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1 대한한의학회지제 39 권제 1 호 (2018 년 3 월 ) J Korean Med. 2018;39(1):86-94 pissn eissn Case Report 문상관 1,2, 정민호 1, 권승원 1,2, 조승연 1,2, 박성욱 1,2, 정우상 1,2, 박정미 1,2, 고창남 1,2, 조기호 1,2 1 경희대학교한방병원순환신경내과 2 경희대학교한의과대학순환신경내과학교실 The Effect of Geopungchunghyul-dan on Circumferential Strain of Carotid Artery: A Case Series Sang-Kwan Moon 1,2, Minho Jung 1, Seungwon Kwon 1,2, Seung-Yeon Cho 1,2, Seong-Uk Park 1,2, Woo-Sang Jung 1,2, Jung-Mi Park 1,2, Chang-Nam Ko 1,2, Ki-Ho Cho 1,2 1 Department of Cardiology and Neurology, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital 2 Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Objectives: This study is aimed to examine the effect of Geopungchunghyul-dan on circumferential strain of carotid artery in outpatients of Kyung Hee University hospital of Korean Medicine. Methods: Retrospective chart review is used from June 2016 to August 2017 for outpatients of Kyung Hee University hospital of Korean Medicine. 14 patients taking Geopungchunghyul-dan over 1 month were speculated. Data of circumferential strain and intima-media thickness was taken from carotid ultrasonography and processed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Geopungchunghyul-dan lowered circumferential strain of both carotid arteries after 1 month of administration (p<0.05). Intima-media thickness of both carotid arteries did not changed significantly. Conclusions: Geopungchunghyul-dan may ameliorate arterial stiffness. Key Words : Geopungchunghyul-dan, Circumferential strain, Arterial stiffness 서론동맥경직도 (Arterial stiffness) 란혈압에대한동맥의탄성정도를나타내는말이다. 죽상동맥경화증의하위개념으로죽상경화증과동맥경화증으로구분할때동맥경화증에대응되는개념이다. 동맥의탄성이떨어져있으면혈압의변동성에대한혈관의대처능력이떨어지게된다. 동맥의탄성이좋지않다면동맥경직도가높다는뜻으로동맥경직도는동 맥혈관의구조와기능을평가할수있는주요지표이다 1). 동맥경직도는심혈관질환 2) 이나뇌혈관질환 3) 의독립적인위험인자로알려져있다. 동맥경직도를평가하는방법으로 PWV(Pulse wave velocity), CAVI (Cardio-ankle vascular index), ABI(Ankle-brachial index), CIMT(Carotid intima-media thickness), FMD(Flow mediated dilation), AI(Augmentation index), DC(Distensibility coefficient), BSI(Beta Received:30 Nobember 2017 Revised:5 March 2018 Accepted:2 March 2018 Correspondence to: 정민호 (Minho Jung) 경희대학교한의과대학순환신경내과학교실 Tel: , Fax: , tox37@naver.com 86

