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1994. 44 1994.,,,, 11..,.. 1994
.,,.,., 1960,.......,... 1994 4 27,,,,. '94 ' ',. ' ',.,,,,, UN. ' '.,, ' '..,,,.. ' ' ' '
. ' '.... 1994 4 27 ' '.,,..,.,,,. 1994 ' '. ' ',,,., ' ' '. 2 ' ',..!....,...
( 2) ( ) 1...........,. 10%, 20%.. 58 5.7, 66 5.5, 75 5.0, 85 4.2. 4..... 9.6%, 68.9%, 14.9%. 8.0% 8....,..?..,,,......
.............,............. 2........,,,....,..,
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,.,......,............. 3.....?..... Community Association Association.. Community Association. Association....
..,.. Dynamism......................... Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft. Gemeinschaft. Gesellschaft....
.. 4........?....................,,,...... 1 ( )
1. 2. 3. :? 4. : 5. ( ),, ' '. ' '. ' : '(, 1994 1 16 ), (?),,..,?,? /?,.,,. ' ' ' ', /. (many layered)., 2 ' ',. (family life cycle),.,,.,. ' '. 1..,....,.
,.., (breadwinner),., ', '.,,. ' ',. (private realm) (public realm) " ".... ' ' '...,,.... ' '.. '.... ",....".?,......,. ' (, 1994.3.11),.,
.. '..'(FEEL.94.2),..,,?.? /. 2. /. 1994 UN ' (partnership families)'. ( :. 1993 : Barrett & McIntosh, 1982,, 1991), ' '(, 93. 9).??? Young & Willmott., " (partnership marriage)".,.,. -. Bott(1957) 'Family and Social Network' ' (segregated conjugal role relationship)' ' (a joint conjugal role relationship)', ' (jointness)'. ' '.,,., ' / (his and her marriage)' Bernard(1964, 1972) Bott (parallel) (interactional type). 2,. Johnson Young & Willmot /, (42%).
, 27%.,. Johnson ' ', 21%. 10% ' ',,.,., (role segregation) / (marital companionship)., UN ' ' (1993), ' ' ', (dominating family)'.,,, (family activity),,,,,. ( ),,,,. UN, ' ' ' '. Kimball(1983) 150.,,,,.,,,,. ', '. Kimball,,.,?. (1993) ' '.,,.. (1992)?.. 20 50 332,,,., ' ', ' ' ' '
' '.,. 3. :?.,,., ' '(, 94. 1. 6), -,,,. '(, 93. 2.), ' : :?'(, 93. 1), '. : - ' ( ), ' -, '(, 93. 1. 1), ' '(,94. 2. 13), ' : ', ' '(, 93.9). ' ' ' ' ' ' Bott.? /?, /,?....,.,.'(FEEL, 94. 2),.,,. ' ', ' '. ' TV, '. ' ', ' ' ' '.. (historical frame of reference).,,, ' '.,
' ' ' '. ' (pragmatic frame of reference)' ' '. ' '.. TV,,..,,?, ' '. Ogburn.,.,., ' '.,. XX,, ' '. " ' ' ". 5. "..??" "..,.......... / ' (?) '... ' '. ' '. " " ' ', '. ',..,.
. 1990..... "?!". ",!",. 30 '?'. /. ' ', '..,, ' '. ' '.,, '........,....'.. ' '..,., " ( ) " ".." "....".... ".
?" " " "."..,.'(, 1994. 3. 11),,. Hochschild(1989) ' '. ' ' ' (gender lag)'. ' ' ' '(. 94.3.5)... /., ' '(Lasch,1977), Hochschild, (major shock absorber). /,.,..,,.,. ' ',.. (orchestration power) (implementation power). Goode(1963) (negative authority),!???,? /. 4. :
,.,,,,.,....,, ' '.,,,. ' (Father Forum Workshop)'. 1970 ' '. 30-40 2. ' '..,,,. ' '. /.,,..,,,,.,,. ' ',, ' '. ' ',,.,,,.,, ', / '., ' ',.,,,
, (flex time)..,,,.?.,.,. ' ' (?), ' '. 33.,,... '?..... 5..,..,.,,.,..... ' ' '! '... Bott,,. Bott (Ishii-Kuntz & Maryanski,1992),...,.,,... ' ',
.,. 5.,,...,...,.,,.,. ' '.
