임선영한국해양대학교해양환경생명과학부 1. (Allium cepa L.),,,, [1], [2-4], [5], [6], [7,8], [9], [10], [11].,,,, [12]. (polyphenol), C, E, - quercetin, quercitrin, rutin. diphenlypropane(c 6 -C 3 -C 6 ),,,, [13], Miean Mohamed[14] 62. hydroxylation, glycosylation,,,, 5,000 [15]..,,,,,. ally propyl disulfide dially disulfide quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, rutin [5,16]. 377
[17].,,, [18,19].. Bakhsh [20], Sklan [21] Dawa [22], Kendler[18]. Makheja [23] Srivastava[24] thromboxane. Hughes [25], Dorsch [26]. Jurdi-Haldeman [27].,. Woo [28],, Kim Lee[3],, LDL- HDL-,. 60g [29]. 50g., [30~32].,,, [33].,,,.... 24. Kim [34] 378
, 13.29% 12.99% 10.78%. C, > >. [34,35].. [36,37]. 10% 10%. quercetin quercetin 0.01%, 6.5% [12]. 0.4~0.5%, 25~32% 50 [45]... 2. 2.1 재료및추출. (STVD-50, Sanya, Korea) 15~25, 15~40 mmhg 24.. -75 379
acetone methylene chloride 1 : 1 24. 2 40 rotary vacuum evaporator(n-1000, EYELA, Japan) aceton/methylene chloride (A+M). A+M methanol 2 methanol (MeOH). hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, butanol(buoh), water. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO 0.05%. 2.2 일반성분및비타민 C 측정,,, AOAC [38]., (105 ), Kjeldahl, Soxhlet, 550. C HPLC(P580, Dionex, USA) [39]. 1g, 10% HPO 3 9ml 3,000rpm 15 20L HPLC C. column (u-bondapak C 18 ), 0.05M KH 2 PO 4 / acetonitrile(60 : 40) 1ml/min UV/VIS detector 254nm. L-ascorbic acid(sigma-adrich, USA). 2.3 총플라보노이드측정 1ml 10ml diethyleneglycol 1N NaOH 1ml 37 1 UV-visible spectrophotometer(helios Beta, Thermo Electron Corporation, USA) 420nm. rutin [38]. 2.4 총페놀측정 Folin-Denies [40]. 380
1mg 1ml 10 2ml 2 Folin 2ml 3 10% Na 2 CO 3 2ml 1. UV-visible spectrophotometer(helios Beta, Thermo Electron Corporation, USA) 750nm. tannic acid(sigma-aldrich, USA). 2.5 유리아미노산비교분석 10g 75% 100ml 80, 2 40 0.2M sodium citrate buffer(ph 2.2)(Merck, Germany) 5ml Sep-Pak C 18 0.45M membrane filter [41]. 2.6 색도측정 (CR-10, Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Japan), 3 total color difference(e) [42]. 2.7 암세포및암세포배양 () (HT-1080), (AGS) (HT-29). 100units/ml penicillin-streptomycin 10% FBS DMEM RPMI 1640 37, 5% CO 2 incubator(mco-15ac, Sanyo Electric Biomedical Co., Japan). 2. phosphate buffered saline(pbs) 0.05% trypsin-0.02% EDTA(Gibco Co., USA) 75mm 3 cell culture flask 10ml 6~7. 2.8 MTT assay 96 well cell culture plate 510 4 cells/ml 100L 37, 5% 381
CO 2 incubator 24 well 100L, PBS 100L. plate 37, 5% CO 2 incubator 24. MTT assay 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide(mtt) 5mg 1ml PBS, 10% FBS 9ml 100L 3~4 MTT. formazan well MTT. well formazan DMSO 100L 5~10 microplate reader(victor3, Perkin Elmer, USA) 540nm. MTT, well [43]. 2.9 세포내활성산소종 (reactive oxygen species) 측정 HT-1080 100units/ml penicillin-streptomycin 10% FBS DMEM cell culture dish 37, 5% CO 2 incubator. DCFH-DA(dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate) assay [44]. DCFH-DA(Sigma- Aldrich, USA) (dichlorofluorescein, DCF). 96 well cell culture plate 24, PBS 20M DCFH-DA well 37, 5% CO 2 incubator 20 pre-incubation. well 37, 5% CO 2 incubator 1, DCFH-DA PBS 500M H 2 O 2 DCF fluorescence excitation 488nm, emission 530nm microplate reader(victor3, Perkin Elmer, USA). (blank control) PBS, control 500M H 2 O 2, blank 500M H 2 O 2 PBS. 382
3. 3.1 저온진공건조된양파분말의화학성분및생리활성 C C 1... 11.53% 7.15%. C, 6.27mg/100g 17.34mg/100g 9.55mg/100g. 1 Chemical composition of onion powder as affected by drying methods Components Raw Vacuum drying Freeze drying Moisture (%) 93.07 0.11 16.03 0.50 18.81 0.20 Carbohydrate (%) 0.65 0.01 62.08 0.20 56.92 0.16 Crude protein (%) 3.65 0.05 7.15 0.08 11.53 0.11 Crude fat (%) 0.55 0.001 1.18 0.32 1.48 0.29 Crude ash (%) 1.26 0.01 4.16 0.03 4.10 0.08 Vitamin C (mg/100 g) 6.27 17.34 9.55 2 phosphoethanolamine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-citrulline, -aminobutryric acid. phosphoserine, phosphoethanolamine, L-valine, L-isoleucine. 383
