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1 Original Article PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 24, No. 3, September, The Development of Real Time Automatic Patient Position Correction System during the Radiation Therapy Based on CCD: A Feasibility Study Dongho Shin*, Kwangzoo Chung, Meyoung Kim*, Jaeman Son*, Myonggeun Yoon, Young Kyung Lim*, Se Byeong Lee* *Proton Therapy Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Department of Bio-convergence Engineering, Korea University College of Health Science, Seoul, Korea Upon radiation treatment, it is the important factor to monitor the patient s motion during radiation irradiated, since it can determine whether the treatment is successful. Thus, we have developed the system in which the patient s motion is monitored in real time and moving treatment position can be automatically corrected during radiation irradiation. We have developed the patient s position monitoring system in which the patient s position is three dimensionally identified by using two CCD cameras which are orthogonal located around the isocenter. This system uses the image pattern matching technique using a normalized cross-correlation method. We have developed the system in which trigger signal for beam on and off is generated by quantitatively analyzing the changes in a treatment position through delivery of the images taken from CCD cameras to the computer and the motor of moving couch can be controlled. This system was able to automatically correct a patient s position with the resolution of 0.5 mm or less. Key Words: 3D moving couch, Position correction, Patient positioning, Gating 서 방사선치료시정확한치료를위해최근방사선치료기기에다양한형태의영상유도장치가설치되어환자의종양의위치를확인하고있다. 1) 환자의움직임이나호흡에의해움직이는종양을치료하기위해서몇가지의방법으로이를해결하였다. 기존의일반적인방사선치료의경우환자의치료위치설정의오차나호흡에의한움직임을고려하여큰치료면의여백을부여하는방식이다. 2) 또호흡에의한종양의움직임은호흡연동장치 (respiration gating system) 을이용하여환자체표에부착된표적체의움직임을추적하여종양의움직임을추적하거나저에너지진단용 X선영상을이용하여종양의위치를추적하여호흡연동장치 3) 본연구는 2013 년도국립암센터기관고유 ( ) 연구과제의지원을받아수행되었음. 이논문은 2013 년 8 월 26 일접수하여 2013 년 9 월 6 일채택되었음. 책임저자 : 신동호, ( ) 경기도고양시일산동구일산로 323 국립암센터양성자치료센터 Tel: 031) , Fax: 031) dongho@ncc.re.kr 론 또는종양추적장치 (tracking system) 와병행사용하여치료빔을조절하는방법도있다. 4,5) 이들방법은효과적으로종양을추적하여방사선치료의성적을높였다. 그러나위에서언급한기술들은환자의호흡에의한종양의움직임에대한추적하거나종양의위치를일정시간추적하여예견하는방식으로환자의호흡에의한종양의움직임을주로추적하고있다. 최근방사선치료기의성능과치료방법의발달로치료의성적은날로높아지고있다그러나이에따라방사선의조사시간또한함께증가하고있어환자들이치료테이블에누워있는치료시간또한증가하고있다. 특히세기변조방사선치료와같은경우일반 3차원입체조형방사선치료에비해많은빔조사시간이소요된다. 또양성자치료의경우일반적인산란방식 (scattering mode) 6) 의빔전달에비해고른주사빔방식 (uniform mode) 7) 또는실빔주사방식 (pencil beam scanning mode) 8) 에서더많은방사선조사시간이소요되어환자의치료시간이증가하고있다. 또한대부분의 3차원입체조형방사선치료의경우치료

