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1 단일기관에서시행한복강경근치적신적출술에서수술방법에따른술기비교 : 경복막접근법과후복막접근법및손을이용한접근법 Comparison of Techniques for Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy in a Single Center: Transperitoneal vs. Retroperitoneal vs. Hand-Assisted Jung Min Ha, Tae Hyo Kim, Won Yeol Cho, Se Il Jung, Gyung Tak Sung, Jin Han Yoon From the Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea Purpose: Laparoscopic surgery has become the standard method of radical nephrectomy within the urological community. We compared the safety and efficacy of different techniques for laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) in a single medical center. Materials and Methods: Between June 2002 and August 2007, we performed LRN for renal cell cancer in 45 cases by a transperitoneal approach (TLRN), in 21 cases by a retroperitoneal approach (RLRN), and in 32 cases by a hand-assisted approach (HLRN), and the results of each approach were compared. Surgical results such as operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), transfusion rate, hospital stay, complications, and pathologic results were reviewed retrospectively and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results: There were no significant differences in demographic data among the 3 groups. The pathologic reports showed clear cell type in 97 cases and chromophobe type in 1 case. For each group (TLRN vs. RLRN vs. HLRN), the mean operative time was 207.9±57.06 vs ±52.85 vs ± minutes, respectively (p=0.03); the EBL was 135.0±29.40 vs ± vs ±89.25 ml, respectively (p=0.14); time to oral intake was 2.3± 0.79 vs. 1.2±0.54 vs. 2.6±0.84 days, respectively (p<0.01); and the hospital stay was 6.7±0.77 vs. 5.4±0.73 vs. 8.2±1.51 days, respectively (p<0.01). There were no severe complications. The pathologic surgical margins were all negative. Conclusions: LRN can be performed efficiently and effectively with the transperitoneal, retroperitoneal, and hand-assisted techniques. Operators may select the technique for LRN according to their own preferences. In our experience, RLRN may protect the organ from injury and promote the recovery of lifestyle because of the early recovery of bowel movement. (Korean J Urol 2009;50: ) Key Words: Renal cell carcinoma, Laparoscopy, Nephrectomy Korean Journal of Urology Vol. 50 No. 7: , July 2009 DOI: /kju 동아대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실 