2 Free amino acid contents of onion powder by different drying methods (ppm in sample) Amino acids Raw Vacuum drying Freeze drying Phosphoserine 7.9 148.1 57.4 Taurine - - - Phosphoethanolamine 720.2 7,870.4 1,588.3 Urea - - - L-Aspartic acid 119.1 323.3 2,060.3 L-Threonine 43.8 184.3 982.2 L-Serine 14.1 145.1 122.3 Asparagine - - - L-Glutamic acid 575.6 705.9 9,578.5 L--Aminoadipic acid - - - L-Proline - - - L-Glycine 14.2 208.5 540.5 L-Alanine 190.9 1,141.8 4,003.8 L-Citrulline 190.4 1,126.7 4791.7 L--Aminobutric acid - - - L-Valine 50.8 2,891.0 814.1 L-Cystine - - - L-Methionine - - - L-Isoleucine 23.1 754.7 429.4 L-Leucine 62.3 245.7 946.0 L-Tyrosine 27.5 150.2 570.9 L-Phenylalanine 37.5 355.7 621.6 -Alanine - - - -Aminobutyric acid - - - -Aminobutyric acid 2,476.5 37,739.9 50,412.0 NH 3 - - - L-Orinithine - - - L-Lysine 37.0 99.0 759.7 1-Mothyl-L-Histidine - - - L-Histidine 32.0 50.9 646.2 3-Methyl-L-Histidine - - - L-Carnosine - - - L-Arginine - - - Total 4,622.9 54,151.3 78,924.8 384
3. Hunter-L > >. Hunter-a 10.47. Hunter-b > >. 3 Color of onion powder as affected by drying methods Color Raw Vacuum drying Freeze drying L-value 58.47 3.86 67.70 1.01 75.87 1.42 a-value 3.27 2.11 10.47 0.25 1.47 0.12 b-value 19.70 0.44 25.60 0.44 28.53 0.71, C 4,. 93.1% 14.3% 4.6 45.3%, 0.36 5.0%. C, 6.27mg/100g. 19.67 951.1g/ml. 4 Chemical composition of onion flesh and peel Components Onion flesh Onion peel Moisture (%) 93.07 0.11 14.32 0.01 Carbohydrate (%) 4.60 0.05 45.29 0.06 Crude protein (%) 1.03 0.02 1.41 0.07 Crude fat (%) 0.15 0.001 1.11 0.01 Crude ash (%) 0.36 0.01 5.00 0.03 Vitamin C (mg/100 g) 6.27 - Total flavonoids (g/ml) 19.67 0.48 951.1 34.0 A+M MeOH 0.05mg/ml HT-1080. 500M H 2 O 2 control 385
120, A+M ( 1). 2 hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, butanol(buoh), water 0.05mg/ml control. ( 2A), 85% aq. MeOH BuOH hexane water control. ( 2B) 85% aq. MeOH hexane water contorl. A+M 85% aq MeOH BuOH. Ra [5] butanol> ethyl acetate> ethyl ether> water. Kim Kim[45], 100,, 1 Inhibitory effect of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M, 0.05mg/ml) and methanol (MeOH, 0.05mg/ml) extracts of onion flesh and peel on production of cellular reactive oxygen species in HT-1080 cells. Control was treated with 500M H 2 O 2 and phosphate buffered saline. Blank was treated with phosphate buffered saline without H 2 O 2. 386
2 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions (0.05mg/ml, A; Onion peel: B; Onion flesh) of extracts from onion flesh and peel on production of cellular reactive oxygen species in HT-1080 cells. Control was treated with 500M H 2 O 2 and phosphate buffered saline. Blank was treated with phosphate buffered saline without H 2 O 2..,, 387
. LDL thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(tbars) LDL TBARS scavanger quercetin LDL. Park Kim[46] 5% TBARS quercitin. Shon [47] -carotene-linoleate system BHT L-ascorbic acid. MTT assay. 3 acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) methanol (MeOH) 0.1, 0.5 1mg/ml AGS. A+M 0.1mg/ml 3 Inhibitory effect of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from onion flesh and peel on the growth of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. *p<0.05, significantly different from control. #p<0.05, significant effect between onion flesh and peel. 388
