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1 [ 논문 ] 한국재료학회지 Korean J. Mater. Res. Vol. 26, No. 7 (2016) 저온브레이징용 Al-Si-Cu 합금의 Sn 첨가에따른융점및기계적특성변화연구 김민상 1 박천웅 1 변종민 1,2 김영도 1,2 1 한양대학교신소재공학과, 2 한양대학교산업과학연구소 Effect of Tin Addition on the Melting Temperatures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Cu Brazing Filler Metals Min Sang Kim 1, Chun Woong Park 1, Jong Min Byun 1,2 and Young Do Kim 1,2 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea 2 The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea (Received May 17, 2016 : Revised May 31, 2016 : Accepted June 16, 2016) Abstract For the development of a low-melting point filler metal for brazing aluminum alloy, we analyzed change of melting point and wettability with addition of Sn into Al-20Cu-10Si filler metal. DSC results showed that the addition of 5 wt% Sn into the Al-20Cu-10Si filler metal caused its liquidus temperature to decrease by about 30 o C. In the wettability test, spread area of melted Al-Cu-Si-Sn alloy is increased through the addition of Sn from 1 to 5 wt%. For the measuring of the mechanical properties of the joint region, Al 3003 plate is brazed by Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn filler metal and the mechanical property is measured by tensile test. The results showed that the tensile strength of the joint region is higher than the tensile strength of Al Thus, failure occurred in the Al 3003 plate. Key words brazing, aluminum alloy, bonding technology, melting point. 1. 서론 알루미늄은대표적인경량금속으로써비강도가우수하므로항공및자동차분야에서합금등의형태로폭넓게응용되고있으며, 1-5) 뛰어난열전도성으로인해자동차의라디에이터및오일쿨러등에도사용되고있다. 일반적으로자동차의라디에이터및오일쿨러는단위면적당표면적이클수록효과적인열교환이가능하므로이들에적용되는알루미늄합금은주로판재형태이며, 또한매우복잡한구조를가진다. 따라서이러한복잡한형상을구현하기위해각각의판재를접합하는공정이필수적으로요구되므로오늘날에는주로브레이징 (brazing) 공정이적용되고있다. 브레이징공정이란모재보다낮은융점을갖는용가재 (filler metal) 를용융시켜해당온 도에서고체상태로존재하는모재틈새로용융된용가재가모세관현상에의한침투를이용해접합하는방법이다. 6) 알루미늄합금의브레이징공정에서가장보편적으로사용되는용가재는 Al-12Si 합금으로 7) 융점은 577 o C 이며, 실제공정에서는융점보다 20~30 o C 높은온도인 590~610 o C 8) 의온도범위에서용융되어접합재로작용하게된다. Al-12Si 용가재를사용하였을때우수한접합특성은얻을수있지만, 모재로사용되는알루미늄합금의녹는점과브레이징공정온도사이에큰차이가없어열화에의한모재의기계적특성저하및휨현상등변형의문제점이발생하게된다. 또한 2024, 5083, 7075 알루미늄합금의융점은 Al-12Si 용가재의융점보다낮아 9) 브레이징공정에 Al-12Si 조성의용가재사용에제한이따르게된다. 따라서이러한열화에의한모 Corresponding author ydkim1@hanyang.ac.kr (Y. D. Kim, Hanyang Univ.) Materials Research Society of Korea, All rights reserved. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 376

