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1 Acquisition of Monochromatic X-ray using Graded Multilayer Mirror Cheolwoo Ryu *, Byoungjung Choi *, Hyunhwa Son *, Youngman Kwon *, Byoungwook Kim *, Youngju Kim *, Kwonsu Chon ** Radiation Imaging Technology Center of Jeonbuk TECHNOPARK *, Department of Radiological Science of Daegu Catholic University ** Graded 다층박막거울을이용한단색엑스선획득 유철우 *, 최병정 *, 손현화 *, 권영만 *, 김병욱 *, 김영주 *, 천권수 ** 전북테크노파크방사선영상기술센터 *, 대구가톨릭대학교방사선학과 ** Abstract At a recent medical imaging technology, the major issue of X-ray diagnosis in breast cancer is the early detection of breast cancer and low patient's exposure dose. As one of studies to acquire a monochromatic X-ray, Technologies using multilayer mirror had been preceded. However, a uniform multilayer mirror that consists of uniform thin-film thickness can acquire a monochromatic X-ray only in the partial area corresponds to angle of incidence of white X-ray, so there are limits for X-ray imaging technology applications. In this study, we designed laterally graded multilayer mirror(below GML) that reflects same monochromatic X-ray over the entire area of thin-film mirror, which have the the thickness of the linear gradient that correspond to angle of incidence of white X-ray. By using ion-beam sputtering system added the mask control system we fabricated a GML which has size of mm 2. The GML is designed to achieve the monochromatic X-ray of 17.5kev energy and has thin-film thickness change from 4.62nm to 6.57nm(3.87nm at center). It reflects the monochromatic X-ray with reflectivity of more than 60 percent, FWHM of below 2.6keV and X-ray beam width of about 3mm. The monochromatic X-ray corresponded to 17.5keV using GML would have wide application in development of mammography system with high contrast and low dose. Keyword : Monochromatic X-ray, Graded multilayer mirror, Characteristic X-ray, X-ray reflectivity, X-ray monochromaticity, Ion-beam sputtering 요약 최근의료영상기술에서유방암엑스선진단기술의주요이슈는정확한조기암진단과환자의피폭선량의감소에있다. 엑스선영상대비도를높이고피폭선량을줄이는기술중하나로써다층박막거울을이용한단색엑스선을획득하는연구가선행되어왔다. 그러나기존의 Uniform 다층박막거울은거울면의일부반사영역에서만원하는파장대역의단색엑스선을얻을수있어서엑스선영상기술응용에한계가있다. 본연구에서는다층박막거울의전영역에걸쳐동일한단색엑스선을얻기위해거울에입사하는백색엑스선의입사각에상응하는선형적기울기의박막두께를갖는 Graded 다층박막거울을설계하였고, 기존이온빔스퍼터링장치에 Corresponding Author: Cheolwoo Ryu tigerycw@jbtp.or.kr Tel: Addr.Radiation Imaging Technology Center of Jeonbuk TECHNOPARK, 500, Dasong-ri, Hamyeol-eup, Iksan-si, Jeonbuk, Korea Received : February 04, 2015 Revised : April 25, 2015 Accepted : June 25,