AGS 0.5mg/ml 95%, 1mg/ml 96% (p<0.05). A+M A+M 1mg/ml 13%. MeOH A+M 1mg/ml 23 35%. 4 hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, BuOH, water 4 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of extracts from onion flesh and peel on the growth of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. *p<0.05, significantly different from control. #p<0.05, significant effect between onion flesh and peel. 389
5 Inhibitory effect of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from onion flesh and peel on the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells. * p<0.05, significantly different from control. # p<0.05, significant effect between onion flesh and peel. 85% aq. MeOH 0.5mg/ml 90% (p<0.05). HT-29 ( 5), AGS A+M 0.5 1mg/ml 90% MeOH AGS 1mg/ml 44%. A+M MeOH 1mg/ml 28 21%. 6 hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, BuOH, water HT-29 85% aq. MeOH (p<0.05). 85% aq. MeOH 0.5mg/ml 93% BuOH 46 42% (p<0.05). 5 IC 50 A+M IC 50 AGS HT-29 0.07 0.05mg/ml MeOH IC 50 0.75 3.31mg/ml AGS. 85% aq. MeOH AGS IC 50 0.04 0.03mg/ml 390
. HT-29 AGS. water. A+M MeOH. Lee [19] 9.2 6 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of extracts from onion flesh and peel on the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells. *p<0.05, significantly different from control. #p<0.05, significant effect between onion flesh and peel. 391
25 50mg 6.3 6.1 32 34%, quercitin, detoxification enzyme. Dorant [48] allicin, Sankaranrayanan [49] case-control. AGS. 85% aq. MeOH. 5 IC50 values of onion flesh and peel extracts on human cancer cell lines IC 50 Concentrations (mg/ml) AGS HT-29 A+M extract Flesh 2.54 6.63 Peel 0.07 0.05 MeOH extract Flesh 2.53 5.09 Peel 0.75 3.31 Hexane fraction Flesh 0.50 2.84 Peel 0.59 0.91 85% aq. MeOH fraction Flesh 0.04 0.23 Peel 0.03 0.04 BuOH fraction Flesh 0.28 0.57 Peel 0.31 0.78 Water fraction Flesh 1.85 4.76 Peel 1.16 3.65 392
3.1 건조붉은양파의화학성분및생리활성, C 17.95% 80% ( 6).,, 62.96, 8.74, 0.70 4.04%. C, 15mg/100g 96mg/100g. (34.29mg/ml) 39.05mg/ml. 6 Chemical composition of red onion Flesh red onion Dried red onion Moisture (%) 90.96 0.08 1) 17.95 0.03 Carbohydrate (%) 7.46 0.01 62.96 0.03 Crude protein (%) 0.55 0.01 8.74 0.03 Crude fat (%) 0.06 0.001 0.70 0.01 Crude ash (%) 0.35 0.01 4.04 0.03 Vitamin C (mg/100 g) 15.03 96.00 Total phenol (mg/ml) 34.29 2.06 39.05 2.38 1) Values are Mean S.E. 7 L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-leucine, -aminobutryric acid. phosphoserine, phosphoethanolamine, L-aspartic acid, L-alarine, L-citrulline, L-valine, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, -aminobutryric acid, L-histidine. 393
7 Free amino acid contents of red onion (ppm in sample) Amino acids Raw Vacuum drying Phosphoserine 4.9 877.0 Taurine - - Phosphoethanolamine 30.1 2,343.2 Urea - - L-Aspartic acid 167.9 604.4 L-Threonine 33.3 129.5 L-Serine 25.8 150.6 Asparagine - - L-Glutamic acid 123.8 755.2 L--Aminoadipic acid - - L-Proline - - L-Glycine 4.4 260.1 L-Alanine 82.8 1,184.7 L-Citrulline - 760.7 L--Aminobutric acid - - L-Valine 44.4 794.8 L-Cystine - - L-Methionine - - L-Isoleucine 19.4 72.2 L-Leucine 118.9 705.7 L-Tyrosine 46.6 99.3 L-Phenylalanine 20.8 387.4 -Alanine - - -Aminobutyric acid - - -Aminobutyric acid 3,437.9 28,479.9 NH 3 - - L-Orinithine - - L-Lysine 32.9 57.2 1-Mothyl-L-Histidine - - L-Histidine - 66.2 3-Methyl-L-Histidine - - L-Carnosine - - L-Arginine - - Total 4,194.0 37,728.1 394
