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1 Transactions of KSAE, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp (2008) Copyright C 2008 KSAE /2008/ 연비향상을위한하이브리드엔진시스템모델개발과최적화에관한연구 이동은 1) 황인구 1) 전대일 1) 박심수 *2) 고려대학교대학원기계공학과 1) 고려대학교기계공학부 2) Development and Optimization of the Hybrid Engine System Model to Improve the Fuel Economy Dongeun Lee 1) In Goo Hwang 1) Daeil Jeon 1) Simsoo Park *2) 1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul , Korea 2) Division of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul , Korea (Received 20 December 2007 / Accepted 5 June 2008) Abstract : The purpose of this study is development of universal engine model for integrated Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) simulator and a optimization of engine model. The engine model of this study is based on the MATLAB Simulink for universal and include engine fuel economy technologies for HEV. Various engine fuel economy technologies for HEV is estimated by commercial engine 1-D simulation program - WAVE. And, the 1-D simulation model of base version is compared with engine experiment result. The analyzed engine technologies with 1-D simulation are Dual-CVVT, Atkinson-Cycle and Cylinder-Deactivation System. There are improvement of fuel economy and power performance with Dual-CVVT model at part load and full load, pumping loss reduction with Cylinder-Deactivation System at idle and regeneration. Each estimated technologies are analyzed by 1-D simulation on all operation region for base data to converse simulink. The simulink based engine model maintains a signal with ECU for determination of engine operation point. Key words : Dual variable valve timing ( 가변흡배기밸브타이밍 ), Cylinder idle system ( 기통휴지시스템 ), Engine control unit ( 엔진제어장치 ), Hybrid electronic vehicle ( 하이브리드자동차 ) Nomenclature 1) EGR : exhaust gas recirculation BMEP : brake mean effective pressure FMEP : friction mean effective pressure BSFC : brake specific fuel consumption BSU : bosch smoke unit TDC : top dead center BTDC : before top dead center * Corresponding author, spark@korea.ac.kr ATDC CVVT IVO IVC EVC CIS WOT HCU ECU HEV : after top dead center : continuously variable valve timing : intake valve open : intake valve close : exhaust valve close : cylinder idle system : wide open throttle : hybrid control unit : electronic control unit : hybrid electric vehicle 65

2 이동은 황인구 전대일 박심수 1. 서론최근자동차산업은점차강화되는배기가스규제와불안정한유가상황으로인해저배기, 저연비차량기술개발에대한요구를받고있다. 따라서현재우리나라를비롯한선진각국은환경친화자동차, 대체연료자동차, 하이브리드자동차에대한연구개발을가속화하고있는시점이다. 2,6) 현상황을극복하기위한여러기술대안중상용화에가장빠르게성공하고있는기술은하이브리드자동차이다. 1,9) 모든자동차회사가 2007년에서 2009년까지하이브리드차량양산을계획하고있으며그선두에도요타가있다. 3-5) 후발주자인우리나라는급속히팽창하는하이브리드차량에대한기술개발이늦은상태로서이를보완하기위해현재많은연구가이루어지고있다. 본논문에서는연비향상을위한하이브리드용엔진의개발을위해엔진신기술중 CVVT와 CIS에대해연구하였다. 12) 상용해석프로그램을이용하여부분부하영역, 밸브타이밍변화, WOT에서의특성, 그리고 CIS를적용할때연비개선효과에대해분석하였으며해석된결과를토대로 Simulink 기반의엔진시뮬레이터를개발하였으며과도적특성을해석하였다. 2. 적용모델별 HEV엔진모델링저속토크향상및저연비를달성해야하는하이브리드용엔진개발을위해 CVVT, CIS 기술을적용하여시뮬레이션을위한엔진모델을구축하였다. 엔진모델은상용 1-D 해석프로그램을사용하여구축하였으며, 8) 실제엔진을기반으로모델링함으로써추후에해석결과와실제엔진시험결과를비교하여그타당성을검증하였다. 이를위하여실제엔진의흡배기시스템을포함한엔진을모사하여모델링을하였으며, 본연구에사용된엔진은배기량 1.5L CVVT 엔진이다. 4개실린더중 3개실린더의흡배기밸브를기통휴지시킴으로서 CIS 기술을구현하였다. 2.1 해석프로그램을이용한모델링 Fig. 1에 1-D 해석프로그램을이용한모델링을나타내었다. 모델링기반엔진은 1.5L급 CVVT 엔진이며흡배기시스템및밸브, 연료공급장치에대해상세히모델링하였다. 대상엔진은흡기가변밸브타이밍시스템이장착되었으며본논문에서참조하는엔진과비교하기용이하며 CVVT 모델의특성, CIS 적용모델의특성을해석하기에적합할것으로사 Fig. 1 Engine simulation model for parametric study 66 한국자동차공학회논문집제 16 권제 6 호, 2008