2 (87) stiffness index), CS(Circumferential strain) 등의지표를사용할수있다. 이들중특히총경동맥 (Common carotid artery) 의 CS를측정하는방법은다른방법들에비해침습적이지않고간단하면서도일관성이더좋다는장점이있다 4). 동맥경직도가증가하면혈압변동에따른항상성유지능력이저하되므로미세혈관에더많은부담을주게되어뇌에서의소혈관질환이유발될수있다 5). 하지만현재동맥경직도를개선하는치료는없다. 뇌혈관질환에적용할수있는대표적인한약제형화처방으로거풍청혈단이있다. 거풍청혈단은황금, 황련, 황백, 치자, 대황, 단삼, 삼칠, 용뇌로구성되어현재경희대한방병원중풍센터에서빈용하고있는처방이다. 황금, 황련, 황백, 치자, 대황으로구성된청혈단이라는처방에단삼, 삼칠, 용뇌를추가한처방으로이전까지청혈단과관련해서는고지혈증, 고혈압, 죽상동맥경화, 뇌의소혈관질환에대한효능이연구되어있다 6). 최근의연구와더불어기존한의학의문헌적, 임상적근거를통해사용하고있는거풍청혈단이동맥경직도를개선시켜뇌의소혈관질환에작용한다는추론을해볼수있다. 거풍청혈단이동맥경직도를개선한다면뇌의소혈관질환에사용할수있는이론적근거가공고해지며동맥경직도를개선하는치료로서한약처방의사용영역을확대해볼수있다. 이에본연구에서는한방병원에서거풍청혈단을복용하고있는환자들에대하여후향적차트분석을통해실제동맥경직도가개선되는지를확인하고자하였다. 용어에있어서는기존연구들사이에통일되지않는부분이있어본저술에서는 Common carotid artery 의 CS(Circumferential strain) 값을일관되게경동맥탄력도라고지칭하였다. 향적의무기록분석을통하여다음선정기준과제외기준에적합한자를선정하였다. 1. 연구대상 1) 선정기준 (1) 경희대학교한방병원중풍센터외래내원환자로거풍청혈단을단독으로복용한기록이있는환자 (2) 거풍청혈단을 1개월이상복용하며복용전과후경동맥탄력도초음파검사를시행한환자 2) 제외기준 (1) 거풍청혈단복용이전 3달이내다른한약을복용한적이있는경우 (2) 간, 신장의기능이상이있는경우 (3) 임신한경우 2. 연구선정변수경희의료원의무기록실을통해연구대상의정보를취득하며선정기준과제외기준에부합하는환자들을대상으로얻고자하는정보는다음과같다. 1) 성별과나이 2) 진단명및주소증 3) 과거력및흡연, 음주력 4) 이상반응발생여부 5) 경동맥초음파측정수치 - 경동맥내중막두께 (Carotid Intima-media thickness) - 좌측경동맥탄력도 (Circumferential carotid strain of Left) - 우측경동맥탄력도 (Circumferential carotid strain of Right) 연구대상및방법 2016년 6월 1일부터 2017년 8월 31일까지경희대학교한방병원중풍센터외래방문환자중거풍청혈단을 1개월이상단독복용한환자를대상으로후 경동맥초음파측정수치는 Vivid S5(General Electric Medical System ; Milwaukee, WI, USA) 를사용하여얻어진것으로 MHz 선형탐촉자를사용하였다. CS 값은 2D strain software(echopac 7.0.0, GE Vingmed Ultrasound; Milwaukee, WI, 87

3 (88) Journal of Korean Medicine 2018;39(1) USA) 를사용해 ROI(Region of interest) 를수동으로설정하는추가적인과정이진행되어야얻을수있다. 모든과정은경희대학교한방병원중풍센터외래의숙련된전문수련의에의해시행되었다. 3. 통계분석방법통계분석에있어 Statistical Package for social sciences for Windows(SPSS) version 18.0을사용하였으며, 거풍청혈단복용전후경동맥초음파측정수치의변화정도가유의미한지살펴보기위해 Wilcoxon signed-rank test 검사법을사용하였다. 4. 윤리적문제경희대학교한방병원임상시험심사위원회의승인을받아과학적, 윤리적연구수행을진행하였다. (KOMCIRB HR-042) 연구결과 2016년 6월 1일부터 2017년 8월 31일까지경희대학교한방병원중풍센터외래방문환자중거풍청혈단을 1개월이상복용한환자는모두 37명이었으며이들중경동맥초음파측정이거풍청혈단복용전과후로 2회이상측정된환자는 14명이었다. 14 명모두거풍청혈단을하루 1회 2캡슐씩복용하였다. 제외기준에해당하는환자는없었다. 연구대상이되는환자 14명은남성 7명, 여성 7명으로구성되고연령분포는 62세에서 78세까지로 70.36±4.58세의평균, 표준편차값을나타냈다. 