8. Hunter-L Hunter-b. Hunter-a 5.87. 8 Color of red onion powder Color Raw Vacuum drying L-value 50.37 1.58 77.87 0.86 a-value 16.43 1.86 5.87 0.65 b-value 1.50 0.46 4.60 0.53 acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) methanol (MeOH) 0.1 5mg/ml HT-1080 9. A+M 0.25mg/ml HT-1080 2.5mg/ml 96%, 5mg/ml 98% 9 Inhibitory effect of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of red onion powder on the growth of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells Treatments A+M extract MeOH extract *p<0.05, significantly different from control. Concentration Inhibition IC 50 (mg/ml) (%) (mg/ml) 0.1 6 0.25 24* 0.5 42* 2.5 96* 5 98* 0.1 2 0.25 5 0.5 4 2.5 21* 5 50* 10 89* 0.94 5.46 395
(p<0.05). MeOH, MeOH 5 10mg/ml 50 89% (p<0.05). A+M MeOH IC 50 0.94 5.46mg/ml A+M MeOH. hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, butanol(buoh), water HT-1080 ( 10), 5mg/ml water 86% 10 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of extract from red onion powder on the growth of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells Treatment Hexane fraction 85% aq. MeOH fraction BuOH fraction Water fraction *p<0.05, significantly different from control. Concentration Inhibition IC 50 (mg/ml) (%) (mg/ml) 0.1 32* 0.25 67* 0.5 88* 2.5 92* 5 93* 10 98* 0.1 8 0.25 7 0.5 10 2.5 86* 5 86* 10 98* 0.1 3 0.25 5 0.5 5 2.5 67* 5 94* 10 97* 0.1 8 0.25 11* 0.5 15* 2.5 44* 5 43* 10 86* 0.19 1.51 2.39 5.58 396
(p<0.05), hexane IC50 0.19mg/ml. 11 HT-29, HT-1080 A+M MeOH HT-29. 2.5 5mg/ml A+M 91 97% (p<0.05), IC 50 0.02mg/ml. MeOH 5 10mg/ml 58, 70% IC50 3.43mg/ ml HT-29 A+M (p<0.05). 12 hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, BuOH, water HT-1080 water 5mg/ml 88%. hexane 85% aq. MeOH IC 50 0.17 0.16mg/ml. HT-1080 HT-29 A+M MeOH. water HT-1080 HT-29. Rho Han[6] NCI-H522 NCI-H596 NCI-H522 48%, NCI-H596 25% NCI-H596, Lee 11 Inhibitory effect of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of red onion powder on the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells Treatments A+M extract MeOH extract *p<0.05, significantly different from control. Concentration Inhibition IC 50 (mg/ml) (%) (mg/ml) 0.1 51* 0.25 59* 0.5 59* 2.5 91* 5 97* 0.1 35* 0.25 37* 0.5 37* 2.5 41* 5 58* 10 70* 0.02 3.43 397
[19] 20mg 55%, 25 50mg 32 34%. 12 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of extract from red onion powder on the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells Treatments Hexane fraction 85% aq. MeOH fraction BuOH fraction Water fraction *p<0.05, significantly different from control. Concentration Inhibition IC 50 (mg/ml) (%) (mg/ml) 0.1 37* 0.25 67* 0.5 80* 2.5 96* 5 98* 10 99* 0.1 37* 0.25 70* 0.5 88* 2.5 88* 5 88* 10 87* 0.1 16* 0.25 25* 0.5 36* 2.5 58* 5 95* 10 94* 0.1 29* 0.25 26* 0.5 28* 2.5 48* 5 52* 10 84* 0.17 0.16 2.15 4.41 398
A+M MeOH 0.01 0.05mg/ml HT-1080. 7 A+M MeOH 500M H 2 O 2 control 120. hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, BuOH, water 8 HT-1080 0.05mg/ ml 85% aq. MeOH. water. A+M, MeOH. Shon Park[50],. Shahidi Wanasundara[51] phenolic hydroxyl groups. Shon [47], 2. Jeong [52] C 19.20 28.34mg/100g C C. C. Kim [53] -carotene-linoleate system butylated hydroxy toluene(bht) L-ascorbic acid. 20~30%, FRAP(Ferric reducing ability of plasma), [54]. in vitro in vivo thiobarbituric acid reactive 399
7 Inhibitory effect of extracts of red onion powder on production of reactive oxygen species in HT-1080 cells. 1) Control was treated with 500M H 2 O 2 and phosphate buffered saline. 2) Blank was treated with phosphate buffered saline without H 2 O 2. 3) A+M 0.01, acetone with methylene chloride extract 0.01mg/ml; MeOH 0.01, methanol extract 0.01mg/ml (A). 4) A+M 0.05, acetone with methylene chloride extract 0.05mg/ml; MeOH 0.05, methanol extract 0.05mg/ml (B). 400