2 Dongho Shin, et al:automatic Patient Position Correction System 전환자의위치를확인하고치료빔이조사되는동안환자의움직임을전하결합소자카메라 (CCD camera) 를통해촬영된 TV화면을통해정성적으로치료조정실의근무자의판단에의해확인되고있다. 따라서치료중환자의움직임으로인한잘못된방사선조사에대한대비책이나해결책이충분하지않은상태이다. 따라서본연구는 X영상을이용한방사선치료중실시간종양의위치를추적하고이를통해변화된치료위치를보정및추적할수있는시스템을개발을위한개념및기술을확보하기위한기초실험이다. 본연구에서는방사선치료시치료전환자의위치를확인한후방사선이조사되는동안환자의움직임을전하결합소자카메라를이용하여실시간으로추적하고인위적또는무의식적인움직임에의한위치변화를정량적으로분석한다. 분석된위치변화의크기에따라자동으로방사선의켜고끔을조절하는연동장치와환자의움직인치료위치를자동으로이동시켜정확 한치료위치로보내어위치를보정해주는환자움직임치료테이블시스템을개발하여오랜시간방사선치료시환자의움직임을자동으로보정하는환자위치자동보정시스템을개발하는것이목표이다. 이에앞서소형 3차원위치보정시스템에대한알고리즘및하드웨어를개발하여안전한방사선치료를할수있는가능성을연구하고자한다. 재료및방법 1. 소프트웨어알고리즘개발자동환자위치보정시스템의알고리즘은 Fig. 1과같다. 치료전계획된환자의치료위치에서레이저빔에맞추기위한환자몸에그린십자형태의문신 (tattoo) 이나환자개인의몸에있는점또는인위적으로치료전위치를표시하기위한일정모양의얇은접착시트 (sticker) 등의전하결 Fig. 1. Schematic diagram for algorithm of automatic patient position correction system software and hardware

3 PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 24, No. 3, September, 2013 합소자카메라영상을기준영상 (template image) 으로만든다. 만들어진기준영상은환자치료시전하결합소자카메라로촬영되어전송되어지는실시간환자의위치영상과비교하여처음계획된치료위치에치료위치의중심이위치하는지를확인한다. 이때치료중환자의치료위치가기준영상과비교하여허용범위를벗어나게될경우경고메시지와함께방사선을자동으로차단하게된다. 빔이차단된상태에서전하결합소자카메라에서확인된환자의치료위치변화를정량적으로측정하여이동제어장치 (motion controller) 에정보를전달하여환자를원래치료위치로이동시켜준다. 이때카메라는환자의위치를다시확인한후치료위치에온것을확인하게되면다시방사선을조사하게된다. 2. 하드웨어구성및설계실시간으로촬영된환자의위치영상은 Labview 2010과 Vision Assistant 2010 (National instrument, USA) 을이용해영상분석에일반적으로널리사용되는틀맞춘상호교차법을이용한영상패턴맞춤방법을이용한환자위치확인프로그램을개발하였다. 9) 전하결합소자카메라는 2대의 PoE (Power over Ethernet; IEEE 802.3af protocol) 기반의칼라전하결합소자카메라 ACA gc (Basler, Germany) 를사용했으며카메라렌즈는 M12VM mm 1:1.2 (Tamron, Japan) 을함께사용하였다. 전하결합소자카메라 로부터촬영된영상를획득하고컴퓨터로전달하여분석하고, 빔의켜고끔을위한방아쇠신호 (trigger signal) 발생과 motion couch의모터를구동하기위해 NI crio-9024, NIcRIO- 9481, NI crio-9512 (National instrument, USA) 를사용하였다. 이들은 Fig. 2와같이카메라와모터를 Gigabite POE (power of ethernet) 을중심으로이더넷방식으로연결되어빠른제어를할수있게하였다. 2대의카메라로부터얻어진영상은근거리통신선을통해영상분석용컴퓨터로전송된다. 영상분석을통해실시간으로환자의위치변화를측정하고측정된보정값은실시간움직임제어시스템으로전달되고모터를움직이게된다. 동시에빔켜고끔방아쇠신호도함께디지털출력모듈로전달되어치료빔을조절하게된다. 프로그램을구동하기위한컴퓨터는 Intel i GHz Quad core CUP (Intel, USA) 를사용하였으며빠른그래픽처리를위해 1 GB 메모리용량의 775 MHz GPU 그래픽카드를사용하였다. 3차원이동팬텀은 3개의스텝모터를사용하여중심점으로부터 ±15 cm 내에서 X, Y, Z를각각독립적으로구동할수있게설계되었다. 가장아래공간은이동제어를위한장치, 전원공급장치및이더넷장치등이들어갈수있도록높이 200 mm로설계되었다. 장비의견고성과하중을고려하여 7 mm 알루미늄판을사용하도록설계하였다. Fig. 2. Schematic diagram for H/W connection for automatic patient position correction system

