의길이 [m], 는선체의흘수 [m] 를나타낸다. 한편램에서발생되는토크와식 (2) 에나타낸타부하토크추정치 와의관계는식 (5) 와같이나타낼수있다 11). cos cos cos (5) 식 (5) 에서 는램에가해지는실린더축방향의힘 [N], 은타각 0 에서의램의중심축과틸러중심축사이의직선거리 [m], 는램의지름 [m], 는램양단의압력차 [Pa], 는램과실린더사이등에서발생되는마찰력 [N] 을나타낸다. 식 (5) 에서의마찰력 는식 (6) 과같이 Stribeck 마찰력모델로나타낼수있다. 12,13) sign (6) 식 (6) 에서 는쿨롱 (Coulomb) 마찰력 [N], 는이 Fig. 4 Flow chart for rudder load estimation 4. 시험및시뮬레이션을통한검증 Fig. 1과 2에나타낸실선시험장치를사용하여부산항에서제주항으로항해도중에지령타각을 로변화시키면서시험을할때에계측된 (a) 타각, (b) 선속, 침로, 램속도, (c) 실린더압력및차압, (d) 전동기소요동력의계측치를 Fig. 5 드라이브 컨트롤

4 에각각나타내었다. Table 1에실선조타시험및시뮬레이션에이용된조타장치의파라미터값들을나타낸다. Table 1에서타의제원은실선의정밀도면을이용하여구하였으며램과실린더사이의마찰력모델파라미터값들은 Fig. 5에서타가 0 를유지할때와, 타가움직이기시작할때의시험데이터를토대로추정하였다. 식 (6) 에나타낸램과실린더사이의마찰력모델과 Table 1의파라미터들을사용하여마찰력에의한실린더양체임버사이의차압을시뮬레이션하였고그결과를 Fig. 6에나타내었다. Table 1 The parameter values of steering gear in TS Hannara ram diameter() 0.170[m] area of rudder( ) 10.05[m 2 ] mean chord of rudder( ) moment arm of rudder( ) 2.508[m] 0.333[m] moment arm of tiller() 0.4[m] coulomb friction of cylinder( ) breakaway friction of cylinder( ) transition coefficient of friction( ) viscous coefficient of friction() 11349[N] 22698[N] 200[s/m] 0.1[Ns/m] Fig. 5 Results of an operation test in TS Hannara 일반적으로선박이순항중일때에는조타장치의 2 개펌프가운데서 1개의펌프만을사용하므로 Fig. 5 의시험결과는 Fig. 1에나타낸 2개의펌프가운데서한쪽펌프만을구동하여시험한결과이다. 그림 (c) 의차압신호실험결과를관찰할때, 0 15 영역과 0-15 영역의데이터간의절대치가서로유사한대칭적인형태로나타나지않고 0-15 영역에서절대치가상대적으로크게나타났다. 그원인은 0 15 영역에비하여 0-15 영역에서램과실린더사이의마찰력이큰불균형이존재했기때문으로추측된다. 이러한마찰력의불균형으로인하여그림 (d) 의전동기소요동력도 0-15 영역에서매우큰값으로기록되었다. Fig. 6 Friction model between the cylinder and the ram in the steering gear in TS Hannara (described with differential pressure) Fig. 5에나타낸 (a) 타각, (b) 선속시험결과와 Table 1의수치및식 (1), (2) 를이용하여계산된타력과타토크를 Fig. 7에나타낸다. Fig. 7의 20~38[s] 구간에서타각이 15 로일정하게유지되고있음에도불구하고타력이다소감소하고있는현상은선속이 5.76[m/s] 에서 5.67[m/s] 로미소하게감소함에따른결과이다. 18 Journal of Drive and Control