2 저온브레이징용 Al-Si-Cu 합금의 Sn 첨가에따른융점및기계적특성변화연구 377 재의손상및다양한알루미늄합금에브레이징을통한접합을적용하기위해새로운조성의저융점용가재의필요성이대두되었고, 이를위해 Al-Si 합금에다양한첨가원소를첨가하여융점을낮추며접합부의기계적특성향상을위한다양한연구들이진행되었다 ) 이와관련하여 Tsao 등 14) 은 Al-Si 합금에 Cu 를첨가함에따른기계적특성의변화를평가하기위해 Al6061 합금으로제조된인장시편을 Al-Si-Cu 용가재로접합후인장테스트를진행하여접합부의기계적특성을평가하였고, 그결과첨가된 Cu 는 Al 기지상과반응하여 Al 2 Cu 상을형성하고고용강화효과를나타내어기계적특성을향상시키는것으로보고하였다. 또한 Chuang 등 15) 은 Al-Si 합금에 Cu 첨가량에따른융점의변화를평가하기위해 0-40 wt% Cu 를첨가후 DSC 를통해융점변화를관찰하였고, 그결과 Cu 첨가량이 30 % 가될때까지는융점이 577 o C 에서 534 o C 까지감소하여융점감소효과가나타났지만 30 % 이상첨가하였을때는더이상의융점감소효과가없다고보고하였다. 하지만 Cu 첨가에따른융점감소효과에도불구하고실제브레이징공정은재료의융점보다 20~30 o C 높은온도에서진행되어 Al-Si-Cu 조성의용가재또한모재의기계적특성및변형의문제를해결하기엔여전히융점이높다는문제가있어보다낮은융점의용가재개발이요구되고있다. 따라서본연구에서는 Al-Cu-Si 합금에융점이낮은 Sn 을첨가하여융점의감소및브레이징재료로써의적용가능여부를확인하고자하였다. 따라서 Sn 이첨가된 4 원계용가재를사용하여 Sn 함량에따른융점의감소를평가하고젖음성을분석하여브레이징용가재로의사용가능여부를확인하였다. 또한이러한용가재를사용하여모재를접합시켰을때의기계적특성평가를진행하여접합부의기계적특성을확인하였다. 2. 실험방법 저융점브레이징용용가재를제조하고자본연구에서는진공유도로 (10 3 torr) 를이용하여 Al-20Cu-10Si(wt%) 조성의합금및 Al-20Cu-10Si-(1,3,5)Sn 조성의합금을 1150 o C 에서 1 분간유지후 graphite 몰드에주조하여제조하였고, 이후균질화를위한열처리를 470 o C 에서 5 시간동안진행하였다. 제조된시편에서 Sn 첨가량에따른내부에형성된상 (Phase) 변화및미세구조관찰을위해 #400 ~ #2000 까지폴리싱및미세연마후 XRD(RIKAGU D/Max 2500) 를통해상분석을진행하였다. 이후 EDS 를통해형성된상의조성을관찰하고 SEM 을통해미세구조를확인하였다. 또한 Al-20Cu-10Si 합금에 Sn 첨가량에따른 융점을파악하기위해 DSC(SDT Q600) 를이용하여상온에서 600 o C 까지 Ar 분위기에서승온속도는 10 o C/min 으로진행하여각조성에대한융점을파악하였다. 이후실제브레이징공정온도에서의젖음성을측정하기위해각조성의합금을와이어커팅을통해지름 5mm, 높이 1mm 의디스크형태로가공하였다. 가공된시편을 Al 3003 plate 위에위치시키고표면산화막제거를위해 Al-flux 를증류수와 1:9 로혼합하여가공시편위에도포후실험을진행하였다. 실험조건은 Ar 분위기에서 570 o C 까지승온속도는 5 o C/min 으로진행하였고 5 분간유지시간을두어젖음성을평가하였다. 각조성에대한젖음성실험후 Image analyzer(uthscasa Image Tool) 프로그램을이용하여재료의초기면적및퍼진면적을계산하여조성별젖음성을비교하였다. 융점및조성에따른젖음성테스트후실제브레이징공정을통해제조된시편의인장테스트를진행하였다. 모재는 Al 3003 을사용하여와이어커팅을통해 mm 3 으로가공하였고, 인장테스트시편제조에용가재로사용된 Al- 20Cu-10Si-5Sn 합금은와이어커팅을통해 mm 3 으로가공하여젖음성테스트에사용된 Al-flux : 증류수혼합 (1:9) 용액을도포후접합을진행하였다. 제조된인장시편을이용하여인장속도 5mm/min 으로파단이일어날때까지인장테스트를진행하였다. 3. 결과및고찰 Al-Cu-Si 합금및 Al-Cu-Si 합금에 Sn 을첨가한시편에대해 XRD 를통해상분석을진행하고 Fig. 1 에나타내었다. XRD 분석을통해 Al-20Cu-10Si 조성의 3 원계합금내에 Al, Al 2 Cu, Si 상이존재한다는것을 Fig. 1 의 XRD 패턴을통해확인하였고, Sn 이첨가된 4 원계합금에서는 Al, Al 2 Cu, Si, Sn 상의피크를확인하였 Fig. 1. XRD pattern of Al-Cu-Si ternary alloy and Al-Cu-Si-Sn quaternary alloys.

