ETRI 원내전문교육 GPS/ 관성센서통합에의한측위및응용 LECF GPS/INS INTEGRATION 2005/7/14 이형근 ( )

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1 ETRI 원내전문교육 GPS/ 관성센서통합에의한측위및응용 LECF GPS/INS INTEGRATION 2005/7/4 이형근 ( hynlee@hau.ac.r )

2 Benefits

3 3 특성특교

4 통합의필필성 GPS 전파항법시스템 (Radio Navigation) 오차의누적이없으나외부신호에의존함 군용신호의경우약 0m(SEP) 내외의위치정확도제공 INS 관성항법시스템 (Inertial Navigation) 독립적인항법정보가가능하나시간에따른오차누적 GPS/INS Integration 상호단점보완가능 : 시너지효과 (Synergistic Effect) GPS 정보를이용한 INS의오차추정 : 칼만필터 다양한형태의 GPS 신호이용가능

5 가용성 : GPS 만만사용한경우 4S VAN 주행궤적 4 공단주행데이터이용 GPS Outage : Point. 지점에서 20초동안왕복으로발생 Point. : GPS OUTAGE 위도 [Deg] Point 2. Start Point 3. Point 4. Point 경도 [Deg] 5

6 가용성 : GPS/INS 결합시스템 Point. : GPS OUTAGE 위도 [Deg] Point Point 3. Point 4. Point 경도 [Deg] 6

7 Integration Methodology

8 Feedbac Vs. Feedforward Kalman Filter

9 약결합 (Loosely Coupled: LC) 기법 장점및특성 GPS 수신기에서계산된항법정보를측정치로이용 기존에구성된두시스템의통합에유리하며계산량적음 문제점 칼만필터의이용시준최적성발생 : 측정잡음의처리문제 불완전한정보를이용할수없음 : GPS 위성수감소경우

10 0

11

12 강결합 (Tightly Coupled: TC) 기법 장점및특성 GPS의 raw signal만측정치로이용 칼만필터의이용시최적구성이며불완전한정보이용가능 문제점 측정모델이복잡하고계산량증가 기존에구성되어있는시스템만이용하기어려움

13 3

14 4

15 Performance

16 PR과 PR Rate에의한약결합 / 강결합 GPS/INS 성능특교 결합시스템오차해석 GPS 가시위성만 분간제한하여약결합및강결합사용 주행후 5분, 0분, 5분, 20 분에서 분동안가시위성수제한 수평축오차특교 30 가시위성 3 개가시위성 2 개가시위성 개가시위성 0 개 25 INS/GPS 약결합 20 INS/GPS 강결합 위치오차 [m]` 실험결과 Time [Sec] GPS 가시위성 3개이하인경우약결합과특교하여강결합성능우수 약결합인경우가시위성 4개이상인경우에만 GPS 측정치출력 6

17 평면도 고도 Applanix Developed Applanix Developed Lat(rad) Long(rad) x 0 5 7

18 Applanix 위치잉여잉특교 Developed 위도오차 (9.33cm) 경도오차 (7.46cm) 고도오차 (26.44cm) 위도오차 (.33cm) 경도오차 (4.37cm) 고도오차 (27.60cm) 8

19 기수기 특교 전체주행구간중정지상태부분확대 Applanix Yaw 결과 : 일정기울기를가지면서자세 Drift 4S VAN의 LN200 INS는 [deg/hr] 급으로자세 Drift 원인 Applainx 사의스무딩알고리즘은 Yaw Drift 정확하게보상하지못함 Developed 알고리즘의 Yaw 결과가더정확한것으로판단됨 9

20 Attitude Accuracy Dependence on Trajectory (Observability)

21 Determination of the angular relationship between the navigation frame and the body frame Classification Phase : Coarse alignment and Fine alignment( Gyrocompassing, Kalman Filter) Aided Information : Self alignment and Transfer alignment Maneuver : Stationary alignment and In-flight alignment

22 Using the nowledge of the gravity and earth rotation vectors Algorithm b T b T Accelerometer output: f = [ fx fy fz] = Cn[ 0 0 g] = Cnf b T b T Gyro output: ω = [ ωx ωy ωz ] = Cn [ ωie cosl 0 ωie sin L] = Cn ω New vector: v f ω [ ] b b T v = vx vy vz = Cn [ 0 gωie cos L 0] = Cnv Three vector relations b n b n b n ( f ) ( ω ) ( v ) b T b T b T = ( f ) ( ω ) ( v ) n T n T n T C n b n b C = ( C ) = ( C ) b n DCM b T n C n b = ( f ) ( ω ) ( v ) n T n T n T ( f ) ( ω ) ( v ) b T b T b T 22

23 Coordinate Transformation Matrix C n b ( 0) = = b T ( / g) tan L ( / ωie)secl 0 ( f ) b T 0 0 ( / g ie)secl ω ( ) ω b T / g 0 0 ( v ) C C2 C3 g, ωie, L : Known values C C C f b, ω b : Measurements C3 C32 C33 Euler Angles - Roll angle - Pitch angle - Yaw angle φ = C C tan θ = C tan 3 2 C3 ψ = C C tan 2 23

24 24

25 25 Observability: Trajectory Dependence

26 Lever-Arm Effect

27 IMU와 GPS 수신기의장착위치차이를고려한측정모델유도및필터설계 GPS 로부터얻은 IMU 의위치측정모델 0 M + h n n rimu = rgps 0 ( N + h)cosl 0 0 위의측정모델로부터유도한오차방정식의측정모델 0 0 C [ I 0 Ξ 0 0 ] X v δ = δ r + n b r b 27