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, 74% - 84%. 4% - 16%, 1% 6.4%. 3..,.. 31 (role-sharing couples) (L.Haas). (1). (2),. (3). (4) (skil1). (5).. (6). - 1..... 2.,,... 3.,..,..,. 4. ' '. 2 ( ).. 1. 2. 3. 4..
. 1) ( ). UN 1994 (International Year of the Family).,.. 20 (modernity),., (Nisbet, 1961). ' '(homeless mind) (Berger et at., 1973)... (Pappenheim,, 1985),.. (family disorganization). (1) (uncompleted family), (2) (annulment), (separation), (divorce), (desertion), (3) (empty shell family), (4) (Goode,1961)... (reproduction) ' ' ' ',,,. ' ' ' ' ' '.,... ( ).
. ' ' ' '.. ' ',... 1... (family behavior) (Leslie et at., 1973).... '...,.. '(, 1994) (Amos Oz).... ',.,., (Mazini,, 1977)... ' '. (human values) (cultural identity), (historical continuity),. ' '(social anchor),.,,, (wealth), (the weak)- - (unpaid work) 2). (Jo Boyden, 1993).
.. (nuclear family) (hybrid family),,. ',.. ' (Toffler,, 1981).,.... 2..,.,,,,,, (, 1992).... (, 1991;, 1992).,. UN (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) 3) 16 ', ' (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) 4) 10 (Declaration of the Rights of the Child) 5),,,,,,,,,,. 6 ' '.,,... - ( ). -.
-. - TV. -. - (parentless complex). -..,, ' ' ' '.. (moratorium), (marginal status). '..,.......?'( 1). ' '.,,,..,, (anomie)..,.,, 1 2 (Sebald, 1984)., (, 1992). ' '.. 3...,,,...,..,,,, (
1) (, 1993). < 1> ( 1). 1993 ' ' 3,634 13.3% 485 28%, 15.9%, 13.6%, 13.6%, 30.3% (, 1994). < 1>.. 6). '..,,,,,.........
.....' '.. 1.. ' ' ' '... ' '6 00...... 16... 6 00.. ' '..,..' ',.......'.,,..... (paradox) (affection) (adversity) (refuge).,. (image)..,. (intervention) (punishment) (Jean-Claude Chesnais, 1992)... ' ',. ( 2) (, 1991),. < 2> < >
.. '.............?..... ' '....' ',..,.....????' ' ',,.. -. 1992.,,,,,,,,, (, 1993).. (, 1992). < 2>
... 1990 YMCA 1,661 73.1% 11.8%. 1990 ' ' 90 235,380 5-9 2,295, 10-14 1,787, 15-19 3,803, 20-24 4,649 10 20. < 3> 5
(social problem) (Merton & Nisbet, 1961).,,, (double bind) 7).,. ( 4), 21.7%,. < 4>, ( : ' '),,. (, 1993).,, ' ',,.. ',...,,... '..,,,, (,1982).,,. ( 5) < 5> (%)
4... '.' '.' '.' '.' '.' ' < >.' '.' '.' '.' '.'. ( 3) ' ' (, 1991). ",..,..,.", (resources). 1. (psychic agent), (life world), ' ' ' (sanctuary)'. 1)
, 2), 3), 4), 5), 8 (Cole,1948; Rice, 1990). 1) (Parental interest and help)-.. ' (latchkey child)'... 2) (Listening, understanding, and talking)-. (sympathetic understanding). '.!'. ' '. 3) (Love and acceptance)-.. 4) (Trust)-. -..... 5) (Autonomy)-..... 6) (Discipline)-.,. (autocratic), (authoritative but democratic), (permissive), (erratic),. 7) (Parental and home happiness)-.,,.,. 8) (Parental model)-,. ' '.., ' '..