하정민ㆍ김태효ㆍ조원열정세일ㆍ성경탁ㆍ윤진한 Received:February 25, 2009 Accepted:June 17, 2009 Correspondence to: Jin Han Yoon Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, 3-ga, Dongdaeshindong, Seo-gu, Busan , Korea TEL: FAX: jhyoon@dau.ac.kr This study was supported by Korean Prostate Research Foundation. C The Korean Urological Association, 2009 서론최근복강경근치적신적출술은신장암환자에서표준화된치료법으로널리시행되고있다 년 Clayman 등 2 이 처음으로복강경을이용한신적출술을보고한이후복강경신적출술이널리시행되었고, 1998년에는 Rassweiler 등 3 이 482명의환자에서복강경신적출술을시행한경험을보고하였다. 복강경수술은최소화된절개를하며, 술후통증경감및재원기간의단축, 조기회복등의많은장점을가지 675

2 676 Korean Journal of Urology vol. 50, , July 2009 고있다. 4,5 신장수술과관련하여최소침습적치료방법에대한관심이높아지고복강경기구와재료의기술적발전이이루지면서많은의료센터에서신장암의표준화된치료방법으로빠르게자리를잡았다. 4,6 복강경근치적신적출술은접근법에따라복강내접근법과후복강접근법및손을이용한복강내접근법으로크게분류할수있다. 본원에서는현재까지세가지방법을모두사용하고있어각각의방법을이용한복강경근치적신적출술시행후후향적으로임상결과를비교분석하여각각의술기를비교하여안전성과효율성을확인하고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상 2002년 1월부터 2007년 8월까지방사선학적으로초기신세포암 (T1, T2) 으로진단된환자와 T3 중에서도복강경수술이가능하였던환자중에서손을이용한복강경근치적신적출술을시행받은 32례와경복막복강경근치적신적출술 45례, 후복막복강경근치적신적출술 21례를대상으로하였다. 수술전모든환자에서전산화단층촬영과단순흉부촬영을하였고필요시전신골주사를시행하였다. 경복막복강경수술군에서 T1aN0M0 20례, T1bN0M0 18례, T2N0M0 4례, T3aN0M0 2례, T3bN1M0 1례, 후복막복강경수술군에서 T1aN0M0 10례, T1bN0M0 6례, T2N0M0 3례, T3aN0M0 1례, T3aN1M0 1례, 손을이용한복강경수술군에서 T1aN0M0 15례, T1bN0M0 9례, T2N0M0 4례, T3aN0M0 2례, T3bN1M1 2례였다. 이중손을이용한복강경수술을시행받은환자 32례중 2례는술전영상검사에서골전이와폐전이가발견되어대상에서제외하였다. 술전영상검사에서신종물은모두고형종물이었고평균최장직경은경복막복강경수술군이 4.8±1.86 cm, 후복막복강경수술군이 4.6±2.47 cm, 손을이용한복강경수술군이 5.1±3.42 cm였다 (p=0.86). 평균연령은각각 52.9±9.50세, 52.2±9.70세, 50.7± 12.30세였으며 (p=0.75), 신체질량지수는각각 23.4±2.46 kg/m 2, 24.3± 2.17 kg/m 2, 23.5±3.28 kg/m 2 였다 (p=0.34) (Table 1). 세군간의술전척도에서통계적인차이는없었다. 2. 분석방법경복막복강경수술군과후복막복강경수술군및손을이용한복강경수술군에서세군의수술시간, 수술중실혈량, 술후합병증, 술후정상식이까지의시간, 입원기간, 종양학적결과등을임상기록을통하여후향적으로비교하였으며, 통계프로그램은 SPSS 7.0을이용하여 one way ANOVA를사용하였으며, p값이 0.05 미만인경우에통계학적의미가있는것으로판단하였다. 3. 수술방법경복막근치적신적출술과손을이용한복강경근치적신적출은같은순서로시행되었다. 비강영양튜브를삽입후완전측와위로수술을진행하였다. 배꼽주위를절개하여복강경포트를설치하고, 내시경직시하에작업용포트를설치하였다 (Fig. 1). 우측신적출술의경우상행결장외측의 Toldt 선을따라절개를하여결장을신하극의아래로견인한후복강경가위 (endoscissors) 와갈고리 (hook) 를이용하여 Gerota's 근막과신주위지방조직을박리하였고, 좌측신적출술의경우는하행결장외측의 Toldt 선을따라절개한후같은방법으로장을아래로견인하였다. 장골동맥부위에서요관을확인후 5 mm Hem-o-lok clip (Weck pilling, USA) 으로결찰후절단하였다. 요관을절단부위에서신장쪽으로박리하면서신문부위에서신동맥과신정맥을충분히노출하였다. 신문을확인후신동맥을 10 mm Hem-o-lok clip과 Titanium clip (Tyco, USA / Ethicon, USA) 을사용하여결찰하였고, 신정맥은 Endo-GIA stapler (Ethicon, USA) 를이용하여절단하였다. 