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1 KISEP Head and Neck Korean J Otolaryngol 2007;50:59-63 부인두강종양제거후발생한첫저작증후군의임상적고찰 부산대학교의과대학이비인후과학교실 이정훈 이병주 이진춘 왕수건 이상준 고의경 Clinical Analysis of First Bite Syndrome after Surgery of the Parapharyngeal Space Tumor Jung-Hoon Lee, MD, Byung-Joo Lee, MD, Jin-Choon Lee, MD, Soo-Geun Wang, MD, Sang-Joon Lee, MD and Eui-Kyong Goh, MD Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea ABSTRACT Background and Objectives:First bite syndrome is the development of pain in the parotid region after the first bite of each meal and can be seen after surgery of the parapharyngeal space tumor. The purpose of this study is to report the incidence and clinical courses of first bite syndrome after surgery of parapharyngeal space tumor. Subjects and Method:A retrospective review was done on 22 patients diagnosed and surgically treated for tumors of the parapharyngeal space from May 2001 to September Results:Seven of 22 patients were diagnosed with the first bite syndrome after the operation of the parapharyngeal space tumor. In postoperative pathology, three were pleomorphic adenoma of parotid gland, three were paraganglioma of carotid body, and remaining one was schwannoma originated from sympathetic nerve chain. The first bite syndrome developed in 1 out of 5 patients with Horner s syndrome, 2 out of 4 patients with ligation of external carotid artery above branching point of facial artery, and all three patients with paraganglioma, originated from carotid body. The pain subsided in one patient 3 months after the development of first bite syndrome, although the pain persisted in remaining 6 patients during follow-up period. Conclusion: First bite syndrome is a minor complication of surgery involving the parapharyngeal space. But symptoms are often mild but can be severe enough to hinder a patient s quality of life and ability to eat. Therefore, surgeons who operate in the parapharyngeal space should be aware of first bite syndrome and counsel patients regarding this potential complication. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2007;50:59-63) KEY WORDS:First bite syndrome Parapharyngeal space. 서 론 부인두강 (parapharyngeal space) 은두개저에서설골에이르는상인두의측면에위치한잠재적인공간으로부인두강종양은모든두경부종양중약 0.5% 정도로드문종양으로알려져있다. 1,2) 이중 80% 가양성종양이며, 침샘또는신경기원의종양이대부분이다. 2-4) 부인두강내종양제거는쉽지않을뿐아니라수술후혈종, 장액종, 기도폐쇄, 감염, 종양재발, 프레이증후군 (Frey s syndrome), 뇌척수액누출, 뇌막염, 각종주요뇌신경 (cranial nerve VII, X, XI, XII) 및경부교감신경총의 논문접수일 :2006 년 6 월 23 일 / 심사완료일 :2006 년 10 월 25 일교신저자 : 고의경, 부산광역시서구아미동 1 가 10 번지부산대학교의과대학이비인후과학교실전화 :(051) 전송 :(051) gohek@pusan.ac.kr 손상및첫저작증후군 (first bite syndrome) 등여러합병증이발생할수있다. 4-6) 이중첫저작증후군은부인두강내종양수술후발생할수있는경미한합병증중의하나로매식사시마다첫저작시이하선부위의통증을호소하게된다. 5) 이러한통증은수초간지속되며, 저작이계속될수록점차감소하며, 매끼의첫식사시첫저작때가장심한통증이발생한다고알려져있다. 5,7) 첫저작증후군의발생기전은명확히밝혀져있지않으나, 보고에의하면경부교감신경총의손상이원인으로추정되고있다. 5,7) 현재첫저작증후군에대해아직까지국내에서보고된바없어, 저자는본원에서부인두강내종양으로수술을시행받은환자를대상으로첫저작증후군의발생률과임상경과및치료효과에대해규명하고자한다. 59