...... (, 1979)..., (, 1988).., (, 1979).?....,,,.,,,., (Kirpal, 1986)...........,, (Ogburn, 1960).....
..,.. (double bind)....,,..,... "."
1) ' '.,,,.. 2) ' '. 1200 ( 10, 5.6 ) 68 23% (, 1994. 4. 10) 3) UN 217( ), 1948. 12. 10. 4) UN 2200A(XXI), 1966. 12. 16 5) UN 1386( V) 1959. 11. 20 6) ' ' 1, 2, 3, 4.. 7) Gregory Bateson 'Steps to an Ecology of Mind' (the double bind) (Bateson G.,,,,, 1989, pp.213-280).
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..,.,,,.. 2020 30-40.....,....,..... 1984 70%..,,.,....,... PC 800
... 1960 60 28.1%, 1992 41.9%. 11.4% 30.3% 3.,. 2010.,....,.,.........,...,..,,.,,,..,,,., -..
1. 1)., ' '.., 1960 70%, 1980 50%. 1985 20.5% 1989 22.9% 2000 35% 2010 45%..,... -...... 2),.. (1)...
....,..,... 60 ' '... (2) - -. ' ',. ' '.. 1981 78% 72%. 5 15.6% 0.3% 1.0% -. -.. -...,.,... - 60...
. -... - -. 2...,.,,,. 1).. 1990 60 13.5% 5.6%..... 1985 43% 60%...... 2) ' '
. 60 ' ' 70 ' ',......,. 1990 60 54.9%, 70 38.6%.. 1993 60 65.8 100 65.8. 70 53.6, 80 34.7. 86.3% 34.5%..,....... 3),...,.,,.. '
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...... 4 ( )...... ( ).. (life-span). 120 ( ), 20-30.,.,.,,,.. -,,, -,,..,.,.,. ' '.,.. UN (International Year of the Family),.,.
..,.., (aggression) " "(The intentional injury of another). (violence), (deliberate attempt to do really serious physical harm) (Berkowitz, 1974)., (value)., ( : ) ( : )...,, ' '. (instrumental aggression) (hostile aggression)., ( :.), ( : )., (physical effects vs. psychological effects).,,..,.,.,,... ' '. ' ', 10 ' '. (1993), (1988) :, (1992) ( ).., (1992)?. 1. (1993)..,,
-.., 1, 2, 3. 6. (1) - ( ), ( ),,,, (2), (3) -, (4) - ' ',,,,, (5) -,, (6) -,,,,,. 2. :.,,,,. 1) :.. Robert Sternberg(1986)., (Intimacy), (Pssion), / (Decision/Commitment). (. ) (match).. " " " ",.,..,..., (modeling). 2) : (life field : ).. (attribution).,,., (Jones Nisbett, 1972). ' '..,.., ' '
.. 3) - : (gain-loss theory of esteem) (Aronson Linder,1965). ( ).. ( ).. ( ceiling effect )....,,. 3. (learned helplessness) (Seligman, 1976)., 3.,,, (,. 1983). ' '. ' ' (assertive training).,.,,. 4., (, 1987; Folkman Lazarus, 1980; Folkman, 1984).,.,. 1. (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980)
( ),.. (,, ). 2, ( ),.?...,,,,,.,..,.,,. 1., 3,4 (1987), 1 ( 1 : 33.8%), ( 2 :58.0%), 12 ( 3 :8.2%). (2,792 ) (1988) 7.8%. (1987) 46%, 6 (, 1988). (, 1989)
. (,, 1994, 3,23)., 3 136 ( 222, 214) 6 542 ( 288, 254) (1992) ( ),.,. 12%,. 12%.,,.,,.,. Patterson (1989)., ( ),,. 2. (Berger, 1985). 1),., narcissism,,. (empathy) (self-esteem)., GSR,. ( ), (noxious social stimuli).,., ( : 10 ),,,,.,,.. ( )., (Larrance Twentyman, 1982).,..,. ' ' ( (Larrance Twentyman, 1982). ' 4 '(Cognitive-behavioral model of child abuse). 1 : ' ' 2 : 3 : ' '
4 :., 2).,,,,. -. Martin(1972). 3) ' (Care)' ' '.,....,,.,,,. 3.,,,,., (, 1993).,, " " " " (collective) (, 1974)... Patterson, De Baryshe Ramsey(1989).,, ' ' ' ',.., ( ) ( ).,,,. ' ', ( ) 3.. 4. :., (seperation anxiety), (attachment theory),. - (Herrenkohl, Herrenkohl, & Toedter, 1984).