2 Acquisition of Monochromatic X-ray using Graded Multilayer Mirror 마스크제어장치를추가제작하여 mm 2 크기로제작하였다. 제작된 Graded 다층박막거울은 17.5keV 의단색엑스선을획득할수있도록설계하였으며박막두께주기는 2.88nm~4.62nm(Center 3.87nm) 이다. 엑스선반사율은 60% 이상이며, 단색엑스선의 FWHM 은 1.4keV 이하이고엑스선빔폭은 3mm 정도이다. 유방촬영에적합한몰리브덴특성엑스선에해당하는 17.5keV 의단색엑스선을얻음으로써저선량 고감도유방암진단장치개발에응용할수있을것으로기대된다. 중심단어 : 단색엑스선, Graded 다층박막거울, 특성엑스선, 엑스선반사율, 엑스선단색성, 이온빔스퍼터링 Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 최근의료영상기술에서유방암엑스선진단기술의주요이슈는정확한조기암진단과환자의피폭선량의감소에있다. 특히조기암진단에있어가장어려운분야는유방암으로알려져있는데그이유는유방의조직이밀도가높지않은 Soft tissue로이루어져있고구조적으로치밀하게유선하고겹쳐있어영상대비도의차이가뚜렷하지않기때문이다. 일반적으로종래의엑스선영상장치는엑스선발생장치에서나오는다양한에너지를갖는백색엑스선 (polychromatic X-ray) 을사용하거나특정물질의거울을사용하여일부에너지를선별하여엑스선영상을획득하고있다. 백색엑스선의사용은의료영상획득에필요한방사선뿐만아니라인체의방사선피폭에크게영향을주는낮은에너지의광자들과엑스선산란에크게기여하여영상의질 (quality) 을저하시키는높은에너지를갖는광자들을동시에포함하고있다. 이러한문제를해결하기위한기술중하나로써모노크로메터를이용한단색엑스선을획득하는연구가선행되어왔으며이를적용한엑스선영상장치의개발이시도되고있다 [1]-[2]. 주로방사광가속기의빔라인에서사용되는단결정모로크로메터 (Single Crystal Monochrometor) 는엑스선의회절성질을이용하는엑스선광학소자로반사효율이매우낮기때문에실험실규모의엑스선발생장치에서는단색엑스선의세기가크게떨어진다 [3]-[4]. 다층박막거울을사용하면매우높은효율로단색엑스선을얻을수있는데, 다층박막거울의각도를조절함으로써다양한에너지를선택적으로얻을수있는장점이있다. 특히, 타킷물질의특성엑스선에맞는조건을부과하면높은강도를갖는단색엑스선을얻을수있다. 단색엑스선을이용하면엑스선영상의명 206 암도를높여영상의질을높일수있고, 방사선피폭량을현저하게줄일수있다 [5-8]. 그러나기존의 Uniform 다층박막거울은거울의전영역에걸쳐균일한박막두께를가지므로백색엑스선의입사각에상응하는박막거울면의일부반사영역에서만원하는파장대역의단색엑스선을얻을수있어서엑스선단색성이많이떨어지기때문에 (~ 수 kev) 엑스선영상기술응용에한계가있다. 본연구에서는유방촬영 (Mammography) 에사용되는몰리브덴특성엑스선에해당하는 17.5keV의단색엑스선을획득하기위한 Graded 다층박막거울을제작하고그특성을분석한다. 먼저다층박막거울의전영역에걸쳐동일한단색엑스선을얻기위해입사엑스선에상응하는선형적기울기의박막두께를갖는 Graded 다층박막거울을설계하였고, 설계값에맞게박막두께를증착하기위하여기존이온빔스퍼터에마스크제어시스템을추가하여 mm 2 크기로제작하였다. Graded 다층박막거울을이용하여획득한단색엑스선의응용은 Mammography, K-edge Imaging, Phase contrast imaging, time of flight imaging, small animal imaging, protein crystallography 등에서현저한개선효과가있어서임상에서이용되는시기가도래할것으로예측하고있다 [9]-[10]. Ⅱ. MATERIAL AND METHOD 1. Graded 다층박막거울의설계 Graded 다층박막거울은중원소인텅스텐과경원소인탄소를수나노미터로번갈아적층되어있는구조로중원소와경원소층을하나의쌍으로단위막 (bilayer) 을형성하고총 N개의단위막이기판 (Substrate) 위에적층된다 [11]. 획득하고자하는단색엑스선의에