3 378 김민상 박천웅 변종민 김영도 Fig. 2. SEM images of Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn alloys and Component analysis through energy dispersive spectrometer(eds). 다. 이를통해첨가된 Sn 은다른원소와의반응을통한 2 차상의형성없이존재함을 XRD 분석을통해확인하였고, 이는 Al-Cu-Sn 3 원계상태도와유사한결과로판단된다. 16) 이후 Sn 첨가량별미세구조및각상의조성을확인하기위해 SEM-EDS 분석을진행하였고, EDS 분석 결과를 Fig. 2, Sn 첨가량별미세구조는 Fig. 3 에각각나타내었다. EDS 분석은 Sn 상의용이한관찰을위해 Sn 이가장많이첨가된 Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn 조성의시편을이용하여분석하였고, 미세구조이미지에표시된부분에대한 EDS 분석결과를나타내었다. 1 번부분의경우에는 98 % 이상의 Si 와미량의 Al, Cu 로구성된것으로보

4 저온브레이징용 Al-Si-Cu 합금의 Sn 첨가에따른융점및기계적특성변화연구 379 Fig. 3. Microstructure of heat treated (a) Al-Cu-Si ternary alloy and (b) Al-20Cu-10Si-1Sn, (c) Al-20Cu-10Si-3Sn, (d) Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn quaternary alloys. 아 Si 상으로판단되며, 2 번부분은 96 % 이상의 Al 과소량의 Cu, Si 이확인되었는데, 이는 Al-Cu-Si 3 원계상태도를통해확인한결과 Cu 와 Si 는 Al 에고용도를가지므로 Cu 와 Si 를고용한형태의 Al 기지상 (matrix) 으로판단된다. 또한 3 번부분은 Cu 와 Al 의 atomic ratio 가 1:2 를보이므로 θ 상 (Al 2 Cu) 으로판단된다. 이부분에서밝게나타난 4 번부분의상은 Sn 상으로확인되었다. EDS 분석을통해 Fig. 1 에나타낸 XRD 분석과동일하게 Al-Cu-Si-Sn 4 원계합금은 Al, Al 2 Cu, Si, Sn 상으로형성되어있으며 Sn 이다른원소와의반응없이존재함을확인할수있었다. EDS 분석결과를바탕으로 Fig. 3 에 SEM 이미지에분석된상을표시하여나타내었다. 모든조성에서미세구조는 Al 기지내에 Si, Al 2 Cu, Sn 상이존재하는구조를가지고있음을확인하였다. 또한, Sn 첨가량이증가함에따른미세구조변화는크게나타나지않았지만 θ 상주변에존재하는 Sn 상의분율이증가함을 SEM 을통해확인할수있었다. 이는시편제조과정에서용융된 Sn 이 Cu 에고용되고, 냉각과정에서 θ 상이형성될때 Sn 이석출되어나타난현상으로판단된다. Fig. 4 에는기존브레이징용용가재로사용되는 Al-Cu- Si 3 원계합금에저융점금속인 Sn 을 1, 3, 5 wt% 를첨가하였을때의융점변화를확인하기위해 DSC 곡선을통해각시편의융점을분석하여나타내었다. DSC 곡 Fig. 4. DSC curves of the Al-20Cu-10Si filler metal and Al-Cu-Si- Sn filler metals. 선을통해기존에브레이징용가재로사용되던 Al-20Cu- 10Si 조성을갖는합금의흡열피크는 524 o C, 548 o C 에서확인되었으며, 548 o C 정도의흡열피크를나타내는 3 원계합금에 Sn 을첨가하였을때, Sn 의첨가량에따라흡열피크가나타나는온도가 520 o C 까지감소되는것을확인할수있다. 이러한결과는 Sn 첨가량이증가할수록브레이징공정중나타나는 Sn 액상량이증가하게되고, Sn 액상량이증가함에따라기지상으로존재하는 Al 의융점이감소하여 17) 나타난결과로판단된다.