진단명및주소증을 Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Patients. (n=14) Number of patients (%) Small vessel disease 5 (35.71) Tension type headache 2 (14.29) Transient ischemic attack 2 (14.29) Main impression Vestibular neuritis 2 (14.29) Cervicalgia 1 (7.14) Vasovagal syncope 1 (7.14) Facial myokymia 1 (7.14) Headache 4 (28.57) Dysarthria 4 (28.57) One side weakness 3 (21.43) Facial palsy 3 (21.43) Dizziness 3 (21.43) Chief complain General weakness 3 (21.43) One side numbness 2 (14.29) Motor aphasia 1 (7.14) Aphthous ulcer 1 (7.14) Tinnitus 1 (7.14) Facial myokymia 1 (7.14) Hypertension 11 (78.57) CVD risk factor Diabetes mellitus 9 (64.29) Dyslipidemia 8 (57.14) Social history Smoke 2 (14.29) Alcohol 4 (28.57) 포함한환자기본정보는다음과같이나타났다 (Table 1). 1. 경동맥초음파측정수치 거풍청혈단복용시작시점과복용 1개월후시점에서측정된경동맥탄력도와경동맥내중막두께의평균과표준편차는다음과같이나타났다 (Table 2). 경동맥탄력도는거풍청혈단복용전후로유의한호 Table 2. Mean Value and Standard Deviation of Circumferential Strain and Intima-Media Thickness of each Common Carotid Artery at Start(Baseline) and 1 Month of Treatment. Baseline 1 month p value CS (Left) 1.76± ± * CS (Right) 1.80± ± * IMT (Left) 0.76± ± IMT (Right) 0.79± ± CS, circumferential strain; IMT, intima-media thickness. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for comparison between start and 1 month of treatment. *Statistically significant at p

4 (89) Fig. 1. Change of left circumferential strain for 1 month of treatment. Fig. 2. Change of right circumferential strain for 1 month of treatment. 전변화가좌 우경동맥모두에서관찰되었다 (p=0.003, 0.013). 경동맥내중막두께는거풍청혈단복용전후로유의한변화가좌 우경동맥모두에서관찰되지않았다 (p=0.054, 0.726). 거풍청혈단복용전후로 14명환자각각의좌, 우경동맥탄력도변화를 Fig. 1, Fig. 2에나타내었다. 2. 경동맥탄력도변화율거풍청혈단복용전후경동맥탄력도의차이를복용전경동맥탄력도의값으로나누어경동맥탄력도의변화율을나타내었다 (Table 3). 좌측에서평균적으로 23.26±22.94%, 우측에서평균적으로 21.53± 28.98% 의변화율이나타났다. 3. 복용기간에따른경동맥탄력도의변화거풍청혈단복용 2개월이상지속하며경동맥초음파측정까지시행된환자가 7명 ( 남성 3, 여성 4) 있었으며 3개월까지지속한경우는 4명 ( 남성 2, 여성 2) 있었다. Fig. 3, Fig. 4에서복용 2개월사이의좌, 우경동맥탄력도변화를그림으로나타내었다. 좌측경동맥탄력도는 2개월사이유의한호전변화 가있었으나 (p=0.018) 우측경동맥탄력도는 2개월사이통계적으로유의한호전변화가나타나지않았으나 (p=0.128) 7명중 1명이외에는호전변화를나타내고있다. Table 3. Rate of Change in Circumferential Strain for 1 Month of Treatment Patient Rate of change in CS (%) Left Right # # # # # # # # # # # # # # mean SD CS, circumferential strain; SD, standard deviation 89

5 (90) Journal of Korean Medicine 2018;39(1) Fig. 3. Change of left circumferential strain for 2 months of treatment Fig. 4. Change of right circumferential strain for 2 months of treatment Fig. 5. Change of both circumferential strain for 3 months of treatment 90