3 너지는몰리브덴의 Kα 특성에너지인 17.5keV를목표로하여 graded 다층박막거울을설계하였다. Graded 다층박막거울설계하기위해서는엑스선발생장치와다층박막거울간의거리 (Source to Multilayer mirror Distance, SMD) 와거울의크기가우선적으로고려되어야하는데본연구에서 SMD는 300mm, 거울의크기는 mm2이다. 백색엑스선의입사각 (Bragg angle) 은다층박막거울면의앞쪽부터뒤쪽까지 0.66 ~0.47 에해당한다 ( 중앙에서 0.55 )[Fig. 1]. 다층박막거울의박막두께주기, 백색엑스선입사각, 엑스선파장은브래그식 (Bragg equation) [12] 으로연결되어있기때문에 17.5keV의단색엑스선을얻기위하여상기계산된입사각에상응하는박막두께주기는 3.18nm~4.58nm으로선형적인기울기로변화한다 ( 중앙에서 3.87nm). 이때단위막박막두께주기의두께비 (Ratio of bottom layer thickness: γ) 는 0.401이고, 계면거칠기 (interfacial roughness: σ) 는 0.3nm이하이며단위막의층수는 30층으로설계하였다. 단위막아래층물질인텅스텐의박막두께변화는 1.28nm~1.84nm이다 [Fig. 2]. 상기백색엑스선입사각을적용하여 mm 2 크기의 Uniform 다층박막거울과 graded 다층박막거울을각각설계하고전체거울면의맨앞쪽과맨뒤쪽을포함한임의의 5지점에서이론적으로얻을수있는단색엑스선의스펙트럼을시뮬레이션하여비교해보았다. 먼저 uniform 다층박막거울에서는반사되는단색엑스선이 14.25keV ~ 21.65keV로단색성 (monochromaticity) 은 7.4keV FWHM을갖는다 [Fig. 3]. 반면에 graded 다층박막거울에서얻어지는단색엑스선은 17.3keV~18.7keV로 FWHM이 1.4keV이하의단색성을나타낸다 [Fig. 4]. Fig. 1. Bragg angles over graded multilayer mirror. Fig. 2. Structure of graded multilayer mirror. Fig. 3. Spectrum analysis of uniform multilayer mirror. Fig. 4. Spectrum analysis of graded multilayer mirror. 2. Graded 다층박막거울의제작다층박막이선형적인두께기울기를갖도록제작하기위해서는우선다층박막이증착될기판에서의증착율을분석해야한다. 이를위해서 mm 2 의기판상 8지점에서텅스텐의단일박막과탄소의단일박막을증착한샘플을제작한후 XRR 분석을통해증착률을얻었다. 분석된증착률을적용하여 Graded 다층박막거울이전후방향 (x축방향 ) 으로선형적두께기울기를갖도록하고좌우방향 (y축) 으로는동일한두께로증착되도록하기위한마스크제어부를제작하였다. 다층박막이선형적인기울기를갖기위해서는기판의임의의지점에서마스크구멍 (Mask hole) 을통해증착이시작되고끝나는시간을계산하여마스크이동거리를제어해야한다. 결국마스크구멍을통한증착시간은마스크이동거리에비례해야함으로 Δ t=px+q와같은 1차항식으로표현할수있고, 마스크이동시간을마스크제어위치에대한일반식으로유 207

4 Acquisition of Monochromatic X-ray using Graded Multilayer Mirror 도하면아래와같이정의할수있다. 여기서 L0는마스크구멍에서가장큰폭이다 [Fig. 5]. 다층박막거울을제작하기위하여이온빔스퍼터링장비를이용하였고전원공급조건은빔전류 (Beam current) 49mA, 빔전압 (Beam Voltage) 1500V와가속전류 (Accelerator current) 12mA, 가속전압 (Accelerator Voltage) 200V를사용하였다. 또한상기유도된식을적용하여다층박막이선형적기울기를갖도록증착하기위해마스크제어시스템을구축하였다 [Fig. 6]. Graded 다층박막거울의제작은기판으로는한면이폴리싱된실리콘웨이퍼를 mm 2 의크기로다이싱하여사용하였고, 그위에중원소인텅스텐을먼저증착한후경원소인탄소를증착하여한쌍의단위막을만들고이를총 30번반복적층하였다 [Fig. 7]. Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of mask control Fig. 6. Ion-beam sputter and mask control system. Fig. 7. Graded multilayer mirror fabricated on Si-wafer. Ⅲ. RESULT 1. Graded 다층박막거울의스펙트럼분석제작된 graded 다층박막거울의반사율및단색엑스선의에너지를분석하기위한분석시스템을구축하였다. 엑스선광원은몰리브덴타겟을사용하는 Oxford의 Ultra-Bright microfocus tube를사용하였고분광기 (Spectrometer) 는 Amtek의 X-123 Si-PIN, 엑스선검출기는 Photonic science 의 VHR ccd camera(12.5μm Resolution) 를사용하였다. 