5 지상원 오재민 정은석 김병곤 이일영 Fig. 7 Simulation results of rudder force and torque in the test condition of Fig. 5 션결과가실선조타시험의계측치와비교적양호하게일치하고있음을확인할수있으며, 따라서본연구에서수행한시뮬레이션결과가타에가해지는부하력을양호하게추정하고있음이입증되었다. 이상에서는예로서특정선박을사용하여시험및시뮬레이션을수행함으로써, Fig. 4의순서도에기초한조타장치부하특성 ( 시간변화에따른램위치, 램속도및실린더차압의정보 ) 에관한추정의가능성을제시하였다. 본연구에서제시한조타장치부하특성추정과정은임의크기의선박에적용할조타장치의부하특성의추정에사용할수있을것이며, 이를위해서는다양한형식과용량의유압조타장치에서의마찰력특성에관한데이터베이스가필요할것이다. 5. 결론 Fig. 8 Comparison of simulation and experimental results for differential pressure Fig. 7로계산된타토크와식 (5), (6) 을이용하여타각및선속에따른실린더양체임버의차압변화에관한시뮬레이션을수행하였고그결과를시험결과와함께 Fig. 8에나타내었다. Fig. 8의결과로부터본연구에서수행한시뮬레이 본논문에서는선박용조타장치의공장시험용테스트벤치에서구현해야할부하 ( 시간변화에따른램위치, 램속도및실린더차압의정보 ) 를추정하는방법에관하여연구하였다. 이를위하여, 타력및타토크계산을위한 Joessel-Beaufoy의식, 타의제원을결정하기위한경험식, 램과실린더사이마찰력계산을위한 Stribeck 의식을사용한조타장치부하특성추정과정을제안하였다 (Fig. 4의순서도참조 ). 제안한과정의타당성을검증하기위하여특정선박 (TS Hannara) 을사용한조타장치의해상운전시험과시뮬레이션을수행하였다. 그결과의비교, 검토를통하여제안한조타장치부하특성추정과정을검증하였다. 본연구에서제안한조타장치부하특성추정과정을임의크기의선박용조타장치의부하특성추정에사용할수있음을제시하였으며, 이를위해서는다양한형식과용량의유압조타장치에서의마찰력특성에관한데이터베이스가필요함을지적하였다. 향후의연구로는선박용유압조타장치테스트벤치제작을완료하고, 조타장치에너지효율을효과적으로평가하는기법을개발할예정이다. 후기본연구는 산업통상자원부- 한국산업기술진흥원- 동남지역사업평가원 의 광역경제권선도산업육성사업 으로수행된연구결과의일부입니다. 드라이브 컨트롤

6 References 1) Korean Register, Part 4-Hull Equipment-Rules for the Classification of Steel Ships, pp.1-6, ) ICAS, S10-Rudders-Sole Pieces and Rudder Horns-Common Structure Rule, pp.1-16, ) H. D. Mcgeorge, Marine Auxiliarly Machinery, Buttertworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp , ) A. F. Molland, Maritime Engineering Reference Book, Buttertworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp , ) S. W. Ji, J. M. Oh, I. Y. Lee, E. S. Jeong and B. K. Kim, A Basic Research of Identification for Ship Steering System, Pro. of The Korean Society for Power System Engineering 2013 Autumn Conference, pp , ) U.S. Navy Yard, Calculation of Rudder Force, U.S. Experimental Model Basin, ) F. Moriyama and N. Sugai, On the Propulsive Performance of a Ship with Rudder, Papers of National Maritime Research Institute of Japan, Vol.18, No.3, pp , ) H. J. Kim, S. H. Kim, J. K. Oh and D. W. Seo, Proposal on Standard Rudder Device Design Procedure by Investigation of Rudder Design Process at Major Korean Shipyards J. of Marine Science and Technology, Vol.20, No.4, pp , ) N. J. Park, Y. J. Jeong, S. W. Park and Y. K. Kim, Example of Program Development for Rudder Design, Technology of Hanjin Heavy Industries & Construction, Vol.10, pp.90-94, ) 11) DNV, "Part 4-Chapter 14-Machinery and Systems Main Class Steering Gear," Rules for Classification of Ships/High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, ) M. Hvoldal, "Friction Modelling and Parameter Estimation for Hydraulic Asymmetrical Cylinders," Master s Thesis, Aalborg University, ) B. Armstrong and C.C. de Wit, Friction Modeling and Compensation, The Control Handbook, CRC Press, pp , Journal of Drive and Control

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