8 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of red onion powder on production of cellular reactive oxygen species in HT-1080 cells. 1) Control was treated with 500M H 2 O 2 and phosphate buffered saline. 2) Blank was treated with phosphate buffered saline without H 2 O 2. 3) Hexane 0.01, hexane fraction 0.01mg/ml; 85% aq. MeOH 0.01, 85% aqueous methanol fraction 0.01mg/ml; BuOH 0.01, butanol fraction 0.01mg/ml; water 0.01, water fraction 0.01mg/ml (A). 4) Hexane 0.05, hexane fraction 0.05mg/ml; 85% aq. MeOH 0.05, 85% aqueous methanol fraction 0.05mg/ml; BuOH 0.05, butanol fraction 0.05mg/ml; water 0.05, water fraction 0.05mg/ml (B). 401
substances(tbars) [55].. 4.... C. 48. A+M MeOH 0.05mg/ml (HT-1080). 85% aq. MeOH BuOH 85% aq. MeOH. A+M MeOH, (HT-29) (AGS). 85% aq. MeOH AGS IC 50 0.04 0.03mg/ml. 80% C. HT-1080 HT-29 A+M MeOH, hexane IC 50 0.19 mg/ml HT-1080. A+M, MeOH, hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, BuOH, water 500M H 2 O 2 control, 120. hexane 402
85% aq. MeOH. 5%,.,,,,,. 1) Block, E. 1986. Antithrombotic organosulfur compounds from garlic. J. Am. Soc. 108, 1045-1050. 2) Kim, K. M., H. J. Suh, S. H. Chung, W. D. Cho and S. J. Ma. 1999. Chemical structure of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor isolated from onion flesh. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 8, 329-332. 3) Kim, S. O. and M. Y. Lee. 2001. Effect of ethylacetate fraction of onion on lipid metabolism in high cholesterol fed rats. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 30, 673-678. 4) Ma, S. J. 2000. Inhibitory effect of onion seasoning on angiotensin converting enzyme. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, 395-400. 5) Ra, K. S., H. J. Suh, S. H. Chung and J. Y. Son. 1997. Antioxidant activity of solvent extract from onion skin. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 29, 595-600. 6) Rho, S. N. and J. H. Han. 2000. Cyotoxicity of garlic and onion methanol extract on human lung cancer cell lines. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, 879-874. 7) Lee, S. H., S. J. Woo, Y. J. Koo and H. K. Shin. 1995. Effects of mugwort, onion and polygalate radix on the intestinal environment of rats. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 27, 598-604. 8) Rao, R. R., S. S. Rao and P. R. Venkataraman. 1946. Investigations on plant antibiotics, studies on allicin, the antibacterial principles of Allium sativum L(Garlic). J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India). 18, 31-35. 9) Sheo, H. J., H. J. Lim and D. L. Jung. 1993. Effect of onion juice on toxicity of lead in rat. J. Kor Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 22, 138-143. 10) Park, P. S., B. R. Lee and M. Y. Lee. 1991. Effects of onion diet on carbon tetrachloride toxicity of rats. J. Kor. Food Nutr. 20, 121-125. 11) Park, P. S., B. R. Lee and M. Y. Lee. 1994. Effects of onion juice on ethanol-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation in rats. J. Kor. Food Nutr. 23, 750-756. 12) Cha, J. Y. and J. Y. Han. 2002. The antioxidant ability of grape seed extracts. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 34, 524-528. 13) Bravo. L. 1998. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism and nutritional significance. Nutr. Reviews. 51, 317-333. 14) Miean, K. H. and S. Mohamed. 2001. Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plant. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 3106-3112. 15) Freucenbeim, J. L., J. R. Marshall, J. E. Vena, R. Laughlin, J. R. Brasure, M. K. Swanson, T. Nemoto and S. 403