신장의상극은부신을보존하기위해 Gerota's fascia를절개하여신장실질을확인하면서부신을외측으로밀면서경계면을확보하면서절단하였 Table 1. Patient demographics Transperitoneal Retroperitoneal Hand-assisted p-value No. of patients Age (years) Male/Female BMI (kg/m 2 ) ASA scores Left/Right Tumor size (cm) ± / ± (2-3) 16/14 4.8±1.86 BMI: body mass index, ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists ± /7 24.3± (1-4) 8/13 4.6± ± /7 23.5± (1-4) 15/15 5.1±

3 Jung Min Ha, et al:comparison of Lapa. Radical Nephrectomy Techniques 677 Fig. 1. The port site for the three approaches to laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. (A) Transperitoneal approach. (B) Handassisted approach. (C) Retroperitoneal approach. 다. 이때우측신적출술의경우는십이지장의세번째부위를확인하였고, 좌측신적출술의경우는췌장의꼬리부분에주의하면서절단하였다. 신장이주위조직으로부터완전히박리된후경복막복강경근치적신적출술의경우제대부투심관부위를 5 cm 정도절개하여 Endocatch II (Tyco, USA) 주머니를복강내로밀어넣고조직을 Endocatch II 주머니에담아절개창을통해제거하였고, 손을이용한근치적신적출술의경우는 hand port를통해신장을제거하였다. 복강내출혈부위를확인하고투심관부위복막을봉합, 배액관을유치한뒤수술을끝마쳤다. 후복막근치적신적출술은전신마취하에서요도관을삽입하고완전측와위로수술을진행하였다. 위앞엉덩뼈가시 (anterior superior iliac spine) 와열두번째늑골사이를절개하여후복강의지방조직을확인한후도뇨관에연결한수술용장갑의중지부분을삽입하고, 공기를 300 cc 주입하여후복강을확보하고, 망원경 (telescope) 을삽입하여작업용포트를삽입할정도의후복강공간을만든후, 작업용포트 (working port) 5 mm와 10 mm를삽입하였다 (Fig. 1). 후복막강의지방조직을제거하면서큰허리근 (psoas muscle) 을확인하여해부학적지표로삼아큰허리근의내측으로박리를진행하여요관과생식샘혈관을확인하면서상부로박리를 진행하였다. 신문부부위에서신동맥을확인하고, 신동맥의앞쪽으로박리를진행하여신정맥을노출시켰다. 신동맥과신정맥을 Hem-o-lok clip을이용하여결찰을시행하였다. 신장주위조직을박리하여신장을제거하였다. 모든수술에서신문부주위의림프절전이가의심되는경우에서는림프절조직을제거하였다. 동측부신은보전을원칙으로하여수술을진행하였으나, 수술도중부신손상에의한출혈이있을경우제거하였다. 결과세군모두전례에서종물의병리학적진단은신세포암이었으며세포유형은복강경수술군 1례에서 chromophobe type이었으며나머지는모두 clear cell type이었다. 술중출혈량은경복막복강경수술군이 135.0±29.40 ml, 후복막복강경수술군이 153.8±45.59 ml, 손을이용한복강경수술군이 183.4±89.25 ml였고 (p=0.03), 평균수술시간은각각 207.9± 57.06분, 211.8±52.85분, 184.4±49.43분이었다 (p=0.14). 술후정상식이까지의시간은각각 2.3±0.79일, 1.2±0.54일, 2.6± 0.84일이었으며 (p<0.05), 평균재원기간은 6.7±0.77일, 5.4±0.73일, 8.2±1.51일이었다 (p<0.05). 술후통증조절을

4 678 Korean Journal of Urology vol. 50, , July 2009 Table 2. Perioperative outcomes Transperitoneal Retroperitoneal Hand-assisted p-value EBL (ml) Operative time (min) Time to oral intake (days) Pain control: pethidine HCL (mg/days) Post-operative hospital stay (days) Surgical margin 135.0± ± ± ± ±0.77 All negative 153.8± ± ± ± ±0.73 All negative 183.4± ± ± ± ±1.51 All negative Data represented as mean (range). EBL: estimated blood loss Table 3. Pathologic data and follow-up data Transperitoneal Retroperitoneal Handassisted Followup months 43.6 (20-62) 19.1 (14-33) 46.8 (24-70) T stage (%) T1a T1b T T Recurrence/metastasis rate (%) 4.4 (2/45) (1/30) Survival rate (%) 위해 pethidine HCL을사용하였으며, 경복막복강경수술군이 151.1±43.25 mg/day, 후복막복강경수술군이 148.2± mg/day, 손을이용한복강경수술군이 158.5±41.13 mg/day를사용하였다 (p=0.34). 