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1 초청리뷰논문 Understanding of Lactate Yoonkyung Song 1, Justin Y. Jeon 1, & Sang-Hoon Suh 2 * 1 Department of Sports Industry Studies, Yonsei University & 2 Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University

3 Fig. 1. Intracellular Po 2 and net muscle lactate efflux (Richardson et al., 1998)

4 Fig. 2. Cell-cell lactate shuttle(brooks, 1985)

5 Fig. 3. Lactate disposal(r i ) and oxidation(r ox ) rates (Mazzeo et al., 1986) Fig. 4. Effect of endurance training on the MCT-1 and MCT-4 expression(dubouchaud et al., 2000)

6 Fig. 5. Intracellular lactate shuttle(brooks, 1998)

7 Fig. 6. Absolute and relative contributions to total cerebral carbohydrate(cho) from lactate, glucose from gluconeogenesis (GNG), and glucose from hepatic glycogenolysis(gly= glucose Ra-GNGgluc) in healthy control subjects(left, A) and TBI patients(right, B)(Brooks & Martin, 2014)

8 Baba, N., & Sharma, H. M. (1971). Histochemistry of lactic dehydrogenase in heart and pectoralis muscles of rat. Journal Of Cell Biology, 51(3), Baldwin, K. M., Campbell, P. J., & Cooke, D. A. (1977). Glycogen, lactate, and alanine changes in muscle fiber types during graded exercise. Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology, 43(2), Bang, O. (1936). The lactate content of the blood during and after muscular exercise in men. Skandinavisches Archiv Für Physiologie, 74(suppl. 10), Bergman, B. C., Horning, M. A., Casazza, G. A., Wolfel, E. E., Butterfield, G. E., & Brooks, G. A. (2000). Endurance training increases gluconeogenesis during rest and exercise in men. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 278(2), E Bergman, B. C., Wolfel, E. E., Butterfield, G. E., Lopaschuk, G. D., Casazza, G. A., Horning, M. A., & Brooks, G. A. (1999). Active muscle and whole body lactate kinetics after endurance training in men. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 87(5), Brandt, R. B., Laux, J. E., Spainhour, S. E., & Kline, E. S. (1987). Lactate dehydrogenase in rat mitochondria. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 259(2), Brooks, G. A. (1985). Lactate:glycolytic product and oxidative substrate during sustained exercise in mammals-the "lactate shuttle.". Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry: Current Topics and Trends, A, Brooks, G. A. (1998). Mammalian fuel utilization during sustained exercise. comparative, environmental and evolutionary physiology. Part B: Biochemical and Molecular Biology, 120(1), Brooks, G. A., Butterfield, G. E., Wolfe, R. R., Groves, B. M., Mazzeo, R. S., Sutton, J. R., Wolfel, E. E., & Reeves, J. T. (1991). Decreased reliance on lactate during exercise after acclimatization to 4,300 m. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 71(1), Brooks, G. A., & Donovan, C. M. (1983). Effect of endurance training on glucose kinetics during exercise. American Journal of Physiology, 244(5), E Brooks, G. A., Dubouchaud, H., Brown, M., Sicurello, J. P., & Butz, C. E. (1999). MCT1 in cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 87, Brooks, G. A., Dubouchaud, H., Brown, M., Sicurello, J. P., & Butz, C. E. (1999). Role of mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase and lactate oxidation in the intracellular lactate shuttle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A, 96(3), Brooks, G. A., Fahey, T. D., & Baldwin, K. M. (2005). Exercise Physiology: human biogenergetics and its applications. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York. Brooks, G. A., & Gaesser, G. A. (1980). End points of lactate and glucose metabolism after exhausting exercise. Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology, 49(6), Brooks, G. A., & Martin, N. A. (2014). Cerebral metabolism following traumatic brain injury: new discoveries with implications for treatment. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 408. doi: /fnins Depocas, F., Minaire, Y., & Chatonnet, J. (1969). Rates of formation and oxidation of lactic acid in dogs at rest and during moderate exercise. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 47(7), Donovan, C. M., & Brooks, G. A. (1983). Endurance training affects lactate clearance, not lactate production. American Journal of Physiology, 244(1), E Donovan, C. M., & Pagliassotti, M. J. (1989). Endurance training enhances lactate clearance during hyperlactatemia. American Journal of Physiology, 257(5 Pt 1), E Dubouchaud, H., Butterfield, G. E., Wolfel, E. E., Bergman, B. C., & Brooks, G. A. (2000). Endurance training, expression, and physiology of LDH, MCT1, and MCT4 in human skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 278(4), E Fletcher W. M. & Hopkins, F. G. (1907). Lactic acid in amphibian muscle. Journal of Physiology, 35, Gertz, E. W., Wisneski, J. A., Stanley, W. C., & Neese, R. A. (1988). Myocardial substrate utilization during exercise in humans. Dual carbon-labeled carbohydrate isotope experiments. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 82(6), doi: /jci Glenn, T. C., Martin, N. A., Horning, M. A., McArthur, D. L., Hovda, D. A., Vespa, P., & Brooks, G. A. (2015). Lactate:

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10 Physiology (1985), 60, Stanley, W. C., Wisneski, J. A., Gertz, E. W., Neese, R. A., & Brooks, G. A. (1988). Glucose and lactate interrelations during moderate-intensity exercise in humans. Metabolism, 37(9), Stein, N. R., McArthur, D. L., Etchepare, M., & Vespa, P. M. (2012). Early cerebral metabolic crisis after TBI influences outcome despite adequate hemodynamic resuscitation. Journal of Neurocritical Care, 17(1), doi: /s y Vander Heiden, M. G., Cantley, L. C., & Thompson, C. B. (2009). Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science, 324(5930), Vespa, P., McArthur, D. L., Stein, N., Huang, S. C., Shao, W., Filippou, M., Etchepare, M., Glenn, T., & Hovda, D. A. (2012). Tight glycemic control increases metabolic distress in traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled within-subjects trial. Critical Care Medicine, 40(6), doi: /ccm.0b013e31824e0fcc Warburg, O. (1956). On respiratory impairment in cancer cells. Science, 124(3215),

Pharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ

Pharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee University College of Medicine & Hospital E mail : ycell2@yahoo.co.kr Abstract