3 연비향상을위한하이브리드엔진시스템모델개발과최적화에관한연구 료된다. 9,10) 시뮬레이션모델은엔진회전수, 부하, 공연비, 점화시기, 흡배기밸브열림시기및압축비변화를통해연비및출력등엔진의각종성능곡선, 엔진각요소의상태를분석할수있다. 2.2 해석엔진모델검증 Fig. 2 ~ Fig. 5는점화시기변화에따른연비및연소압력을나타낸것이다. Base 엔진모델의검증을위하여연소실압력선도와점화시기에따른축연료소비율 (BSFC) 을대상엔진시험결과와비교하였다. 엔진시험과 1차원시뮬레이션은 1600 / 2000rpm, BMEP 2.0bar, 공기과잉율 (λ) 1.0 조건에서진행되었으며연소압력의측정및해석은점화시기 BTDC 40 CA에서수행하였다. Fig. 2와 Fig. 4는점화시기에따른 BSFC 선도이다. 그림에나타난바와같이해석과실험결과가동 일한경향을보이고있고결과값의오차는 2% 이내의수준을보이고있다. BSFC 결과값에서오차가발생하는원인은마찰제동마력 (FMEP) 을계산하는 Chen - Flynn 상관관계식의상수항에기인하는것으로판단된다. 7,11) Fig. 3과 Fig. 5의연소실압력선도에서는해석과실험결과가매우잘일치하는것을확인할수있다. 2.3 CVVT 시뮬레이션모델밸브개폐시기변경에따른 CVVT 모델의특성을파악하기위하여 IVO와 EVC 변경을통해밸브오버랩을변화시켜내부 EGR의효과를분석하였다. 내부 EGR을통한잔류가스량의증가는부분부하영역에서흡기매니폴드의압력을증가시키고엔진의펌프손실을저감시켜엔진의연비향상이가능하며, 전부하영역에서는밸브오버랩구간의감소로인 Fig. 2 Experimental and simulated BSFC at 1600 rpm Fig. 4 Experimental and simulated BSFC at 2000 rpm Fig. 3 Experimental and simulated cylinder pressure at 1600 rpm Fig. 5 Experimental and simulated cylinder pressure at 2000 rpm Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 16, No. 6,

4 Dongeun Lee In Goo Hwang Daeil Jeon Simsoo Park 한신기량증가로출력상승의효과를볼수있다. 9,10) 하이브리드용가솔린엔진모델의밸브시기변경효과를파악하기위하여 IVO는 BTDC 30 CA ~ ATDC 10 CA로 5 CA 간격으로변화시켰다. 흡기밸브작동기간은 228 CA이고, 리프트는 7.8mm 이다. 배기밸브는 BTDC 10 CA ~ ATDC 30 CA로 10 CA 간격으로변화시켰다. 배기밸브작동기간 228 CA이고, 리프트는 8.2mm이다. 해석은 2000rpm, BMEP 2.5bar 조건에서수행하였다. 2.4 Cylinder Idling System 시뮬레이션모델기통휴지시스템 (CIS) 은감속시엔진과밸브구동계의마찰손실을저감하여연료소비량을개선하는시스템으로유압밸브를이용하여휴지기통의흡기와배기밸브의작동을완전히정지시키고 1개의실린더만을구동시키는구조로되어있다. 일반적으로 4기통엔진의경우 CIS 적용에따라펌프손실을약 50% 정도저감할수있다. 7) 본논문에서는감속시에적용되는 CIS 제어로직을통하여운전시추가적인펌프손실저감과연비향상효과를파악하고자하였다. 해석조건은아이들링상태를모사하기위하여 BMEP 0.5bar 상태로기존의모델과 3 개실린더의밸브가닫힌모델에대해해석을수행, 비교하였다. Fig. 6 P-V diagram at intake process Fig. 7 BSFC with various IVO angle 3. 해석결과 3.1 CVVT 모델해석결과 Fig. 6은부분부하영역에서 IVO 변경에따른실린더내의 P-V 선도를나타낸것이다. IVO가진각될수록밸브오버랩이증가하여흡기압이 0.25bar 상승되므로펌프손실이감소하고있음을알수있다. Fig. 7은 CVVT 모델에대한연비해석결과를나타낸것이다. IVO가 BTDC 15 CA에서 BTDC 30 CA까지는축연료소비율이 385g/kWh에서 362g/kWh 까지선형적으로감소하고있다. 그러나 BTDC 15 CA에서 ATDC 5 CA 조건에서는 IVO 변경에따른잔류가스량의변화가크지않으며연료소비율도일정한수준을유지한다. IVO, EVC 조건을동시에변화시켜전체엔진운전영역에서흡배기밸브타이밍에따른연비최적화를수행하였다. Fig. 8 BSFC of dual CVVT at 2000 rpm, partload condition Fig. 8과 Fig. 9는 base 엔진모델에 dual-cvvt를적용하여각각 2000rpm의부분부하와 3000rpm의고부하상태에서 IVO 및 EVC에따른 dual-cvvt의특성을나타낸것이다. 먼저 Fig. 8에나타난바와같이 dual-cvvt 적용시부분부하영역에서의흡배기 68 한국자동차공학회논문집제 16 권제 6 호, 2008