6 (91) 복용 3개월차까지경동맥초음파측정값이있는 4명에대해서는표본수가적어각환자의경동맥탄력도추이를 Fig. 5에표시하였다. 4명의좌, 우경동맥탄력도변화는통계적으로유의하지않았다 ( 좌, 우각각 p=0.068, 0.144). 하지만 4명중 1명이외에는시간이지날수록꾸준한경동맥탄력도호전경과를나타냈다. 4. 이상반응복용시작후재진과정에서보고된이상반응은없었다. 고찰본연구에서거풍청혈단을하루 1회 2캡슐씩 1달이상복용하는경우경동맥탄력도가개선되는것으로나타났다. 경동맥탄력도는일반적으로연령에비례해서저하되는경향으로노화의영향을받는것으로알려져있으며경동맥내중막두께가두꺼울수록저하되는경향이나타나는것으로알려져있다 7). 경동맥탄력도란시간이지날수록감소하는지표인데거풍청혈단의복용으로일정수준의가변적인범위안에서경동맥탄력도가개선될수있음을본연구에서확인할수있었다. 경동맥초음파를이용한경동맥탄력도측정은측정하는사람의숙련도에따라측정자간의측정오차 (Interobserver variability) 를가질수있다. 또한측정시마다조금씩값이달라지는측정자내의측정오차 (Intraobserver variability) 역시발생할수있다. 경동맥탄력도측정에있어기존연구들에서보고한측정오차는크지않은편으로경동맥초음파를이용한경동맥탄력도측정값은일관성을가지는것으로이해할수있다. 특히동맥경직도를평가하는다른지표들과비교할때, 측정자간의측정오차에서일치상관관계계수 ρ c=0.98, 카파통계량에서 κ=0.80, 측정자내의측정오차에서는 ρ c=0.99, κ=0.87가나와가장일관성있는측정결과를보여주었다 8). 상관계수를사용한분석에서는측정자간의측정오차 에서 0.93, 측정자내의측정오차에서 0.90으로상관계수가나타났다 8). 이외표준편차를평균으로나눈변동계수를사용한분석이 4건있었는데측정자간의측정오차가 %, 측정자내의측정오차가 % 로나타나대략 10% 내외의측정오차를나타낸다고볼수있다 9-12). 본연구에서따로측정자간의측정오차와측정자내의측정오차를구할수없었기에거풍청혈단복용 1달사이에나타난경동맥탄력도변화가측정오차의범위를넘어서는것인지를직접확인할수없었다. 다만각환자별로거풍청혈단복용전후경동맥탄력도의차이값을복용전경동맥탄력도값으로나눈백분율을구하여경동맥탄력도의변화율을계산해이전연구에서의경동맥탄력도측정오차와간접적으로비교해보았다. 좌측 23.26±22.94%, 우측 21.53±28.98% 의변화율이나타나 10% 내외의측정오차를넘어선변화가나타난것으로이해할수있다. 경동맥탄력도의좌 우값의처리에있어서는아직일관된방법이나와있지않다. 다른지표와의상관성분석에있어좌측경동맥탄력도값만을사용하기도하며측정오차의분석처럼좌 우의구분이의미가없을것으로생각되는경우에는좌 우값을함께묶어처리하기도하였다. 본연구에서는 14명의환자를대상으로좌 우를따로구분하여거풍청혈단복용전후의변화의정도를분석하였다. 좌 우값을독립된측정수치로이해하여구분없이처리한다면표본수가두배가되어통계적유의성이높아질수있겠지만같은사람에있어좌 우경동맥탄력도의독립성이확인되지않아통계분석에있어좌 우를따로처리하는것을원칙으로하였다. 참고로거풍청혈단복용전 14명의경동맥탄력도의좌 우값의비모수적상관계수 (Spearman s rho, Kendall s tau) 를구해본결과 ρ=0.737, τ=0.552로나타났으나적은표본수와비모수적통계분석의한계로좌 우경동맥탄력도의상관성을단정할수없었다. 동맥경직도는죽상동맥경화증을이해하는지표로사용되며심혈관질환과뇌혈관질환과의관련성이 91

7 (92) Journal of Korean Medicine 2018;39(1) 인정되어이들질환의심각도를평가하고예방하는목적으로연구되고있다 13). 동맥경직도를평가하는데있어경동맥탄력도측정은비교적최근에등장한방법이다. 동맥경직도를비침습적이며쉽고정확하게측정하기위해다양한방법이시도되고있으며이전까지는 PWV(Pulse wave velocity), CAVI (Cardio-ankle vascular index), ABI(Ankle-brachial index) 등이많이사용되었으나측정값의일관성이높지않다는단점이있었다. 경동맥탄력도측정은숙련도에따라차이가있을수있지만 10분이내로측정이가능하며혈압에의한변동성이크지않다는장점이있고측정값의일관성도높다. 1057명의환자를대상으로한국내의대규모연구에서경동맥탄력도는죽상동맥경화증과상관성이높으며경동맥내중막두께와경동맥탄력도를함께고려했을때심혈관질환의예측이더정밀해진것으로밝혀졌다 7). 심혈관질환과뇌혈관질환의예방및관리목적으로경희대한방병원중풍센터에서빈용되는처방인거풍청혈단은기존한약제형화처방인청혈단에단삼, 용뇌, 삼칠을추가하여캡슐로만들어진약물이다. 황금 270mg, 황련 270mg, 황백 270mg, 치자 270mg, 대황 70mg, 단삼 60mg, 삼칠 10mg, 용뇌 4mg의비율로한캡슐당 370mg으로만들어졌다. 기존한의학의문헌적, 임상적근거를통해구성되었으며현재실험적, 임상적연구가함께진행되고있다. 거풍청혈단관련연구는청혈단과의효능비교논문이 1건 15) 있으며청혈단의구성이황련해독탕, 삼황사심탕 과중복되어이들에대한연구를함께참조할수있다. 동맥경직도와관련한이전의한약관련임상연구로는청혈단을 8주간복용하여 PWV 지표가감소하는것을확인한대조군연구가있으며 15), 건강인을대상으로심적환복용후경동맥탄력도가감소하는것을확인한무작위대조군연구가있다 16). 거풍청혈단이경동맥탄력도개선에작용하는기전을이해하기위한실험연구로는청혈단과관련하여혈관내피세포에대한항염증, 항산화작용에대한연구들이축적되어있다 6). 