2 첫저작증후군의임상적고찰 대상및방법 2001년 5월부터 2005년 9월까지본원이비인후과를방문하여부인두강종양으로진단받고수술받은 22명의환자를대상으로하여후향적으로의무기록및전화인터뷰를시행하고분석하였다. 전체 22 명중남성이 10 명 (45.5%), 여성이 12 명 (54.5%) 이었다. 연령분포는 22세에서 61세까지로평균나이는 43.8 세였으며, 평균추적관찰기간은 18.8 개월 (5~51 개월 ) 이었다 (Table 1). 대상환자들은수술전종물에대한세침흡인세포검사 (Fine needle aspiration cytology), 컴퓨터단층촬영및자기공명영상촬영을시행하였다. 수집된자료를바탕으로수술후조직진단에따른분류, 수술후합병증, 첫저작증후군의발병률, 임상경과및예후에대하여분석하였다. 결과 수술후조직진단에따라부인두강종양은신경성종양 (13예, 59.1%) 이가장많았으며, 침샘종양 (7예, 31.8%) 이다음으로, 두종양이대부분을차지하였다. 신경성종양은신경초종, 경동맥체종양및신경섬유종이각각 9예, 3 예, 1예를차지하였다. 신경초종의경우교감신경총, 미주신경및설하신경에서유래한경우가각각 4예, 3예, 2예였다. 침샘종양중 6예가이하선심엽에서유래한다형선종이었으며, 나머지 1예는다형선종에서발생한타액선관상피암이었다. 이외에림프종과상피양혈관내피종이각각 1 예였다 (Table 2). 수술후발생한합병증으로신경손상에의한것이대부분이었으며, 중대감염이나혈종으로인해기관절개술을시행할정도의기도폐쇄는발생하지않았다. 안면신경의손상이 3예, 미주신경손상이 3예, 설하신경손상이 2예, 경부교감신경총손상이 5예발생하였다. 추적관찰중종양의재발소견은보이지않았다 (Table 3). 총 22명의환자중 7예 (31.8%) 에서첫저작증후군이발생하였다. 이하선심엽유래의다형선종에서 3예, 경동맥체종양수술후 3예, 마지막으로교감신경총유래의신경초종수술후 1예에서발생하였다 (Table 1). 수술후교감신경총의손상으로인하여 Horner 증후군을보였던 5예중 1예 (case 21) 에서첫저작증후군이발 Table 1. Relationship between first bite syndrome and Horner s syndrome or external carotid artery ligation Case Sex Age Histopatholgy Horner s syndrome ECA liagation FBS F/U (mo.) 01 F 61 Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma M 50 Salivary duct carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma F 28 Schwannoma (sympathetic trunk) F 47 Nuchal type fibroma (VN, SymN, SLN adhesion) F 50 Pleomorphic adenoma M 42 Schwannoma (vagus nerve) F 49 Schwannoma (vagus nerve) F 57 Schwannoma (vagus nerve), adenomatous goiter F 23 Schwannoma (sympathetic trunk) M 51 Pleomorphic adenoma F 50 Lymphoma (mixed small and large B cell) F 22 Schwannoma (sympathetic trunk) M 63 Pleomorphic adenoma M 36 Pleomorphic adenoma F 39 Paraganglioma (carotid body) M 32 Schwannoma (hypoglossal nerve) M 56 Paraganglioma (carotid body) M 48 Pleomorphic adenoma F 53 Schwannoma (sympathetic trunk) F 34 Pleomorphic adenoma M 24 Schwannoma (sympathetic trunk) M 31 Paraganglioma (carotid body) * 05 *in case 22, external carotid artery was ligated at the bifurcation point of common carotid artery. ECA:external carotid artery, FBS: first bite syndrome 60 Korean J Otolaryngol 2007;50:59-63
3 이정훈외 생하였다. 종양의유착으로인해수술시야를위하여안면동맥의직상부에서외경동맥을결찰했던환자는총 4예로이중 2예에서첫저작증후군이발생하였다. 마지막으로경동맥체종양수술예에서는 3예모두에서첫저작증후군이발생하였다 (Table 1). 이중 1예는수술중외경동맥근위부출혈로총경동맥의분지부에서외경동맥을결찰하였다. 첫저작증후군이발생한 7예중 4예는모든음식에대하여첫저작시통증을호소하였으며, 나머지 3예는신음식에대하여증상이유발되었다. 7예중 1예 (case 20) 는수술후 3개월째증상의완전관해를보였으며, 나머지 6명은현재까지지속되는통증을호소하였다. 