세군모두출혈이나주요장기손상과같은심각한합병증은없었으며개복으로의전환도없었다 (Table 2). 경복막수술군에서술중신정맥손상이있었으나, Hem-o-lok과클립을이용하여안전하게결찰이가능하였으며, 그외술후상처감염이 3례, 무기폐 (atelectasis) 3례, 절개헤르니아 (incisional hernia) 1례가있었다. 상처감염과무기폐는보존적치료를시행하였으며, 절개헤르니아는수술을시행하여교정하였다. 술후조직검사결과는경복막복강경수술군에서 T1aN0M0 20례, T1bN0M0 16례, T2N0M0 5례, T3bN0M0 4례, 후복막복강경수술군에서 T1aN0M0 10례, T1bN0M0 5례, T2N0M0 4례, T3aN0M0 2례, 손을이용한복강경수술군에서 T1aN0M0 15례, T1bN0M0 9례, T2N0M0 4례, T3aN0M0 1례였다. 술후평균추적관찰기간은각각 43.6개월, 19.1개월, 46.8개월이었다 (Table 3). 경복막복강경수술군에서는 2명에서폐전이가발견되어면역치료를시행중이며, 후복막복강경수술군에서는추적관찰기간이짧았던이유로현재까지국소재발이나전신전이가나타나지않았다. 손을이용한복 강경수술군에서는 1례에서뼈전이와림프선전이가관찰되었으나, 전이가관찰될당시진행된자궁경부암을새로이진단받아자궁경부암의림프선전이에준해항암치료및방사선치료를받고경과관찰중이다. 수술시간의추이를도표를이용해서분석한결과, 경복막접근법의경우수술시간의단축을보인반면, 후복막접근법과손을이용한접근법의경우현저한수술시간의단축은관찰되지않았다 (Fig. 2). 고찰 1991년 Clayman 등 2 과 Portis와 Clayman 7 에의해경복막복강경근치적신적출술이시행되어진이후에는여러가지장점으로인해신장암의치료에서개복근치적적출술을대신할수있는표준치료방법으로제안되고있다. 복강경근치적신적출술을시행한초기에는신종양이신장에국한되고 10 cm 미만인경우에서시행되었으나, 최근에는그적응증이넓어져 12 cm의신종양과병기가 T3N0M0인신종양에서도복강경수술이시행되고있다. 8,9 많은연구에서복강경수술과개복술을비교분석하여, 술후진통제사용량의감소와빠른식이재개및짧은재원기간, 일상생활로의빠른복귀를보고하였는데, Gill 등 6 은후복막접근법을사용한 34례의복강경근치적신적출술을개복수술과비교하여출혈량, 술후합병증, 진통제사용및재원기간에서의미있는감소를보고하였다. 또, Ono 등 10 은복강경근치적신적출술을시행한 60례와개복수술을받은 40례를비교분석하여, 실혈량과일상생활로의복귀에걸린시간에서유의한감소를보고하였다. 심한유착과크기의증가는술기를어렵게만들고, 그로인해복강경을기본으로한술자의다양한경험과다양한수술방법이보고되었다. 복강경을기본으로한근치적신적출술은크게손을이용한복강경수술을하는경우와손을이용하지않는표준복강경수술로나누고, 또접근법에따라경복막접근법과후복막접근법으로나눌수있다. 본

5 Jung Min Ha, et al:comparison of Lapa. Radical Nephrectomy Techniques 679 Fig. 2. The change in operative time with the (A) transperitoneal approach, (B) retroperitoneal approach, and (C) hand-assisted approach. 원에서는경복막과후복막을이용한표준복강경근치적신적출술과손을이용한경복막복강경근치적신적출술을시행하고있다. 복강경을이용한신적출술은술자의숙련도와선호도에따라다양한방법으로수술을진행할수있다. 경복막접근법은 Portis와 Clayman 7 에의해초기부터소개되었으나, 후복막접근법은 1992년 Gaur 11 가풍선을이용하여후복막강에필요한공간을확보한뒤신주위조직을박리하는방법을소개하였다. 후복막접근법은복강내장기에손상을줄가능성이거의없고후복강내에서수술이이루어지므로장과관련된합병증이없으며복강내수술의병력이있는환자에서도복강경수술이가능하다는장점이있다. 그러나, 수술공간과시야가좁아좋은시야를확보하기어렵고어려우며해부학적 landmark가없어초보자가수술을시작하기어려운단점이있다. 경복막접근법의경우는반대로복강내장기손상의가능성이있으나, 넓은수술공간으로수술이용이하며술식이표준화되어초보자도쉽게시도할수있다. 최근 Nambirajan 등 12 은 40명의환자에서경복막접근법과후복막접근법을전향적으로비교분석하여두군간의이환율과술기의기술적어려움에별 차이가없다고보고하였고, Desai 등 13 이경복막접근법 52 례와후복막접근법 50례를전향적으로비교분석하여후복막접근법이경복막접근법에비해전체수술시간과신문부혈관을결찰하는데효과적이었으며, 그외결과에서는차이가없는것으로보고하였다. 