분자생물학적으로청혈단이 NOS 유전자의발현을촉진하는한편 VCAM-1 유전자의 발현을억제하여동맥경직도를개선한다는연구결과도있었다 17). 거풍청혈단역시혈관내피세포에대한작용을통해경동맥탄력도에영향을미친것으로볼수있으며더욱상세한기전이해를위해서는이와관련한실험연구가추가적으로진행되어야할것이다. 본연구는후향적차트분석연구이며대상환자수가적어비모수적검정을사용해야했다. 통계적유의성을높이기위해서는더많은환자를대상으로경동맥탄력도의변화를분석해볼필요가있다. 또한거풍청혈단복용기간에있어 3개월복용시경동맥탄력도변화가더뚜렷한모습을나타내었기때문에복용기간이더길게설정된다면분명한효과를확인할수있을것으로보인다. 하지만본연구에서이미유의미한통계적변화가확인되었고, 거풍청혈단만을단독복용하는사례가흔치않기때문에추후에는전향적대조군연구를진행하는것이거풍청혈단의경동맥탄력도개선효능을검증하는데있어도움이될것으로생각한다. 전향적연구에서는경동맥탄력도측정에있어측정오차를함께분석해보는과정을더하여경동맥탄력도검사의신뢰도를다시확인해볼필요도있을것이다. 경동맥탄력도검사에대한연구가축적되어임상현장에서보편화되고, 거풍청혈단이경동맥탄력도를개선한다는근거가확립된다면한의학임상영역에서의과학적근거가더욱강화될것으로생각한다. 결론 2016년 6월 1일부터 2017년 8월 31일까지경희대학교한방병원중풍센터외래방문환자중거풍청혈단을하루 1회 2캡슐씩 1개월이상단독복용한환자 14명을대상으로후향적의무기록분석을통해복용전후의경동맥탄력도를비교한결과다음과같은결론을얻었다 개월간의거풍청혈단복용전후로경동맥탄력도값이좌 우모두유의한변화가있었다. 반면 92

8 (93) 경동맥내중막두께는좌 우모두유의한변화가없었다. 2. 거풍청혈단복용 1개월사이경동맥탄력도의전후변화율은좌, 우각각 23.26±22.94%, 21.53± 28.98% 로나타났으며이는 10% 내외로알려진변동계수값보다높은변화율을나타내어측정오차범위이상의변화가나타났다고볼수있다. 3. 거풍청혈단복용과정에서보고된이상반응은없었다. 이상의결과에따라거풍청혈단복용은큰이상반응없이측정오차의범위를넘어서경동맥탄력도를개선시킨다고볼수있다. 본연구결과가거풍청혈단효능의객관적인근거자료가될수있을것으로사료되며추후전향적인무작위대조군맹검연구를진행해볼수있는바탕이될것으로보인다. 참고문헌 1. Cohn JN, Duprez DA, Grandits GA. Arterial elasticity as part of a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular risk and drug treatment. Hypertension. 2005;46(1): Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, Gautier I, Benetos A, Lacolley P. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension. 2002;39(1): Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, Gautier I, Laloux B, Guize L, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2001;37(5): Bjällmark A, Lind B, Peolsson M, Shahgaldi K, Brodin LA, Nowak J. Ultrasonographic strain imaging is superior to conventional non-invasive measures of vascular stiffness in the detection of age-dependent differences in the mechanical properties of the common carotid artery. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11: Saji N, Toba K, Sakurai T. Cerebral small vessel disease and arterial stiffness: tsunami effect in the brain. Pulse 2016;3(3 4): Jung WS, Kwon S, Cho SY, Park SU, Moon SK, Park JM, et al. The Effects of Chunghyul-Dan (A Korean Medicine Herbal Complex) on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases: A Narrative Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016: Park HE, Cho GY, Kim HK, Kim YJ, Sohn DW. Validation of circumferential carotid artery strain as a screening tool for subclinical atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2012; 19(4): Catalano M, Lamberti-Castronuovo A, Catalano A, Filocamo D, Zimbalatti C. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking strain imaging in the assessment of mechanical properties of carotid arteries: feasibility and comparison with conventional markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. Eur J Echocardiogr Jul;12(7): Yuda S, Kaneko R, Muranaka A, Hashimoto A, Tsuchihashi K, Miura T, et al. Quantitative measurement of circumferential carotid arterial strain by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging in healthy subjects. Echocardiography Sep;28(8): Yang EY, Dokainish H, Virani SS, Misra A, Pritchett AM, Lakkis N, et al. Segmental analysis of carotid arterial strain using speckle -tracking. J Am Soc Echocardiogr Nov;24(11): Saito M, Okayama H, Inoue K, Yoshii T, Hiasa G, Sumimoto T, et al. Carotid arterial circumferential strain by two-dimensional speckle tracking: a novel parameter of arterial 93

9 (94) Journal of Korean Medicine 2018;39(1) elasticity. Hypertens Res Sep;35(9): Wierzbowska-Drabik K, Cygulska K, Cieślik -Guerra U, Uznańska-Loch B, Rechciński T, Trzos E, et al. Circumferential strain of carotid arteries does not differ between patients with advanced coronary artery disease and group without coronary stenoses. Adv Med Sci Sep;61(2): Boutouyrie P. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: establishing normal and reference values The Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness' Collaboration. European Heart Journal. 2010;31: Park TH. Neuroprotective effect of Geopungchunghyul -dan on in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation and in vivo permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model[dissertation]. Seoul: Kyunghee Univ.; Park SU, Jung WS, Moon SK, Ko CN, Cho KH, Kim YS, et al. Chunghyul-dan(Qingxie-dan) improves arterial stiffness in patients with increased bapwv. Am J Chin Med. 2006; 34(4): Min KD. The Effects of Cardiotonic Pills on Common Carotid Artery Elasticity in Healthy Subjects [Dissertation]. Seoul: Kyunghee Univ.; Park SU. Effect of Chunghyul-dan on Arterial stiffness : Clinical and Molecular Study [Dissertation]. Seoul: Kyunghee Univ.;

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