4 Dongho Shin, et al:automatic Patient Position Correction System 결과 1. 소프트웨어알고리즘개발 Fig. 3에서와같이컬러전하결합소자카메라로부터얻어진영상은 Gigabit Ethernet을사용하여 1,000 Mbps의초고속의전송속도로컬러영상데이터를컴퓨터로전송한다. 컬러전하결합소자카메라로부터얻어진영상은컴퓨터에서 형태우선정합 (shape only matching), 색깔과형태정합 (color and shape), 색깔우선정합 (color only) 의 3가지본맞춤방법을선택할수있게하였다. 색깔형태정합본맞춤의경우주변에유사한본이있을경우에목표물의본과색깔까지고려함으로써보다정확한영상의본맞춤과이를통한효율적인이동제어가가능하게하기위해서이다. 두개의전하결합소자카메라로부터동시에들어오는영상은환자의위쪽으로부터촬영되는 XY평면영상과측면에서촬영되는 Z축의높이변화를확인하는화면으로구분된다. 또한각각의영상은독립적으로분석이가능하며, 치료시환자의움직임의허용범위를조절하여방사선의켜고끔을결정하는연동허용범위와움직인환자를원위치로자동으로이동시켜주는움직임보정허용범위 (motion correction tolerance range) 를각각설정할수있다. 각각의허용범위는 0에서부터 2 cm까지조절할수있으며, 환자의움직임이감지되면프로그램상에서자동으로연동만을하고움직임보정은수동으로하거나, 모두자동 또는수동으로도할수있도록되어있다. Fig. 3은원통형모형에각각빨간색과파란색의둥근접착시트를붙여놓고색상과모양을동시에추적하도록한경우이다. 2. 하드웨어구성및제작 Fig. 4에서와같이두대의전하결합소자카메라는제작된 3차원이동팬텀에대해서로직교하도록설치되었으며방사선치료기의갠트리에서방사선이조사되는것을모사 Fig. 4. The home made 3D moving phantom for automatic position correction system and CCD camera holder. Fig. 3. Pattern matching example. (left) pattern matching circle point marker for x-y plane, (right) pattern matching circle point marker for z-axis

5 PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 24, No. 3, September, 2013 하기위해소형레이저를설치하여방아쇠신호를통해빔의켜고끔이되게하였다. 방아쇠신호는선형가속기에서연동을위해일반적으로주고받는 5V TTL (Transistor to Transistor Logic) 신호를사용하여일반방사선치료및양성자치료기에도확장이가능하도록하였으며응답시간은수 ms 이내이다. 전하결합소자카메라는 POE를사용하여영상신호의송수신은물론전원공급또한근거리통신망선하나로모두가능하도록하여가능한장치를간단하게하였다. 또두대의카메라는항상원점을중심으로직교하도록설치하였으며두카메라에서동시에들어오는영상을통해환자의 3차원적인이동을파악하고정량적분석이가능하도록하였다. 이동팬텀은 XY 평면상으로원점을기준으로 ±15 cm, Z 축방향으로 ±7 cm까지이동하도록제작되었다. 각각의 X, Y, Z 스테이지는 0.5 mm 이하의분해능으로이동이가능하며최대 50 kg 하중까지견디도록제작되었다. 결론및고찰기존의연동장치의경우대부분이환자의호흡에의한종양의위치를추적하는것을주목적으로하고있다. 이는종양의움직임에대한가장큰원인이호흡에의한것이기때문이기도하다. 그러나본연구는환자의호흡뿐아니라치료중환자의인위적또는무의식적움직임에대한것까지고려해야할필요가있다. 본원에서일반적인 3차원방사선치료및세기변조방사선치료환자의치료전준비위치와방사선조사가끝난치료후의위치표시의위치차이를확인하였다. 특히세기변조방사선치료의경우환자가누워있는시간이다른일반방사선치료에비해길어환자의위치변화가더길수있다. 물론피부마커의위치차이 가환자의움직임에의한종양의위치변화로직결된다고볼수는없다. 피부의밀림이나중력에의한처짐등도원인일수있지만일반적으로 X선영상을찍어위치를확인하기전환자몸에그려진십자모양의그림을이용하여치료위치를확인하기때문에이를통해차후 X선영상을이용한위치확인시스템의개발을위해예비적인결과값을얻고자함이다. Table 1은직장암환자 5명에대해 20일간치료전환자의치료준비위치와방사선치료후변화된준비위치를비교하여위치변화를확인한것이다. 