5 380 김민상 박천웅 변종민 김영도 Fig. 6. Rockwell hardness of the Al-20Cu-10Si filler metal and the Al-Cu-Si-Sn filler metals. Fig. 5. (a) Schematic information of measuring the wettability, (b) Image of spread area of Al-Cu-Si-Sn filler metal, (c) Analyzed image of initial location of specimens, spread area, circumscribed circle of spread area. 이후제조된합금의브레이징특성평가를목적으로각조성에대해젖음성테스트를진행하였다. 젖음성이높을수록접합과정에서모재사이로모세관현상에의한침투가일어나기용이하므로각조성의젖음성을평가하여그결과를 Fig. 5 에나타내었다. Fig. 5 의 (a) 는 Al- Cu-Si-Sn 조성용가재의브레이징전, 후의형상을모식도로나타내었고, Fig. 5(b) 는실제젖음성실험후의이미지, (c) 에는 Fig. 5 의 (b) 를바탕으로초기용가재의위치및퍼진면적 (spread area), 퍼진면적의외접한원을나타내었다. 이후 Image analyzer 프로그램을이용하여퍼진면적을계산하여 Table 1 에나타내었다. Sn 이첨가된 Al-Cu-Si 3 원계합금은 Ar 분위기하 570 o C 에서 5 min 간열처리결과모든조성에서용융이발생하였고, Table 1 에나타나듯이 Sn 의첨가량이 1, 3, 5 wt% 로증가할수록퍼진면적은각각평균 1.71, 2.46, 3.34 cm 2 로나타났다. 이는 Sn 함량이증가할수록융점감소에의해액상출현시기가빨라져동일열처리시간동안더넓은면적으로퍼져나간것으로판단된다. Fig. 6 에는 Sn 첨가량에따른 Al-Cu-Si-Sn 합금의로크웰경도를측정하여나타내었다. 로크엘경도는 Rockwell Fig. 7. (a) Schematic information of tensile test specimen jointed by Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn filler metal, (b) the result of tensile test and failure occurred in Al3003 plate. C scale ( 하중 150 kg) 으로설정하여모든시편에대해 20 회측정후평균값으로나타내었다. 기존 Al-20Cu-10Si 조성과비교하여 1wt% Sn 이첨가되었을때의평균경도값은각각 14.23, 7.68 HRc 로나타났고, Sn 이첨가됨에따라서기계적특성은절반정도의값으로감소하는것을확인하였다. 또한 Sn 의첨가량이증가함에따라서기계적특성또한지속적으로감소하는경향을확인하였다. 이러한결과는 Sn 첨가량증가에따라 Fig. 3 의미세구조와같이경도가낮은 Sn 상 (Sn-cluster) 의분율이증가하여전체적인기계적특성의감소를가져온것으로판단된다. Table 1. Calculated spread area via Image analyzer program. No. Composition Spread area Average 1 Al-20Cu-10Si-1Sn 1.72 cm cm cm cm 2 2 Al-20Cu-10Si-3Sn 2.51 cm cm cm cm 2 3 Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn 3.52 cm cm cm cm 2

6 저온브레이징용 Al-Si-Cu 합금의 Sn 첨가에따른융점및기계적특성변화연구 381 위와같은실험통해본연구에서는 Al-20Cu-10Si 조성의용가재용합금에 Sn 을첨가하였을때, 융점의감소및동일온도에서우수한젖음성을확인하였다. 이러한 Sn 이첨가된 4 원계용가재를실제브레이징공정에서접합시켰을때의접합도를확인하기위해앞서가장낮은융점을나타내며높은젖음성을보인 Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn 합금을이용하여모재로사용된 Al3003 합금을접합후인장테스트를진행하였다. 인장테스트의모식도및인장테스트후파단모양을 Fig. 7 의 (a), (b) 에각각나타내었다. 인장테스트결과접합면이아닌모재 (Al 3003) 에서파단이일어났으며 (Fig. 5(b)), 이를통해접합면의인장강도가모재의인장강도보다높아실제브레이징공정에적용이가능할것으로판단된다. 4. 결론 기존 Al-20Cu-10Si 3 원계용가재에 1, 3, 5 wt% Sn 을첨가하였을때 Sn 은다른원소와의반응없이존재하는것을 SEM 및 XRD 를통해확인하였다. 또한 Sn 첨가량이증가할수록재료의융점이하락하는것을 DSC 곡선을통해확인할수있었고, 이는융점이낮은 (232 o C) Sn 의첨가량이증가함에따라 Sn 상의분율이증가하고열처리후급속냉각과정에서일부의 Sn 이 Al-Cu 상에고용되어전체적인융점이감소한것으로판단된다. 또한각조성의융점과함께브레이징특성에영향을미치는젖음성을동일조건하에서측정한결과, Al-Cu- Si 3 원계시편은용융되지않았지만, Sn 이첨가된모든시편은용융되어일정면적의퍼짐성을나타내었으며, 5 wt% Sn 이첨가된시편의평균면적 3.34 cm 2 으로가장젖음성이좋은것으로확인되었다. 