,,,., (Wasserman,1983). Thomas, Chess Birch(1968) (temperament) " "(goodness-of-fit model) (Lerner, 1983),,, (activity level) (Emotionality). - " ",., ( :, ), ( :,, ) (, 1991). -. 5. ( ),.,,.., (1987). 1) ( ). 2),... Parke Collmer(1975). - ( ) (hot-line) (Parental Effectiveness Training) - (,, time-out, ) -, modeling role playing -- skill, 3).. (1) --
(2) 4) (1) (2) (3) (Gil, 1970, 1974) 6. (1987) 8. 1) 2) ;, 3) :, 4) ( ) 5) (, ) 6) (,, ),,,, 7) --,. 8)... 1995 60 4,037,000 ( 9.0%), 65 2,397,000 (5.2%), 2000 60 4,984,000 (10.7%), 65 3,168,000 (6.8%). 1995 71.2 ( 68.2 : 75.0 ), 2000 72.6 ( 69.3 : 76.2 ) (, 1992 ).. 4. (1) (2) (3) (4), ' ', 4. ' '. ' '.. (, ) ( ).,. 1. 1)
. (,,,, ) (,,,,,,,- ),,.,,.,. ' (shame)'., (, ),, ( ),., ' '. " ".. (guilt) (self-esteem),.,. (Silverstone, B. & Hyman, H.K.;1976) -- 3 (,, ) -- --. 2) 6. (1) (2) ( ) (3) (4) (5) (6),. 2. 1).,. -,.., (controllability).,.,
.... 2),., 40 30.6 29.0 1.6. 40 37.8 23.7 14.1 (,, 1992(12), p.384). 20 7, ( 40 14 ).. 10. ' ' ',,.,. 3) (, ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) 5. 4. 5 (, ),,,.,. 55, 65 10 ' '.,, 57 ( 60 )(, 1984),.,. 4).,. Alzheimer.,,,,,,,,..,. 5),,,, 5.,., " " " ", " ", " ", " ".. " "
(, 1985). 3.,.,. ' '(The sandwich generation).,,.,,.. 4..,,,.., (crisis intervention) 8. ( ) -- ( ),,,,.,,,,.,,.,,,,., ' '..,.,. ' '. 1.... ' '. ' ',.,, ( ),,.,,
(,, ). 2..,,. (, disinhibition).. 3. (Catharsis).. '.,,,,,,,. 4.,.,,,... 5..,,, ' ' ' '.. ( ). 6.,.,,,.,,,,. 7.,. ' '., ' ' ' '. ' ',. ' ', ' ', ' ' ' ', ', '.. 8.,,,.,,,.. Lazarus Folkman, " " " ".., 36,, 6.25,,.,.,
' ' ' '..,.. 9. ' ', ' '., Murdock(1949), Parsons Bales(1955), Ackerman(1968), Duvall(1979), (1984) 8 (, 1994 ). (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ( ) (7) (8),,,,,,,,,, ' '. (psychologieal well-being) ' '.,.