5명의환자에대해가로방향으로평균 cm가이동했으며최대 1 cm가변하였다. 길이방향에서는평균 cm 최대 0.8 cm가이동하였다. 높이방향에서는평균 cm 최대 1.2 cm가이동하였다. 이결과로환자에따라 1 cm 이상의위치변화가있으나카메라의거리가환자와멀어일반적인상황에서는조정실내에서환자의움직임을감지하기어렵다는것이다. 또한큰종양크기의세기변조방사선치료나양성자의실빔주사방식의경우방사선조사시간이각치료장 (field) 에대해일반산란조사방법보다 3배에서 10배인 1분이상으로방사선조사시간이길어지고있어전체치료시간이 3배이상증가하고있다. 또호흡연동치료의경우환자에따라 30분이상치료시간이소요되고있으며특히종양의크기가큰 TOMO치료의경우그치료시간은더길어질수있어고통이심한환자의경우치료시움직일수있는가능성이높아지고있다. 기존의 Ronald D와 10) Hwiyoung Kim 등 11) 이발표한기존연구에서는모두몇개의적외선반사판또는마커를이용하여이들의흑백명암영상을분석하여위치의변화를확인환자의치료준비위치를보정해주는시스템으로유사한기술들이상용화되기도했다. 그러나특히양성자치료의경우빔의특성상이런특정마커나장치를환자의몸 Table 1. The result of rectal cancer patient treatment setup position difference of between before treatment and after treatment. Patient Lateral (cm) Longitudinal (cm) Vertical (cm) Mean±SD Max Mean±SD Max Mean±SD Max ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Average 0.297± ± ±

6 Dongho Shin, et al:automatic Patient Position Correction System Fig. 5. Schematic diagram for 3D modeling of the 3D moving couch for heavy moving phantom motion correction verification. 에부착하거나환자의몸에움직임을고정시킬수있는환자고정장치의사용이치료빔의특성에영향을줄우려가있어사용상어려움을갖고있어움직임을확인하는시스템의실용성이떨어지며어두운실내환경을유지하야하는단점이있어이를보완하기위해서는본시스템과같은본맞춤방식이유리하다. 또한이들은 2대의카메라를켄트리가바라보는방향에서입체영상을획득할수있도록배치하여갠트리나치료대의회전에영향을받지않게하였다. 그러나본연구에서는카메라의배치를직교하도록설치하는방식으로갠트리나치료대의회전에대한고려가필요하다. 따라서캔트리와치료대에직접카메라를설치하거나갠트리해드부분에직교하는카메라설치대를고정하는방법등또한앞으로해결해야할문제로남아있다. 또한현재시스템에서는환자의평면이동및회전이동에대한보정을고려하고있으나환자의유동적인체표면의움직임은고려하고있지않다. 현재알고리즘에서는측면카메라로부터들어오는영상정보에서높이의변화만보정하고있으며길이방향의보정은 XY평면에서만보정하고있다. 따라서이에대한연구가더진행될필요가있다. 본실험에서사용하고있는전하결합소자카메라기반의환자위치추적장치로는정확한종양의위치변화를확인하기는어렵다. 따라서 X선영상을이용한종양의위치확인시스템의개발이필요하며본연구의최종목표이기도하다. James 등 12) 은진단용 X선영상을이용하여환자의치료준비위치를확인하고보정하는연구를발표하였다이는치료전환자의위치를확인하는데좋은방법으로현재양성자치료기의환자치료준비위치확인에사용되는기술과동일하다. 그러나이기술의한계는치료전의위치만확인할뿐치료중의위치변화는알기어렵다는단점이 있다. 따라서 Fig. 5와같이본연구의 3차원이동팬텀을발전시켜실제치료실의환자치료테이블에부착할수있고연동시스템까지연결이가능한 portable 이동치료대를설계제작중에있다. 이를이용하여실제환자의움직임을모사한실험이이루어질예정이다. 또한본연구에서환자의움직임이호흡에의한자연스러운움직임인지아니면인위적인또는무의식적인치료에영향을줄수있는움직임인지를분간할수있는방법또한개발이필요하다. 따라서환자의호흡패턴을인지하고이를바탕으로통계적모델링을설정한후이를바탕으로설정된움직임의허용범위를정하고호흡에의한움직임을배제한실제움직임만을분별하는연구또한병행할예정이다. 