또한 Sn 첨가에따른기계적특성의변화를확인하기위해로크웰경도를측정하여기계적특성을평가한결과, Sn 첨가량이증가할수록기계적특성이감소함을확인할수있었다. 이러한이유는경도가낮은금속이다른원소와의 2 차상형성없이존재하여 Sn 첨가량이증가할수록경도가감소한것으로판단된다. 실제브레이징공정에적용가능성판단을위해가장낮은융점및높은젖음성을나타낸 Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn 조성의용가재를이용하여모재 (Al 3003) 를접합후인장테스트를이용하여인장강도를측정한결과, 접합부의인장강도가모재의인장강도보다우수하여모재에서파단이일어나는것을확인하였다. 따라서 5wt% Sn 을첨가하였을때, 우수한브레이징특성을나타내는것을확인하였고, 접합부에서의기계적특성이모재보다우수하여브레이징용 가재로사용이가능하다고판단된다. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Technological Innovation R&D Program(S ) funded by the Small and Medium Business Administration(SMBA, Korea). This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2016- R1A6A1A ). References 1. A. Sharma, Y. S. Shin and J. P. Jung, J. Weld. Joining, 33, 1 (2015). 2. R. S. Timsit and B. J. Janeway, Weld. Res., 119s-128s (1994). 3. W. Dai, S. Xue, J. Lou and S. Wang, Mater. Trans., 53, 1638 (2012). 4. I. C. Yeo and I. C. Kang, J. Korean Powder Metall. Inst., 22, 21 (2015). 5. G. J. Jang, K. T. Kim, S. S. Yang, Y. J. Kim and Y. H, Park, J. Korean Powder Metall. Inst., 21, 460 (2014). 6. Y. Sugiyama, Weld. Int., 3, 700 (1989). 7. N. Hayasaka, Y. Koga, K. Shimomura, Y. Yoshida and H. Okano, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 30, 1571 (1991). 8. T. Hattori, S. Sakai, A. Sakamoto and C. Fujiwara, Weld. J., 73, 233s-240s (1994). 9. L. C. Tsao, M. J. Chiang, W. H. Lin, M. D. Cheng and T. H. Chuang, Mater. Charact., 48, 341 (2002). 10. T. L. Su, S. S. Wang, L. C. Tsao, S. Y. Chang, T. H. Chuang and M. S. Yeh, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 11, 187 (2002). 11. S. Kanae, K. Minoru and T. Yo, J. Jpn. Inst. L. Metals, 43, 533 (1993). (in Japan) 12. Y. Shi, L. Shao, J. Huang and Y. Gu, Mater. Sci. Technol., 29, 1118 (2013). 13. L. C. Tsao, W. P. Weng, M. D. Cheng, C. W. Tsao and T. H. Chuang, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 11, 360 (2002). 14. L. C. Tsao, T. C. Tsai, C. S. Wu and T. H. Chuang, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 10, 705 (2001). 15. T. H. Chuang, M. S. Yeh, L. C. Tsao, T. C. Tsai and C. S. Wu, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 31A, 2239 (2000). 16. H. R.,Kotadia, E. Doernberg, J. B. Pater, Z. Fan and R. Schmid-fetzer, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 40A, 2202 (2009). 17. P. Franke and D. Neuschutz, Binary Systems (Part 5: Binary systems supplement 1), 1-4, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Germany (2007).

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