28 Synchronization

29 시기동기의필필성 기존의연구에의하면시기동기오차가존재하면가속도계바이어스추정에특정상적으로큰오차를발생시킴 I. Y. Bar-Itzhac, Y. Vite(985), "The enigma of false bias detection in a strapdown system during transfer alignment, Journal of Guidance and Control, 8, 2, 가속도계바이어스에대한큰추정오차는편향이동하는자세오차에의하여유기됨 H. K. Lee, J. G. Lee, and G. I. Jee(2002), Calibration of measurement delay in GPS/SDINS hybrid navigation, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 25, 2, GPS 측정치가간헐적으로가용하지않만경우, 편향된가속도계바이어스와자세오차는 GPS/INS의오차를빠르게증가시킴 29

30 시기동기의필필성 roll err. (deg) pitch err. (deg) heading err. (deg) x x 0 5 fbx (m/s2) fby (m/s2) 0 fbz (m/s2) gbx (deg/s) -3 x sigma upper sigma lower actual error gby (deg/s) x gbz (deg/s) x time (sec)

31 INS/GPS 시기동기를위한위법 하드웨어에의한시기동기 IMU와 GPS 수신기설계레벨에서고려, 고특용 하드웨어 / 소프트웨어에의한시기동기 GPS 에서제공하는정확한시기정보 (Pulse Per Second 신호 ) 이용 시간표식 (time-tagging) 만위한별도의하드웨어제작필필 소프트웨어에의한시기동기 GPS/INS Kalman filter의상태변수 설계된궤적 (controlled maneuver) 궤적에의한가관측성에영향만받음 Τ = Ψ 2ω ω ω 3

32 Fault Detection

33 Integrity 경보 Integrity Monitoring 비정상적인측정치 측정치 항법시스템 항법해 사용자 센서 RAIM(Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring) 측정치의중첩성만이용하여적합성만검사 신뢰성있는항법해를제공하도록한다. 33

34 RAIM의기본적인가정 한순간에오직하나의위성의고장만이발생할수있다. 일련의위성의고장은서로상관되지않는다. RAIM Schemes 측정치의중첩성만이용하는 snapshot scheme이활용이간편하므로널리통용되는추세이다. 거리특교위법 (Range Comparison Method) 최소자승유수위법 (Least-Squares-Residual Method) 패러티위법 (Parity Method) 수학적으로동치. 34

35 s s 5 s 2 s 3 s 4 이의사거리의차가 크다면, 어떤위성의고장이발생하였다고판단한다. 예측된위성 5 의의사거리 위성 5 의측정된의사거리와예측된의사거리의차 위성 5 로부터측정된의사거리 거리비교방법 (5 개의위성이보이는경우 ) 크다? 시스템의통계적특성에따라임계치를결정한다. 35

36 Y = HX+ V, V ~ ( O, R), det( H T H ) 0, - least-square state estimate: Xˆ + = H Y= X+ Vˆ H + : = T T ( H R H ) H R - residual: Z HXˆ + = Y = [ HH I ] V Z ~ ( O,Σ) + + Σ = [ I HH ] R[ I HH ] T 36

37 y = Hx + v : GPS measurement equation v m y, R H R m 4 4 x R m>n H = QR = Q T Q= I [ Q M Q ] 2 R L O R = x O O X x QR R, 4 4 Q R 2 m ( m 4) v ~ ( O, σ 2 I ) Q T y = Q T Hx + Q T v = Q T QRx + Q T v = Rx + Q T v 37

38 T xˆ 4 = R Q y xˆ R T 2 p : = Q y= Q T 2 v p R ( 4) m : least square positioning solution : parity vector * Magnitude Fault Detection * Direction Fault Identification parity vector 38

39 39 ) ˆ ˆ ( ) ~ ~ (,, TCINS u j TCINS u j j j j X h X h = φ φ ϑ 0 H (no cycle-slip) : H (cycle-slip) : ( ) j j Γ 0, ~ ϑ j T T j j h F I P F I h ) ( ) ( ) ( 2 + Γ φ σ j j j S Γ = 2 ) (ϑ ~ 2 (,0) χ j S ) (, ~ 2 j j S γ χ where

40 40 j i j i j i j i j i d Φ Φ = ρ ρ ) ~ ~ ( ) ~ ~ ( ) 2( : Φ + = Λ r r ρ ρ B B T B j B d d T / / / ) ( ) ( Λ = where [ ] ) ( ) ( Λ Λ B B T B B G G, / B B d d d d d M, M O L L B B B B B B B B B G B, + Λ Λ O B B B B O B B B O ρ.

41 4 Effects of Detection Performance on Positioning Accuracy

42 Application Areas

43 accelerations angular rates Velocity Position Orientation AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) 43

44 44

45 45

46 46

47 ProbeProbe-vehicle surveying radio environments 47

48 48 Probe-Car for LBS, ITS, and Networ Calibration

49 49

50 50

51 5

52 Advices

53 GPS/INS : Synergistic Effect Accuracy, Availability, Reliability, Continuity 향상 Accuracy는 GPS 에크게의존 Availability, Reliability, Continuity는 INS 에크게의존 실재성능에있어서는 Reliability(Fault Detection) 중요 53

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