5 Development and Optimization of the Hybrid Engine System Model to Improve the Fuel Economy Fig. 9 BSFC of dual CVVT at 3000 rpm, WOT condition 밸브타이밍에따른연비특성은 IVO는최진각, EVC는최지각상태인밸브오버랩 60 인구간에서최소의축연료소비율인 337g/kWh의값을보이고있다. 이는저부하영역에서밸브오버랩증가에의한잔류가스량증대에기인한것으로잔류가스량이증대할수록흡기압이상승하여펌프손실이감소함에따라엔진연비가향상이된것을알수있다. 이때의잔류가스량은약 30% 수준을나타내었다. Fig. 9는고부하영역에서 dual-cvvt 의연비특성을나타낸것으로 IVO는 TDC, EVC 는 ATDC 20 CA인밸브오버랩 20 인조건에서최소의축연료소비율인 241g/kWh의수준을보이는것을알수있다. 이는해당엔진회전수의고부하영역에서적절한 IVO 및 EVC에의하여신기량이증대되는것에기인한것으로판단된다. 고부하영역에서는밸브오버랩이감소함에따라신기량이증대되며이는실린더로흡입되는신기의체적효율을향상시키므로엔진연비를개선시키는것으로사료된다. 3.2 Cylinder Idling System 모델해석결과 Fig. 10은 CIS를적용한엔진모델의연소가이루어지는 1번실린더의 P-V 선도를나타낸다. 흡입행정시실린더내의압력은기통휴지를하지않은경우에비하여약 0.5bar 상승하고있으나배기행정에서의실린더압력은서로동등수준을나타낸다. 따라서 Fig. 10의화살표부분의면적에해당하는만큼펌프손실이감소하므로연비개선효과를예상할수있다. Fig. 10 Pumping loss change for 1st cylinder Fig. 11 Pumping loss change for 2nd cylinder Fig. 11은 CIS를적용한엔진모델의연소가이루어지지않는 2번실린더의 P-V 선도를나타낸다. 2 번실린더는해석조건상에서인위적으로흡배기밸브를닫힌상태로밸브운동을휴지시켜두었으므로흡배기과정이없다. 따라서 2번실린더에서는펌프손실이존재하지않으며, 에너지손실이거의없는압축, 팽창과정만을가지고있다. 이때밸브의구동이없으므로밸브에의한마찰손실도없으며 3 번및 4번실린더도이와같다. Fig. 12와 Fig. 13은기통휴지적용시의엔진운전영역에대하여펌프손실을 N-m 단위로환산하여나타낸것이다. 2000rpm 의스로틀밸브개도율이 1% 인조건에서 2, 3, 4번실린더를휴지시킨모델의펌프손실이 1.5N-m 정도수준을보이는반면 2, 3번실린더를휴지시킨모델의경우는 2.7N-m 수준을보이고있다. 따라서휴지시키는실린더의개수를증 Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 16, No. 6,

