1 KOREAN Gotta 해요 that 한국말
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OVERVIEW Linguistic isolate Agglutinative Originally written using Chinese characters (hanja) 3
4 KOREAN WRITING SYSTEM
WRITING SYSTEM 5
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SYLLABIFICATION = 대구 = 한글 = 서울 8
TRANSLITERATION 캘리포니아 California 배트맨 Batman 슈퍼맨 Superman 디즈니월드 Disneyworld 플로리다대학 University of Plorida 9
HANJA ( 한자 ) A dictionary might list hanja for disambiguation of the definition of 수도 10
11 HISTORY OF THE KOREAN LANGUAGE In three parts
OLD KOREAN Mostly reconstructed from Middle Korean 12
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IDU 14
EARLY MIDDLE KOREAN Very few attestations 15
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KOREAN VOWEL SHIFT 17
LATE MIDDLE KOREAN Development of writing system Lots of attestations 18
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MODERN KOREAN Loss of tones Loss of vowel harmony Simplified phonology 22
KOREAN PHONOLOGY AND SOUND CHANGES 23
CONSONANTS Korean has 19 consonant phonemes 24
VOWELS Korean has eight vowel phonemes 25
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Vowels traditionally have a length distinction, but the distinction is disappearing Additionally the distinction between ㅔ (/e/) and ㅐ (/ɛ/) is disappearing among younger speakers 개 vs 게 Also the distinction between ㅚ (the mid front rounded vowel /ø/ ) and ㅟ (the closed front rounded vowel y/ ) disappeared between 2003 and 2012 27
VOWEL HARMONY Korean traditionally had strong vowel harmony Some vowel harmony can still be seen 노랗다 plain yellow, 누렇다 very yellow 파랗다 plain blue, 퍼렇다 deep blue 28
For each stop and affricate, there is a three-way contrast between unvoiced segments, which are distinguished as plain, tense, and aspirated 29
꿀 굴 Honey oyster 30
ALLOPHONY A number of sounds in Korean are allophonic This allophony is based on the position of the consonant in the syllabic structure 밥 Rice/ Food 31
OBSOLETE LETTERS 13 obsolete consonants: ᄛ, ㅱ, ㅸ, ᄼ, ᄾ, ㅿ, ㆁ, ᅎ, ᅐ, ᅔ, ᅕ, ㆄ, ㆆ 1 obsolete vowel: ㆍ arae-a 10 obsolete double consonants: ㅥ, ᄙ, ㅹ, ᄽ, ᄿ, ᅇ, ᇮ, ᅏ, ᅑ, ㆅ 66 obsolete clusters of two consonants: ᇃ, ᄓ, ㅦ, ᄖ, ㅧ, ㅨ, ᇉ, ᄗ, ᇋ, ᄘ, ㅪ, ㅬ, ᇘ, ㅭ, ᇚ, ᇛ, ㅮ, ㅯ, ㅰ, ᇠ, ᇡ, ㅲ, ᄟ, ㅳ, ᇣ, ㅶ, ᄨ, ㅷ, ᄪ, ᇥ, ㅺ, ㅻ, ㅼ, ᄰ, ᄱ, ㅽ, ᄵ, ㅾ, ᄷ, ᄸ, ᄹ, ᄺ, ᄻ, ᅁ, ᅂ, ᅃ, ᅄ, ᅅ, ᅆ, ᅈ, ᅉ, ᅊ, ᅋ, ᇬ, ᇭ, ㆂ, ㆃ, ᇯ, ᅍ, ᅒ, ᅓ, ᅖ, ᇵ, ᇶ, ᇷ, ᇸ 17 obsolete clusters of three consonants: ᇄ, ㅩ, ᇏ, ᇑ, ᇒ, ㅫ, ᇔ, ᇕ, ᇖ, ᇞ, ㅴ, ㅵ, ᄤ, ᄥ, ᄦ, ᄳ, ᄴ 44 obsolete diphthongs and vowel sequences: ᆜ, ᆝ, ᆢ, ᅷ, ᅸ, ᅹ, ᅺ, ᅻ, ᅼ, ᅽ, ᅾ, ᅿ, ᆀ, ᆁ, ᆂ, ᆃ, ㆇ, ㆈ, ᆆ, ᆇ, ㆉ, ᆉ, ᆊ, ᆋ, ᆌ, ᆍ, ᆎ, ᆏ, ᆐ, ㆊ, ㆋ, ᆓ, ㆌ, ᆕ, ᆖ, ᆗ, ᆘ, ᆙ, ᆚ, ᆛ, ᆟ, ᆠ, ㆎ 32
33 KOREAN GRAMMAR 9 품사
CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS Content words Substantives 명사 (nouns) 대명사 (pronouns) 수사 (number words) Verbs (broadly speaking) 동사 (action verbs) 형용사 (descriptive verbs or adjectives) Modifiers 관형사 (determiners, pronouns, or indeclinable adjectives) 부사 (adverbs) Other content words 감탄사 (interjections or exclamations) Function words 조사 (particles or postpositions) 34
CLITICS Case clitics Case After vowels After consonants Nominative 가이 Accusative 를을 Genitive Dative (also destination) Locative (place of event, also source) 의 에 (inanimate) 에게 (animate) 에서 (inanimate) 에게서 (animate) Instrumental 로으로 Comitative (also and) 하고 와 랑 과 이랑 Vocative 아야 35
Information clitics Type After vowels After consonants Topic* 는 은 Additive* 도 Or 나 이나 36
VERBS, ADJECTIVES ( 형용사 ) 보고있다 The watched movie 사랑스럽다 Having the property of being able to be loved 37
NUMERALS ( 수사 ) Two numerical systems a pure Korean system a Chinese based (Sino-Korean) system 38
NUMERALS ( 수사 ) Two numerical systems a pure Korean system physical objects age hours a Chinese based (Sino-Korean) system any number over 100 money math minutes 39
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HONORIFICS ( 높임말 ) 하나이다 합니다 해요 하오 하네 한다 해 The verb to do in seven honorific levels 41
GREETINGS 높임말, 반말 안녕하십니까 높임말, Polite speech/ formal 안녕하세요 Standard level 안녕 반말, close level/ rude 42
HONORIFIC VERBS 있다 계시다 "to be/exist" 마시다 드시다 "to drink" 먹다 드시다 "to eat" 먹다 잡수시다 "to eat" 자다 주무시다 "to sleep" 주다 드리다 "give" 43
WHO SHOULD YOU BE POLITE TO? Older people People above you socially 선배 후배 Seonbae Hubae Senjour - Junior 44
WHO CAN YOU BE RUDE TO? Children People younger than you 45
BEING RUDE IN KOREAN Mixing speech levels 너만잘하세요 mind your own business Being too close 가시나 sister 아줌마 / 이모 auntie 46
47 KOREAN NAMING CONVENTIONS 이름
Korean names are generally three syllables 이긴아 Family name Personal name 48
Sometimes siblings also have a generational name 최진실 최진영 Family name Generational name Personal name 49
There are approximately 280 family names used in Korea Traditionally only aristocrats had last names Families started buying last names around 1690 Everyone given the ability to choose a last name in 1894 In 1910 census less than 50% of the population had a family name 50
FAMILY NAMES IN KOREA 51
FOREIGN NAMES Korean naming conventions and phonotactics leads to a few problems 리차드 Richard 차드 챋 Chard Chat 그래이스 Grace 52
53 KOREAN DIALECTOLOGY 사투리
DIALECT OVERVIEW There are seven Korean dialects Hamgyeong ( 함경 ) [NK] Northwestern ( 평안 ) [NK] Central ( 중부 ) [Standard] Gangwon ( 강원 ) Gyeongsang ( 경상 ) Jeolla ( 전라 ) Jeju ( 제주 ) 54
Korean dialects are divided along natural barriers (mountain ranges) 55
Dragonfly in different dialects 56
SEOUL 사투리 The prestige dialect in both North and South The vowels for ㅔ and ㅐ are merged Vowel length is not distinguished consistently, if at all. - 도, - 로, and 고 pronounced - 두,- 루, and - 구. 삼촌 is pronounced as 삼춘 (uncle) End interrogative sentences - 냐? 57