후복막접근법을시행한본원의경험으로는, 경복막접근법에비해신문부혈관의접근이용이하고, Hem-o-lok clip을이용하여혈관을결찰할때도혈관의노출각도가결찰하기쉽게노출되어 Endo- GIA stapler를사용할필요없이 Hem-o-lok clip 만으로충분히신정맥을결찰할수있다는장점이있었다. 또한, 초기에해부학적 landmark가없어다소시간이소요되었으나, 해부학적으로후복강에익숙해짐에따라수술시간이단축되었다. 손을이용하여시행한경복막복강경근치적신적출술은 Wolf 등 14 에의해처음으로보고되었고, 개복과같은촉각을그대로유지하여 3차원적인구조를인식할수있으며, 손이들어가는절개창을통해신장을제거하므로, 추가적인절개창을내지않는다는장점으로이후에도많은센터에서시행되어졌다. 최근에는신정맥을침범한 tumor thrombi가있는경우에서도수술이보고되었다. 15 다양한

6 680 Korean Journal of Urology vol. 50, , July 2009 dissecting balloon의개발로경복막접근시발생할수있는장과관련된합병증을방지하기위해손을이용한후복막근치적신적출술이보고되었다. 16 손을이용한복강경수술에서두접근법에대해서는아직널리연구되지않았지만, Shiraishi 등 17 이손을이용한복강경근치적신적출술 26례에서 14례의경복막접근법과 12례의후복막접근법을비교분석하였다. 수술시간은경복막접근법이통계적으로유의하게빨랐으나, 출혈이나합병증및식이재개시간등에서는두군간에유의한차이가없는것으로보고하였고, 후복강내에손과기구를이용하여충분한공간을만들어근치적신적출술을안전하게시행할수있었다고보고하였다. 또, 신장주위의지방조직이풍부한경우는경복막접근법을사용할것을주장하였다. 또, Nelson과 Wolf 18 는손을이용하지않는표준복강경근치적신적출술과손을이용한복강경근치적신적출술을비교하였다. 표준복강경수술군 16례와손을이용한복강경수술군 22례를비교하여손을이용한복강경수술군이평균 6.3 cm의종물을대상으로하였고, 표준복강경수술군은평균 4.1 cm의종물을대상으로하였다. 수술시간은손을이용한경우에서통계적으로유의하게짧았고, 그외합병증, 이환율및식이재개기간등에서는두군간에유의한차이는없었다. Baldwin 등 19 은표준복강경수술군과손을이용한복강경수술군및개복수술군을비교하였는데, 표준복강경수술군과손을이용한복강경수술군에서개복수술군에비해진통제사용량과식이재개기간에서유의한결과를보였고, 표준복강경수술군이술후이환율이낮고, 수술비용면에서도우수한결과를보인것으로보고하였다. Venkatesh 등 20 은전향적으로두수술군을비교분석하였는데, 두군간의술전후다양한척도에서모두유의한차이가없는것으로보고하였다. 본원에서시행한세군의수술결과에서도수술시간과출혈량은통계학적으로차이가없었으나, 술후식이재개까지의시간과재원기간에서는후복막접근법이통계적으로유의한의미가있었다. Nelson과 Wolf 18 는합병증의발생에서손을이용한복강경수술군에서표준복강경수술군에비해합병증발생률이높았으나, 통계학적인의미는없었다고보고하였고, Venkatesh 등 20 도두군간의합병증발생률은차이가없었다고보고하였다. 저자들의경우에서도세군모두심각한합병증은발생하지않았고, 개복으로전환한경우는없었다. 술후장의운동과관련하여식이재개까지기간은후복막복강경수술군에서의미있는감소를보였다. Cadeddu 등 21 은후향적으로표준복강경신적출술을시행한다기관자료를분석하였다. 157명을대상으로하여평균추적관찰기간 19.2개월동안 4명 (2.5%) 에서전이가발견 되었으며, 종양과관련하여사망한예는없었고, 투심관부위나신장오목 (renal fossa) 의국소재발은관찰되지않았다. 국내에서도최근개복수술과복강경수술을비교한문헌에서도두군간의종양학적결과와술전후척도에서나은결과를보고하였다. 22 본원에서시행한세군의결과에서도비슷한결과가보였으나, 후복막복강경수술군은추적관찰기간이짧아지속적인관찰이필요하다. Nadler 등 23 은단일술자에서병기가 T1인신장암환자에서세가지복강경수술군을비교하였는데, 손을이용한복강경수술군에서짧은수술시간을보고하였다. 또, 경복막복강경수술군에서짧은재원기간과일상생활로의복귀를보고하였다. 본원의경험과는다른결과를보이고있으나, 단일술자에서다른세가지수술방법을비교한의의는있을것으로생각한다. 그러나, 세가지수술방법을시행한환자군의수가적어서각술기에얼마나숙달된상태에서수술을진행하였는지의문을가질수있다. 그에비해본원의경우세가지술기에충분한경험을한술자들의결과를비교하여의미있는비교분석으로생각한다. Vargas 등 24 은수술횟수에따른복강경수술의학습곡선을보고하였는데, 경험이증가할수록수술시간의단축을보고하였다. Nelson과 Wolf 18 는표준복강경수술군과손을이용한복강경수술군간의학습곡선을비교하였다. 두군에서의수술시간을분석하였는데, 표준복강경수술군에서는경험이생길수록수술시간이유의하게감소하였고손을이용한복강경수술군에서는수술시간의변화가없는것으로보고하였고, 이를근거로손을이용한복강경수술이초보자에게좋은수술방법이라고주장하였다. 본원의경험에서도경복막수술군의경우수술경험이 15례에서수술시간의단축을확인할수있었고, 그이후에는술기가더익숙해짐에따라개복수술과비슷한수술시간이소요됨을관찰할수있었다. 후복막수술군에서는 17례의수술을시행하고서야수술시간의단축을보여주었다. 손을이용한복강경수술군의경우처음예에서부터짧은수술시간을보이면서마지막예에서도비슷한수술시간을보였다. 결론최근신종양환자에서복강경을이용한근치적신적출술은널리이용되고있다. 표준복강경근치적신적출술과손을이용한복강경근치적신적출술모두안전하고효과적으로신종양을제거할수있는수술방법으로생각한다. 초보자의경우학습곡선이짧은손을이용한복강경수술이초기에많은도움이될수있을것이며, 학습곡선이가장긴후복막을통한표준복강경근치적신적출술은경험이