Graham. 1996. Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits and realted nutrients. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 340-348. 16) Bilyk, A., P. I. Cooper and G. M. Sapers. 1984. Varietal differences in distribution of quercetin and kaempferol in onion (Allium cepa L.) tissue. J. Agric. Food Chem. 32, 274-280. 17) Rhim, J. S. 1993. Onion and health, International Culture Publishing Co., Korea. pp. 35-45. 18) Kendler, B. S. 1987. Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa): a review of their relationship to cardiovascular disease. Prev. Med. 16, 670-685. 19) Lee, C. J., H. D. Kim, E. H. Choung, J. K. Suh, C. W. Park and J. K. Ha. 2000. Reduction effect of carcinogen induced mouse epidermal and forestomach carcinogenesis by the extract of oinon wastes. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, 525-530. 20) Bakhsh, R. and S. Khan. 1990. Influence of onion (Allium cepa) and chaunga (Caraluma tubercula) on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids in human subject. Sarhad J. Agric. 6, 425-428. 21) Sklan, D., Y. N. Bermer and H. Rabinowitch. 1992. The effect of dietary onion and garlic on hepatic lipid concentrations and activity of antioxidative enzymes in chicks. J. Nutr. Biochem. 3, 322-325. 22) Dawa, F. and P. K. Joseph. 1989. Toxic effects of excess onion extract in rats. J. Food Sci. Technol. 26, 171-172. 23) Makheja, A. N., J. Y. Vanderhoek and J. M. Bailley. 1979. Effects of onion (Allium cepa) extract on platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis. Prostaglandins and Med. USA. 2, 413-424. 24) Srivastava, K. C. 1986. Onion exerts antiaggregatory effects by altering arachidonic acid metabolism in platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot. Med. 24, 43-50. 25) Hughes, B. G. and L. D. Lawson. 1991. Antimicrobial effects of Allium sativum L., Allium ampeloprasum L. and Allium cepa L. Phytother. Res. USA. 5, 154-158. 26) Dorsch, W. and H. Wagner. 1991. New antiasthmatic drugs of plant origin. Immunol. 14, 55-62. 27) Jurdi-Haldeman, D., J. H. MacNeil and D. M. Yared. 1987. Antioxidant activity of onion and garlic juices in stored cooked ground lamb. J. Food Prot. 50, 411-417. 28) Woo, H. S., B. J. An, J. H. Bae, S. Kim, H. J. Choi, H. S. Han and C. Choi. 2003. Effect of biologically active fractions from onion on physiological activity and lipid metabolism. J. Kor Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 32, 119-123. 29) FIT Research Center and Mokpo National University. 1997. International Symposium on the Utilization and Processing of Onions. p. 121. 30) Chung, H. D. 1982. Control of onion bulb rot during storage at low temperature by postharvest treatment of fungicides. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci. 23, 17-22. 31) Kim, H. K., H. C. Lee, M. H. Park and D. H. Shin. 1986. Microflora of decayed onion bulbs and their suppression by fumigation treatment. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 18, 1-5. 32) Lee, H. C., H. K. Kim, M. H. Park and D. H. Shin. 1984. Confirmation of saprophytes of onions in Korea and effects of temperature, humidity and fumigation on Boyrtis-rot. Kor. J. Appl. Microbiol. Bioeng. 12, 299-304. 33) Da-Mota, V. M. and E. Palau. 1999. Acoustic drying of onion. Drying Technol. 17, 855-867. 34) Kim, H. R., E. J. Seog, J. H. Lee and J. W. Rhim. 2007. Physicochemical properties of onion powder as influenced by drying methods. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 36, 342-347. 35) Kang, N. S., J. H. Kim and J. K. Kim. 2007. Modification of quality characteristics of onion powder by hot-air, vacuum and freeze drying methods. Kor. J. Food Preserv. 18, 1-5. 36) Kim, K. K. 1999. Thermal characteristics of agriculture and fisheries by low temperature vacuum dryer. Proceedings of the KSME 1999 Spring Annual Meeting, 1-6. 404