다층박막거울을고정하기위한하우징 (Housing) 을자체제작하였고하우징의앞에 1차콜리메이터 (Primary collimator) 를장착하여불필요한백색엑스선을차단하였다. 그리고스펙트럼을측정하는데불필요한전반사를제거하기위해엑스선광원앞에 10mm 두께의 PMMA를사용하였다. 또한회전및기울기각도와위치등을정렬하기위한자동정렬시스템을구성하였다. 엑스선광원으로부터 300mm의거리에다층박막거울을배치하였고다층박막거울과스펙트럼검출기간의거리는 150mm, 광원과엑스선영상검출기의거리는 780mm이다 [Fig. 8]. Uniform 다층박막거울의전면에서반사되는각단색엑스선의에너지를스펙트럼분석한결과반사된단색엑스선은 12.24keV에서 22.7keV까지다양하다. 각단색엑스선의반사율은 51.4% 에서 70.6% 로평균 58% 이고, 다층박막거울전면에서얻어진단색엑스선의 FWHM은대략 10.46keV 정도를갖는다 [Fig. 9]. 반면 graded 다층박막거울의대부분의영역에서 17.5keV의단색엑스선이얻어짐을확인하였다. 또한얻어진단색엑스선의반사율은평균 63.3%(54.3%~68.3%) 로 208

5 uniform 다층박막거울과유사하고, 다층박막거울로부터얻어진모든단색엑스선의 FWHM는 1.4keV 이하로단색성이매우우수함을알수있다 [Fig. 10]. Fig. 8. Spectrum measurement system for GML. Fig. 9. Spectrum analysis for uniform multilayer mirror. 비교분석하였다. Uniform 다층박막거울에서는몰리브덴의특성엑스선 Kα인 17.5keV와 Kβ인 19.6keV를포함하여다양한단색엑스선 (12.24keV ~ 22.7keV) 이얻어졌다. 특히연구목표로했던단색엑스선인 17.5keV 에너지의엑스선빔폭은 0.457mm(36 pixel) 이고전체단색엑스선량의 15% 를나타내었다 [Fig. 11]. Graded 다층박막거울에서는거울대부분의영역에서몰리브덴의특성엑스선 Kα에해당하는 17.5keV의단색엑스선이획득되었고반사각이큰일부영역에서는 16.5keV ~ 17.5keV가얻어졌다. 여기서 17.5keV 단색엑스선은전체단색엑스선량의 75% 를차지하며, 엑스선빔폭은 1.905mm (150 pixel) 로 uniform 다층박막거울로얻은빔폭보다 4.2배더넓다 [Fig. 12]. 하지만이론상시뮬레이션을통해계산된 3mm에크게못미치는엑스선빔폭을나타내고있는데, 이는단색엑스선의강도가다층박막거울의일부에서급격히감소하고있기때문이다. 그원인의한가지로는이부분이다른반사면에서의반사각보다상대적으로반사각이크고박막두께가얇은영역이기때문에반사율이떨어져단색엑스선강도가감소한것으로판단된다. 일반적으로반사각이크면반사율은떨어지는경향이있다. 다른이유로는몰리브덴타겟을사용하는엑스선광원의백색엑스선스펙트럼에서볼수있듯이특성엑스선에비해연속엑스선의엑스선강도가매우작기때문이다. 여기서효율적인단색엑스선을얻기위해서는연속엑스선보다는특성엑스선을이용해야함을알수있다. Fig. 10. Spectrum analysis for graded multilayer mirror. 2. 단색엑스선영상및빔폭 단색엑스선분석시스템을구축하고동일한실험조건하에 Uniform 다층박막거울과 graded 다층박막거울을이용하여각각단색엑스선을획득하고그특성을 Fig. 11. Monochromatic X-ray Image for uniform multilayer mirror. 209

6 Acquisition of Monochromatic X-ray using Graded Multilayer Mirror 선검사에적합한단색엑스선을획득하면엑스선영상의질을높이고방사선피폭량을현저하게줄일수있어의료영상기기뿐만아니라식품이물질검사나산업용비파괴검사등에활용될수있을것으로기대된다. Reference Fig. 12. Monochromatic X-ray Image for graded multilayer mirror. Ⅳ. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 1. 결론본연구에서는몰리브덴의 Kα 특성엑스선에해당하는에너지인 17.5keV의단색엑스선을얻기위해다층박막의두께가선형적으로변화하는 graded 다층박막거울을제작하였다. 단위막의박막두께주기 (d-spacing) 는 3.18nm에서 4.58nm이고바닥층의두께비는 0.401, 계면거칠기는 0.3nm 이하이며단위막층수는 30층이다. 제작된 Graded 다층박막거울을이용하여획득된엑스선의에너지는거울의전면에서모두몰리브덴의특성엑스선 Kα인 17.5keV의단색엑스선이며단색성으로 FWHM은 1.4keV 이하이다. 