이중 1예 (case 15) 는처음에비하여경한증상완화를보고하였다. Table 2. Distribution of parapharyngeal masses Diagnosis No. (%) Salivary total 07 (31.8) Benign salivary Deep lobe pleomorphic adenoma 06 (27.3) Malignant Salivary duct carcinoma ex pleomorphic 01 (04.5) adenoma Neurogenic total 13 (59.1) Schwannoma 09 (40.9) Vagus nerve 03 (13.6) Sympathetic nerve chain 04 (18.2) Hypoglossal nerve 02 (09.1) Paraganglioma 03 (13.6) Neurofibroma 01 (04.5) Others 02 (09.1) Lymphoma (mixed small and large B cell 01 (04.5) lymphoma) Epitheloid hemangioendothelioma 01 (04.5) 현재본원에서는첫저작증후군이발생한환자에게대증요법으로비스테로이드성소염제 (NSAIDs) 및강한침분비를일으키는음식 (strong sialogogue) 의섭취를제한하면서경과를관찰하고있으나그효과는미미하였다. 고찰 부인두강은두개저에서설골에이르는상인두의외측에위치한역삼각형의잠재적인공간으로부인두강내발생한종양은모든두경부종양의 0.5% 이하를차지하는드문종양으로 80~88% 는양성종양이며, 약 10~20% 는악성종양이다. 1,2,8,9) 본원의경우양성종양이 22예중 19예로 86.4% 이었으며, 악성종양은 3예로 13.6% 를차지하였다. 부인두강내수술은경동맥, 경정맥, 주요뇌신경및교감신경총의손상을일으킬수있는잠재적인가능성을가지고있다. 7) 이중첫저작증후군은경미한합병증중의하나에속한다. 첫저작증후군은매식사의첫저작시이하선주위에통증이발생하는증후군이라할수있다. 통증은수초간지속되며, 저작이계속될수록통증은점차줄어든다. 하루의첫식사시가장통증이심하여환자중일부에서는첫숟가락을뜨기가두렵다는표현을하기도한다. 첫저작증후군의기전은현재까지명확히밝혀져있지는않지만이하선으로의교감신경자극의소실로생기는것으로추정하고있다. 5,7,11) 즉, 부인두강수술후발생할수있는교감신경의손상으로인하여이하선으로의교감신경자극이사라지게되면, 이하선내근상피세포의교감신경수용체는탈신경과민화 (denervation hypersensitivity) 된다. 과민화된수용체 (hypersensitized receptor) 는저작시발생되는부교감신경의신경전달물질인아세틸콜린에의 Table 3. Postoperative complications after PPS tumor removal Complications Neuropathies VII Main trunk H-B grade II 1 Marginal mandibular 2 X Recurrent laryngeal Vocal cord palsy 2 Superior laryngeal Aspiration 1 XII 2 Cervical sympathetics Horner s syndrome 5 First bite syndrome 7 Vascular injury In cases of external carotid artery ligation 5 Hematoma 3 Intubation granuloma 1 None 6 There were total of 22 patients. Some patients experienced more than 1 complication (Case 4:cord palsy, occured vocal cord palsy, Horner s syndrome and aspiration, Case 17:Hypoglossal nerve palsy, marginal mandibular nerve injury, Case 19:Horner s syndrome and first bite syndrome, Case 21:Horner s syndrome and hematoma) No. 61
4 첫저작증후군의임상적고찰 해교차자극 (cross-stimulation) 을받아근상피세포의과도한수축 (supramaximal contraction) 을일으키게되어통증이발생하게된다. 저작이계속될수록수용체는탈감작 (desensitization) 되어통증은서서히감소하게된다. 5) 첫저작증후군의발생빈도는 Cohen 등 1) 은 147명의부인두강종양수술후 18예 (12.2%) 에서, Netterville 등 5) 은 20년간 46예의미주부신경절종 (vagal paraganglioma) 수술후 9예에서, Wax 등 11) 은 4명의경부교감신경초종수술후 2예에서첫저작증후군이발생하였다고보고하였다. 또한 Cohen 등 1) 은예기치않았던합병증중가장많은빈도로첫저작증후군이발생하였다고보고하였다. 본원에서는 22명의환자중 7예로전체발생률은 31.8% 이었다. 교감신경손상군에서는 5예중 1예로 20%, 안면동맥분지후직상부에서외경동맥을결찰했던 4예중 2예로 50%, 그리고경동맥체종양수술 3예모두에서첫저작증후군이발생하였다. 이중 1예는총경동맥분지부에서외경동맥을결찰했던경우였다. Chiu 등 7) 은부인두강수술후발생한 12예의첫저작증후군환자를대상으로증상의발현시기와경과등을보고하였다. 12명의환자들중 6예는수술직후 Horner 증후군을보였으며, 나머지 6예는수술중이하선심부에서외경동맥을결찰한환자였다. 추적관찰이가능했던 10예중 2예를제외하고 8예는평균 21개월의추적관찰기간동안식후계속되는이하선주위의통증을호소하였다. 본원의경우 7예중 1예를제외하고 6예에서증상이지속됨을관찰할수있었다. Horner 증후군및첫저작증후군은교감신경의손상으로발생하게되는데, 저자들의경우 Horner 증후군을보였던 5예중 1예에서만발생하였다. 이렇듯선택적인교감신경섬유의손상은경부내교감신경의상행경로의차이때문인것으로사료된다. 즉, 교감신경섬유는상경부신경절에서시냅스후각기내경동맥과외경동맥의경로를따라상행하게된다. 이중내경동맥을따라상행한섬유는눈과눈꺼풀의신경지배를담당하며, 외경동맥을따라상행한섬유는일부안면과두피의땀샘과피부로, 나머지일부섬유는중내막동맥 (middle meningeal artery) 을따라상행하여이하선의신경지배를담당하게된다. 