37) Kim, K. K., B. Y. Sung, H. S. Jung, S. Y. Choi and S. B. Moon. 2000. A study on the thermal characteristics of the large low temperature vacuum dryer for biological drying. J. Kor. Soc. Marine Engineers. 24, 427-434. 38) AOAC International. 2005. Official methods of anlysis of AOAC International 18th ed. AOAC International. 39) Vallls, F., M. T. Sancho, M. A. Ferrandez-Muino, S. Alonso-Torre and M. A. Checa. 2002. High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of ascorbic acid in cooked sausages. J. Food Prot. 65, 1771-1774. 40) Amerinem, M. A. and C. S. Ough. 1958. Method for analysis of Musts and Win. Wiley & Sons. New York, USA. pp. 176-180. 41) Lee, M. K. and H. Park. 1987. Free amino acids of xylem-pith in panax ginseng root. Kor. J. Ginseng Sci. 11, 32-38. 42) Lee, K. S., H. P. Kwan, H. L. Sang, E. O. Choe and H. G. Lee. 2003. The quality properties of dried carrots as affected by blanching and drying methods during storage. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 35, 1086-1092. 43) Denizot, F. and R. Lang. 1986. Rapid colorimetric assay for cell growth and survival modifications to the tetrazolium dye procedure giving improved sensitivity and reliablity. J. Immunol. Methods 89, 271-277. 44) LeBel, C. P., H. Ischiropoulos and S. C. Bondy. 1992. Evaluation of the probe 2, 7-dichlorofluorescin as an indicator of reactive oxygen species formation and oxidative stress. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 5, 227-231. 45) Kim, S. K. and M. K. Kim. 2004. Effect of dried powders or ethanol extracts of onion flesh and peel on lipid metabolism, antioxidative and antithrombogenic capacities in 16-month-old rats. Kor. J. Nutr. 37, 623-632. 46) Park, J. and M. K. Kim. 1991. Effects of onion flesh or peel feeding on antioxidantive capacity in 16-month-old rats high iron diet. Kor. J. Food Culture 20, 721-730. 47) Shon, M. Y., S. D. Choi, G. G. Kahng, S. H. Nam and N. J. Sung. 2004. Antimutagenic, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate extracts from white, yellow and red onions. Food Chem. Toxicol. 42, 659-666. 48) Dorant, E., P. A. van den Brandt and R. A. Goldbohm. 1994. A prospective cohort study on Allium vegetable consumption, Netherlands. Cancer Res. 54, 6148-6153. 49) Sankaranrayanan, R., C. Varghese, S. W. Duffy, G. Padmakumary and N. E. Day. A case-control study of diet and lung cancer in Keraka, South India. Int. J. Cancer 75, 1766-1777. 50) Shon, M. Y. and S. K. Park. 2006. Chemical components and nitrite scavenging activity of various solvent extracts from onions. Kor. J. Food Preserv. 13, 762-768. 51) Shahidi, F. and P. K. Wanasundara. 1992. Phenolic antioxidants. Critical Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 32, 67-103. 52) Jeong, C. H., J. H. Kim and K. H. Shim. 2006. Chemical components of yellow and red onion. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 35, 708-712. 53) Kim, Y. H., M. Y. Shon and N. J. Sung. 2004. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of hot water extract from white and yellow onions after simulated gastric digestion. J. Lif e Sci. 14, 925-930. 54),,,. 2008.. Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference. Seoul. p. 259. 55) Park, J., J. Kim and M. K. Kim. 2007. Onion flesh and onion peel enhance antioxidant status in aged rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 53, 21-29. 405