7 Jung Min Ha, et al:comparison of Lapa. Radical Nephrectomy Techniques 681 축적된다면환자의술후회복과관련하여가장좋은수술방법이될수있을것으로생각한다. 본원에서시행하고있는복강경을이용한신적출술의모든방법은술자의경험과교육에따라선택할수있으며, 모두안전하고효과적인수술방법으로생각한다. REFERENCES 1. Rodriguez A, Pow-Sang JM. Laparoscopic surgery in urologic oncology. Cancer Control 2006;13: Clayman RV, Kavoussi LR, Soper NJ, Dierks SM, Meretyk S, Darcy MD, et al. Laparoscopic nephrectomy: initial case report. J Urol 1991;146: Rassweiler J, Fornara P, Weber M, Janetschek G, Fahlenkamp D, Henkel T, et al. Laparoscopic nephrectomy: the experience of the laparoscopy working group of the German Urologic Association. J Urol 1998;160: Dunn MD, Portis AJ, Shalhav AL, Elbahnasy AM, Heidorn C, McDougall EM, et al. Laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy: a 9-year experience. J Urol 2000;164: Gill IS, Meraney AM, Schweizer DK, Savage SS, Hobart MG, Sung GT, et al. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in 100 patients: a single center experience from the Unitied States. Cancer 2001;92: Gill IS, Schweizer D, Hobart MG, Sung GT, Klein EA, Novick AC. Retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: the Cleveland clinic experience. J Urol 2000;163: Portis AJ, Clayman RV. Should laparoscopy be the standard approach used for radical nephrectomy? Curr Urol Rep 2001;2: Hsu TH, Gill IS, Fazeli-Matin S, Soble JJ, Sung GT, Schweizer D, et al. Radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy in the octogenarian and nonagenarian: comparison of laparoscopic and open approaches. Urology 1999;53: Wille AH, Roigas J, Deger S, Tullmann M, Turk I, Loening SA. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: techniques, results and oncological outcome in 125 consecutive cases. Eur Urol 2004;45: Ono Y, Kinukawa T, Hattori R, Yamada S, Nishiyama N, Mizutani K, et al. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a five-year experience. Urology 2001;53: Gaur DD. Laparoscopic operative retroperitoneoscopy: use of a new device. J Urol 1992;148: Nambirajan T, Jeschke S, Al-Zahrani H, Vrabec G, Leeb K, Janetschek G. Prospective, randomized controlled study: transperitoneal laparoscopic versus retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy. Urology 2004;64: Desai MM, Strzempkowski B, Matin SF, Steinberg AP, Ng C, Meraney AM, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. J Urol 2005;173: Wolf JS Jr, Moon TD, Nakada SY. Hand assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy: comparison to standard laparoscopic nephrectomy. J Urol 1998;160: Troxel S, Das S. Planned hand assisted laparoscopic left radical nephrectomy involving a level 1 renal vein tumor thrombus. J Urol 2002;168: Kawauchi A, Fujito A, Ukimura O, Soh J, Mizutani Y, Imaide Y, et al. Hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy: initial experience. Int J Urol 2002;9: Shiraishi K, Eguchi S, Mohri J, Kamiryo Y. Hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: comparison of the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2005;15: Nelson CP, Wolf JS Jr. Comparison of hand assisted versus standard laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for suspected renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2002;167: Baldwin DD, Dunbar JA, Parekh DJ, Wells N, Shuford MD, Cookson MS, et al. Single-center comparison of purely laparoscopic, hand-assisted laparoscopic, and open radical nephrectomy in patients at high anesthetic risk. J Endourol 2003;17: Venkatesh R, Belani JS, Chen C, Sundaram CP, Bhayani SB, Figenshau RS, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of laparoscopic and hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Urology 2007;70: Cadeddu JA, Ono Y, Clayman RV, Barrett PH, Janetschek G, Fentie DD, et al. Laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal cell cancer: evaluation of efficacy and safety: a multicenter experience. Urology 1998;52: Lee YS, Lee YH, Han WK, Soh BH, Yang SC, Rha KH. Laparoscopic transperitoneal radical nephrectomy for treating of renal cell carcinoma. Korean J Urol 2006;47: Nadler RB, Loeb S, Clemens JQ, Batler RA, Gonzalez CM, Vardi IY. A prospective study of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for T1 tumors-is transperitoneal, retroperitoneal or hand assisted the best approach? J Urol 2006;175: Vargas HI, Kavoussi LR, Bartlett DL, Wagner JR, Venzon DJ, Fraker DL, et al. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a new standard of care. Urology 1997;49:673-8

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