6 이동은 황인구 전대일 박심수 Fig. 12 Pumping loss of 2, 3 cylinder-deactivation model Fig. 13 Pumping loss of 2, 3, 4 cylinder- deactivation model 가시킬수록펌프손실이저감되며이는곧연비향상으로이어질수있음을알수있다. 4. Simulink 기반의 HEV 용엔진시뮬레이션모듈개발및검증 4.1 HEV 용엔진시뮬레이션모듈의개발 본논문에서는 HEV 시뮬레이터를위한범용엔진모듈을개발하고자, 다양한 HEV 파워트레인에최적화된엔진의배기량및적용기술을선정하였다. 엔진모듈은범용으로사용가능한 MATLAB Simulink를기반으로구축하였으며, HCU 및타모듈과의통신을고려하였다. Fig. 14는현재까지개발한 beta version의엔진모듈로서 ECU 모듈과엔진블록모듈로구성되어있다. 엔진모듈은타모듈과의통신을위해입력변수로서엔진회전수, 요구부하, 적용기술별엔진선택신호, 기통휴지여부신호, 엔진아이들유지신호, 엔진배기량을받으며출력변수로서엔진출력토크와시간당연료소비량, 엔진아이들이상신호를내보낸다. ECU 모듈은 HCU 등타모듈로부터의신호를받아 Engine Block을제어하며타모듈에신호를출력하는역할을담당한다. 또한 ECU 모듈에는엔진운전안정성을고려하여 HCU 모듈의신호에상관없이자체적으로스로틀밸브를제어하는기능이추가되어있다. Fig. 15는엔진블록모듈의내부를보이고있다. 엔진블록모듈은 Base, Single-CVVT, Dual-CVVT 및기통휴지엔진모델의 BSFC 및 BMEP 맵으로구성되어있으며평균유효압력 (Mean Effective Pressure) 개념을이용하여다양한배기량의엔진모사가가능하다. 이때각각의엔진모델맵은앞서의 1-D Simulator 해석자료를기반으로구축되었으며이렇게생성된 Simulink의 Look-Up table은맵의이용시선형보간법을사용한다. 각각의맵은 750 ~ 5500rpm까지 20개의엔진속도축과 0 ~ 100% 까지 15개의엔진부하축으로구성된 15 20의행렬로구성되어있다. 이때사용할엔진모델선정은 ECU 로부터의신호로선택되어운전되며엔진블록모델에는이를처리하는스위치단자들이있다. 4.2 HEV용엔진시뮬레이션모듈의검증구축된엔진시뮬레이션모듈은앞서의 1-D Simulator와는달리이미구성되어있는맵을바탕으로실시간에서의시뮬레이션이가능하며또한엔진운전조건의연속적인변경이가능하다. 따라서본절에서는이를이용하여임의의운전모드및회생제동조건을모사하여엔진모듈에입력한후이를통해구축된엔진모듈검증결과를나타내고있다. Fig. 16은임의로엔진모듈에입력한목표엔진속도와부하조건을나타내며엔진모듈은자체적인스로틀밸브제어를통해이를추종하고있다. 실제로 Fig. 16에서 46초간의임의의운전동안 Base, 70 한국자동차공학회논문집제 16 권제 6 호, 2008

7 연비향상을위한하이브리드엔진시스템모델개발과최적화에관한연구 Fig. 14 HEV Engine module on the basis of simulink Fig. 15 Engine block module with engine performance map Single-CVVT, Dual-CVVT 엔진모델이목표부하조건을매우근접하게추종하여선도가겹치는것을확인할수있다. Fig. 17은 Fig. 16의결과로써각엔진적용기술에따른연료소비량을나타내고있다. 각엔진모델은같은 Base 모델로부터생성되었으며 1,495cc의동일 Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 16, No. 6,

8 Dongeun Lee In Goo Hwang Daeil Jeon Simsoo Park Fig. 16 Target speed and load at transient mode Fig. 18 Target speed and load at regeneration mode Fig. 17 Fuel consumption ratio at transient mode Fig. 19 Fuel consumption ratio at regeneration mode 한배기량을채택하고있으므로전반적으로매우유사한연료소비량패턴을보인다. 그러나 Fig. 17 에서확대된선도를보면 Dual-CVVT의연료소비량이가장낮음을알수있다. 46초간의운전동안소모된연료소모의누적량을각엔진모델별로비교하면 Base 모델대비 Single-CVVT는 4.96%, Dual-CVVT는 6.04% 의연비가향상된것을확인할수있었다. 이를통하여구축된엔진시뮬레이션모듈의모드주행해석가능성을확인하였으며추후에 FTP-75 등의모드주행또한가능할것으로예상된다. Fig. 18은 HEV의회생제동구간을모사한것으로차량의감속동안예상되는엔진의속도및부하조건을나타내었다. 앞서와같이엔진부하는자체적인스로틀제어를통해추종되고있다. Fig. 19는 Fig. 18의추종결과로써연료소비량을나타내고있다. 결과의비교를위하여기통휴지가 적용되지않는 Dual-CVVT 엔진모델과 2, 3, 4번실린더휴지모델그리고 2, 3번실린더휴지모델을이용하였다. 전반적으로 2, 3, 4번실린더를휴지시킨모델의연비가가장우수하였으며 20초간의누적연료소비량으로비교하면기존엔진모델에대비하여 2,3 번실린더휴지모델이 44% 2, 3, 4번실린더휴지모델이 47% 의연비향상을나타내었다. 5. 결론연비향상을위한하이브리드엔진시스템모델개발과최적화에관해연구하여다음과같은결과를얻었다. 1) Single-CVVT 모델의경우시뮬레이션모델에서 IVO를변경하는경우 IVO의진각에따라밸브오버랩효과로인해펌프손실이저감되며연비특성이향상되는것을확인하였으며 Dual-CVVT 72 한국자동차공학회논문집제 16 권제 6 호, 2008