7) 즉, 내경동맥주위의교감신경섬유의손상시안검하수 (ptosis) 가, 외경동맥주위교감신경섬유의손상시에는그손상위치에따라무한증 (anhydrosis) 이나첫저작증후군이독립적으로발생할수있다. 또한외경동맥을결찰했던 5예 ( 안면동맥분지후직상부 에서외경동맥을결찰했던 4예와총경동맥의분지부에서외경동맥을결찰했던경동맥종양 1예 ) 중 3예에서만첫저작증후군이발생하였다. Lyons 등 12) 은 12구의사체해부를통하여 12구중 10구에서경동맥초 (carotid sheath) 의바깥쪽에교감신경총이주행하고있었으며, 2구에서경동맥초의내부로주행하는것을보고하였다. 이러한경부교감신경총의해부학적변이로인해외경동맥을결찰한모든예에서첫저작증후군이발생하지않은이유가된다. 따라서경부청소술이나부인두강내수술시명확한해부학적지식과함께세심한시술로합병증의발생가능성을줄일수있을것으로생각된다. 현재첫저작증후군에대해명확히정립되어있는치료는없으며, Sniezek 등 10) 은신음식이나쓴음식을제한하고 carbamazepine 복용을권유하였으며, Chiu 등 7) 은비스테로이드성소염제 (NSAIDs) 및고실신경절제술 (tympanic neurectomy) 로치료하였으나그효과는미미하였다고보고하였다. 본원에서는부인두강종양수술후발생한첫저작증후군환자 7명에대하여대증요법으로치료하였으나그효과또한미미하였으며, 앞으로이에대한새로운치료법에대한연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 결 론 첫저작증후군은부인두강내종양수술후발생할수있는경미한합병증중의하나로종종간과되거나보고되지않는경향이있다. 이로인해환자의삶의질을크게저하시킬수있기때문에부인두강내종양제거수술이나경부청소술을앞둔두경부외과의들은이에대한충분한이해와함께환자에게수술전충분한설명을해야할것으로생각되며, 앞으로첫저작증후군의치료방안에대한연구가이어져야할것으로생각된다. 중심단어 : 첫저작증후군 부인두강. REFERENCES 1) Cohen SM, Burkey BB, Netterville JL. Surgical management of parapharyngeal space masses. Head Neck 2005;27(8): ) Khafif A, Segev Y, Kaplan DM, Gil Z, Fliss DM. Surgical management of parapharyngeal space tumors: A 10-year review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132(3): ) Olsen KD. Tumor and surgery of the parapharyngeal space. Laryngoscope 1994;104(5 Pt 2 Supple 63): ) Pang KP, Goh CH, Tan HM. Parapharyngeal space tumors: An 18 year review. J Laryngol Otol 2002;116(3): ) Netterville JL, Jackson CG, Miller FR, Wanamaker JR, Glasscock ME. Vagal paraganglioma: A review of 46 patients treated during a 62 Korean J Otolaryngol 2007;50:59-63
5 이정훈외 20-year period. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;124(10): ) Luna-Ortiz K, Navarrete-Aleman JE, Granados-Garcia M, Herrera- Gomez A. Primary parapharyngeal space tumors in a Mexican cancer center. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132(4): ) Chiu AG, Cohen JI, Burningham AR, Andersen PE, Davidson BJ. Frist bite syndrome: A complication of surgery involving the parapharyngeal space. Head Neck 2002;24(11): ) Hughes KV, Olsen KD, McCaffrey TV. Parapharyngeal space neoplasm. Head Neck 1995;17(2): ) Carrau RL, Myers EN, Johnson JT. Management of tumors arising in the parapharyngeal space. Laryngoscope 1990;100(6): ) Sniezek JC, Sabri AN, Netterville JL. Paraganglioma surgery: Complications and treatment. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2001;34(5): ) Wax MK, Shiley SG, Robinson JL, Weissman JL. Cervical sympathetic chain schwannoma. Laryngoscope 2004;114(12): ) Lyons AJ, Mills CC. Anatomical variants of the cervical sympathetic chain to be considered during neck dissection. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;36(3):
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