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. 2.. ' ',,.. (1) ( ), (2), (3),, ' '. ( S., 1992).,,,.......,.., " " (. 1993),,,,.,..,,,.,,,,., -.,,,,, ( ).,...,...,,., ' ( ) '. (, 1991)
,.,......,.,.......,,,...,. (. 1991).. (, 1987) ',. ' '..,. ',.
,.,....,,.,,.... " " " "..,,. ' ', ' ' '...,. (EliZaretsky, 1976) 21.,..,,,..,,.,,,. (, 1993),,..,,.., 1).
... 21... GNP.,,.. 200 30.. ( ).,,.,,.... (anthropocentrism),. (,1993b),,. (empowerment) ' '.,,,.. (United Nations, NGO Committee on the Family, 1992)...,..
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. ' '(' ' 61.4%) ( 34.6%). (, 1991, 1992), (' ' 87.7%) (' ' 70.0%). (90.2%).. 2) 1. 1 '87..,...,.,. (43 ) '91,.. (, 1993a) "...". ". 40..". 3).,. '88,,..., 4 1.,,,,.,
.., ( ) 5,. (, 1993a) (36, 37, 3) 2 9 30 2.. 4.,.. ",.,."..,.,. ",.,." '.,..." 4) 6 1965,.,. 3-5 1 2.,.. 6.,,,. 6 4-7 1 2...,,.,..,
. (, 1993a) 4. :,,.,,.. 3,...,.... -,. 1.,..,,.,,.
1) 1980 25-29 32.0% 1991 42.9%. (. 1993)
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,.. ' '......,....,,,. 1.. 93 236..,... 70%. ' '..,. 2..,.. ' '..,,,,.,.,..... 3...,..,,.,,.
4..., '...,,..,.,.,.., ' '.. 5.,.. ' '..,. 200l anticipation, adaptation, concentration.,. 95% 5%, 95%,.,.,,.,,... :..,...,.,.,........ :..,.
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( ) 1. 2. ( ) 1. ' '. ' - - ' ( ), ' - ' ( ) (stereotype). ' ' (the family as an ideal type)..,,,,,,,,,,,..,. (the family) (abnormal) (marginal category).(merton, 1968; Parsons, 1937). (, 1993)..,,,,,, ' '. (Chilman et at, 1988) ' ' ' ' ' ',.. 11.,... ' '.,,.. (, 1990;, 1990).. (, ) ( )...,
.,...,,..... ( 1 ) 2021. (, 1991) < 1>.'66 -'90 < 2>. 1935 20 20 1. 30 20 1.. ( 3 ),...... (Finch, 1989) < 2> : '35-'90
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< 5>, < 5>. ' '...,... -... - (Chilman. ibid). ( )... -,.. ' '. < 6> 70 90. 2021. 30 1989 (replacement level).. < 6>
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. 4..,.... 5..,. 1.,.? -... 2.? -...,.. ' ', '.' ' '. ' ', ' '.,.,.,,,. ' '.,....,,..,,..... 1. 2. ' ' UN ' ' (family as a source of
future) (Building the democracy at the smallest Heart of society). UN IYF ' ',,.,.,,,.,,., (,,,,, ),. IYF. No.1 Family Matters No.2 Family: Forms and Functions. - No.1 Family Matters - No.2 Family: Forms and Functions - No.3 Family and Crime - No.4 Older Persons in the Family:Facets of Empowerment - No.5 Family as an Environment:an Ecosystem Perspective on Family Life - No.6 Partnership Families: Building the smallest Democracy at the Heart of Society 1-1. :.,. :.., -,.,., :,,.,.,.,.,.... -, " " " " -.,.,,., -..,.. ; - : ; ;, : : : : :.., -, -,
-,., -.,,. 3. (a).,.,,.,.,,,. (b).,. 20, -,, -,.,. -,. (c)..,...,.,.. (reflective interaction).., -.,.,. IYF,. 2.? "?". : "?'., IYF.,,.., : "?". IYF : "?" 50, UN,... UN
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