HAMGYEONG 사투리 Kinship terminology 아버지 becomes 아바이 or 애비 (father) 58
PYEONGAN 사투리 Maintains distinction between ㅔ and ㅐ Losing distinction between 어 and 오 Words beginning with ㄴ (/n/) are pronounced as ㄹ (/r/) 59
GANGWON 사투리 Yeongseo and Yeongdong dialects Few speakers in the area Division along mountain range Uses tones 60
JEOLLA 사투리 Copular endings - 습니다 or - 세요 become 라우 or 지라우 Causative endings - 니까 becomes - 응게 Quotative ending - 다고 and - 라고 become - 당게 61
JEJU 사투리 Maintains ㆍ /ɒ/ vowel Jeju honorifics differ from Standard Korean standard declarative ㅂ니다 Jeju 암 / 엄수다 Standard interrogative ㅂ니까? Jeju 암 / 엄수과? Stative verbs ("adjectives") standard ㅂ니다 / 까 or 습니다 / 까 Jeju 우다 / 꽈 or 수다 / 꽈 Past declarative standard 았 / 었습니다 Jeju 앗 / 엇수다 Interrogative standard 았 / 었습니까? Jeju 앗 / 엇수과? 62
GYEONGSANG 사투리 Gyeongsang dialects have six vowels, a ( ㅏ ), e ( ㅔ ), i ( ㅣ ), eo ( ㅓ ), o ( ㅗ ), u ( ㅜ ) ㅐ (ae) and ㅔ (e) are merged ㅡ (eu) and ㅓ (eo) are merged soegogi ( 쇠고기 ) 'beef' is pronounced sogogi gwaja ( 과자 ) 'confectionery' is pronounced ggaja. Has tones 63
GYEONGSANG 사투리 EXAMPLE 뭐해요 vs 뭐하노 What are you doing? 할아버지 vs 할배 Grandfather 할머니 vs 할매 Grandmother 먹오 vs 무라 to eat 너만잘하세요 vs 밥이나무라 Mind your own business in standard and dialect 64
ATTITUDES TOWARDS 사투리 65
KOREAN CONTACT-INDUCED CHANGES OVER TIME 66
SINO-KOREAN About 60% of Korean vocabulary is borrowed from or created from Chinese Often there are both pure Korean and Chinese derived words for one meaning 고맙습니다 vs 고마워 Thank you 사람 vs 인 person 67
JAPANESE INFLUENCE ON KOREAN During the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Japanese introduced: Sino-Japanese vocabulary English loanwords through Japanese 화이팅 Fighting (good luck / you can do it) 서비스 Service (free gift at a restaurant) 아파트 Apartment 68
OTHER INFLUENCES German via Japanese 아르바이트 Part time job [arbeite] 알레르기 allergy Deutschland > doitsu ( 獨逸 ) > Dogil ( 독일 ) 69
ENGLISH INFLUENCE ON KOREAN 핸드폰 Handphone (cell phone) 아이쇼핑 Eye shopping (window shopping) 셀카 Sel-ka (self camera / selfie) Man to man Sweat shirt One piece/ two piece Dress / skirt and blouse 커닝 Cunning (cheating) 70
71 NORTH/ SOUTH DIFFERENCES 동무 vs 친구
DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH KOREAN There are differences between Pronunciation Spelling Grammar Vocabulary 72
PRONUNCIATION In Sino-Korean words, some of ㄴ /n/ and all of ㄹ /l/ that come in the beginning of a word are dropped in pronunciation and not written out in the South, but all initial ㄴ and ㄹ are written out in the North. 73
SPELLING 74
GRAMMAR 75
VOCABULARY 문화주택 vs 아파트 apartment 조선말 vs 한국말 Korean language 곽밥 vs 도시락 Type of lunch box (similar to bento) 동무 vs 친구 Comrade / Friend 76
끝 (THE END) 77