참고문헌 1. Cho BC, Huh HD, Kim JS, et al: Guideline for imaging dose on image-guided radiation therapy. Progress in Medical Physics 24(1):1-24 (2013) 2. ICRU Report 62: Prescribing Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy (supplement to ICRU Report 50). International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, MD. (1999) 3. Kwon KT, Lim SW, Park SH, et al: Evaluation of difference between skin motion and tumor motion for respiration gated radiotherapy. Progress in Medical Physics 19(1):14-20 (2008) 4. Huh HD, Choi SH, Kim WC, et al: Analysis of dose distribution on critical organs for radiosurgery with cyberknife real-time tumor tracking system. Progress in Medical Physics 20(1):14-20 (2009) 5. Seo JH, Kang YN, Jang JS, et al: Estimation of cyberknife respiratory tracking system using moving phantom. Progress in Medical Physics 20(4): (2009) 6. Hsi WC, Moyers MF, Nichiporov D, et al: Energy spectrum control for modulated proton beams. Medical Physics 36(6): (2009) 7. Anferov VA: Scan pattern optimization for uniform proton beam scanning. Medical Physics 36(8): (2009) 8. Farr JB, Dessy F, De Wilde O, et al: Fundamental radiological and geometric performance of two types of proton beam modulated discrete scanning systems. Medical Physics 40(7): (2013) 9. NI Vision Concepts Manual. National Instrument, Austin Texas (2005). pp Rogus RD, Stern RL, Kubo HD: Accuracy of a photogrammetry-based patient positioning and monitoring system for radiation therapy. Medical Physics 26(5): (1999) 11. Kim HY, Park YK, Kim IH, et al: Development of an optical-based image guidance system: Technique detecting ex

7 PROGRESS in MEDICAL PHYSICS Vol. 24, No. 3, September, 2013 ternal markers behind a full facemask. Medical Physics 38(6): (2011) 12. Schewe JE, Lam KL, Balter JM, et al: A room-based diagnostic imaging system for measurement of patient setup. Medical Physics 25(12): (1998) CCD 기반의방사선치료중실시간자동환자위치보정시스템개발 : 타당성연구 * 국립암센터양성자치료센터, 서울삼성의료원방사선종양학과, 고려대학교보건대학바이오융합공학과 신동호 * ㆍ정광주 ㆍ김미영 * ㆍ손재만 * ㆍ윤명근 ㆍ임영경 * ㆍ이세병 * 방사선치료시방사선이조사되는동안환자의움직임을모니터링하는것은치료의성공을결정하는중요한요인이다. 따라서방사선이조사되는동안환자의움직임을실시간으로감시하고움직인치료위치를자동으로보정할수있는시스템을개발하였다. 원점을중심으로직교하게위치한 2개의 CCD 카메라를이용하여 3차원적환자의위치를확인하고, 틀맞춘상호교차비교법 (normalized cross-correlation method) 을이용한영상본맞춤 (image pattern matching) 방법을이용한환자위치모니터링시스템을개발하였다. CCD카메라로부터촬영된영상을컴퓨터로전달하여위치변화를정량적으로분석하여빔켜고끔 (beam on and off) 를위한방아쇠신호 (trigger signal) 를발생시키고, 이동치료대 (moving couch) 의모터를제어할수있는시스템을개발하였다. 이시스템은 0.5 mm 이하의분해능으로환자의위치를자동으로보정할수있었다. 중심단어 : 3 차원무빙테이블, 위치보정, 환자위치, 게이팅

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