엑스선검출기에서얻어진단색엑스선의빔폭은 1.905mm로 uniform 다층박막거울에비해 4.2배넓은폭을갖으며, graded 다층박막거울의반사율은반사각이가장큰거울면에서 55% 로가장낮고가장높은반사율 69% 로평균 65% 이다. 2. 고찰본연구결과로부터 uniform 다층박막거울에비해 graded 다층박막거울을이용하여 17.5keV 에너지대역의단색엑스선을얻을수있을뿐만아니라그단색성을높이고빔폭을더확보할수있음을확인하였다. Graded 다층박막거울을보다개선하고복수개를정밀하게정렬하여측정하고자하는대상물질의엑스 [1] Kwon Su, Chon., Interdiffusion Region in a Tungsten-Carbon Multilayer Coating of Small d-spacing, Korean Physical Society 54, pp , [2] Schnopper, H. W., Romaine, S., and Krol, A., X-ray monochromator for divergent beam radiography using conventional and laser produced x-ray sources, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4502, pp , [3] Millar JJ, Barnea Z: A simple x-ray crystal monochromator, Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instrument, 3, pp , [4] Tkachuk A, Duewer F, Cui H, Feser M, Wang S, Yun W: X-ray computed tomography in Zernike phase contrast mode at 8 kev with 50-nm resolution using Cu rotating anode X-ray source, Zeitschrift Kristallographie, 222, pp , 2007 [5] Carroll, F. E., Tunable monochromatic x-rays: a new paradigm of medicine, American Roentgen Rays Society 179, pp , [6] Chon KS, Yoon KH, Monochromatic X-ray Imaging System Using a W/C Multilayer Mirror, Journal of the Korean Physical Society 2009, 55(6), pp , 2009 [7] Chon KS, Optimum Design and Tolerance Analysis of Multilayer Mirror for Obtaining Characteristic X-ray of 17.5 kev, Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology, v.3, no.4, pp , 2009 [8] Harms, R. J., Serlemitsos, P. J., Owens, S. M., Thin film multilayer fan-beam x-ray monochromator, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4501, pp , [9] Lawaczeck, R., Rein, V., Deeg, W., Dedicated mammography: Imaging with monochromatic X-rays and a clinical mammography unit, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 548, pp , [10] Baldelli, P., Taibi, A., Tuffanelli, A., Gilardoni, M. C., and Gambaccini, M., A prototype of a quasi-monochromatic system for mammography applications, Phys. Med. Biol. 50 pp , [11] Bushberg JT, Seibert JA, Leidhold Jr. EM, Boone JM : The 210

7 essential physics of medical imaging, 2nd ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, [12] Spiller E, Soft X-Ray Optics, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham,

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