9 Development and Optimization of the Hybrid Engine System Model to Improve the Fuel Economy 엔진모델의경우 Base 대비평균 5.96%, Single- CVVT 대비 3.21% 연비향상확인하였다. 또한저부하영역의밸브오버랩증가및고부하영역의신기도입량증대에의한연비향상을확인하였다. 2) Soft type의하이브리드자동차의경우펌프손실및마찰손실의저감으로회생제동량을증대시킬수있으며저속저부하영역의연비향상을예상할수있었다. 따라서기통휴지를적용한하이브리드용엔진모델해석결과마찰손실과펌프손실을통하여효율적인운전과연비개선을유도할수있으나엔진의진동및소음증가에따른악영향도함께고려하여부하조건과엔진속도등운전조건에따른적절한제어로직의개발이필요하다. 3) Simulink 기반의 HEV용엔진시뮬레이션모듈은 Base, Dual-CVVT, 기통휴지모델의엔진전체운전정밀맵을구축하였으며적용엔진기술및기통휴지에따른연비향상을확인하였고 HEV 용시뮬레이션을위한 Beta version의 Simulink 기반엔진모델을구축하였다. 후 본연구는산자부 하이브리드자동차공통기초반기술개발사업 ( 미래형자동차사업단 ) 과현대자동차의지원으로수행되었으며, 이에감사드립니다. 기 References 1) T. Ueda, A. Ohata, Trends of Future Powertrain Development and the Evolution of Powertrain Control Systems, SAE , ) M. Duoba, H. Ng, R. Larsen, Characterization and Comparison of Two Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Honda Insight and Toyota Prius, SAE , ) Y. Kuze, H. Kobayashi, H. Ichinose, T. Otsuka, Development of New Generation Hybrid System (THS II) - Development of Toyota Coolant Heat Storage System-, SAE , ) K. Muta, M. Yamazaki, J. Tokieda, Development of New-Generation Hybrid System THS II-Drastic Improvement of Power Performance and Fuel Economy, SAE , ) K. Itagaki, T. Teratani, K. Kuramochi, S. Nakamura, T. Tachibana, H. Nakao and Y. Kamijo, Development of The Toyota Mild- Hybrid System, SAE , ) S. Tanaka, Development of LDA 1.3L Engine for the Civic Hybrid, Engine Technology, Vol.5, No.3, pp.66-71, ) C. S. Kim and B. K. Oh, Performance Simulation of an In-line 6 Engine Considering VVT Strategy Using WAVE, 13th International Pacific Conference on Automotive Engineering, MP02-01, ) M. Ali, J. J. Moskwa, Developing a Generalized Modular Modeling Structure for Dynamic Engine Simulation, SAE 2002 World Congress, , ) S. H. Yang, H. C. Kwak, C.-L. Myung, S. Park, Optimization of the Hybrid Engine System to Improve the Fuel Economy, Fall Conference Proceedings, KSAE, pp , ) H. C. Kwak, S. H. Yang Yang, C.-L. Myung, S. Park, Optimization of the Hybrid Engine System to Improve the Fuel Economy, Electronic Vehicle Symposium, KSAE, pp.82-88, ) Engine User Manual WAVE 7.1, RICARDO, 2.1.9, ) J. N. Kim, H. Y. Kim, S. S. Yoon, S. D. Sa, W. T. Kim, Effect of Valve Timing and Lift on Flow and Mixing Characteristics of a CAI Engine, Int. J. Automotive Technology, Vol.8, No.6, pp , Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 16, No. 6,

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