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1 2008 년도대한췌담도학회춘계학술대회 Session IV: ERCP Complications; Can or Can't Avoid? Surgical Management of ERCP Complications 인하대학교의과대학외과학교실 이건영 서 론 본 론 ERCP의주요합병증으로는췌장염, 출혈, 담관염및십이지장천공등이있다. 이중, 췌장염, 출혈및담관염은그치료방침의결정이비교적명확하며일반적인외과적치료원칙을준용할수있다. 반면, 담관혹은십이지장천공의경우는치료의선택이쉽지않은데, 그이유로는 1) 발생빈도가낮아치료경험의축적이어렵고, 2) 과거대부분수술적치료를하였으나보존적치료로호전되는증례가많으며, 3) 여러요소가혼재되어치료방침의정형화가어렵고 4) 환자및의사에따라개인적인차이가크다는점등이있다. 이에덧붙여 5) 많은경우에진단적목적으로 ERCP를시술하게되는데, 이때합병증발생으로인하여수술까지발전할경우환자와의 Rapport의형성에문제가발생할소지가높아가능하면수술을피하고싶은강한유혹이생기는것도치료방침의결정을주저하게되는요인이된다. 그러나적절한수술시기를놓쳤을때에는수술의규모나수술후합병증발생의위험이커지고수술사망에까지이를수있음을고려하면그치료의선택이신중하면서도신속해야함을알수있다. 본논제에서는그동안국내외에서발표된문헌고찰과필자의경험등을토대로 ERCP후발생한천공의치료방향에대한제안을제시하여보고자한다. 1. 수술여부의결정및예후예측에고려하여야할요소 1) 임상양상 : Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), pain, peritonitis symptoms - 현저한증상들이지만, 환자의예후와직접적인관련이있다는증거는부족하다. 2) Type: Adopted from Stapfer et. al. - 외과적인치료원칙과십이지장의해부학적위치를고려할때, 치료방침의결정에중요한요소이다 (Fig. 1). Type I; Lateral or medial wall perforation, usually caused by the endoscope. Immediate surgery is mandatory. Type II; Periampullary injury. Usually takes benign course. Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of classification. 78

2 이건영 :Surgical Management of ERCP Complications 79 Type III; Distal bile duct injuries. Usually takes benign course. Type IV; Retroperitoneal free air only. Does not require surgical intervention. 3) Leakage of contrast media or fluid collection on follow-up CT: 이는 luminal contents 의 soiling을의미한다. 위혹은십이지장의내용물은거의무균상태이고, 대부분의환자가 NPO 상태이기때문에 ERCP 당시의 contrast leakage는예후에큰영향을미치지못한다. 그러나추적검사에서지속적인 leak가관찰되거나초기에 leak된 contrast media가 wash-out되지않는다면이는 free-cavity내의 fluid collection을의미하며차후에농양을형성할가능성이높으므로어떠한형태로든배액이필요하고보존적치료만으로는불충분할것임을시사한다. 4) 원인질환의잔존유무 : 진단적목적으로 ERCP를실행하였을때원래질환이해결되지않은경우, 예를들면 bile duct내에 stone이나 periampullary tumor가있는경우는 ERCP injury 와원인질환의치료두가지목적으로수술적치료를고려할수있으며이경우환자와의 rapport 형성에도움이된다. 5) Time interval between ERCP and detection of the injury: ERCP 도중 injury가발견된경우는바로적절한조치가가능하므로비교적양호한예후를갖는다. 반면, ERCP 후시간이경과한다음발견되는경우는환자가 NPO, 예방적항생제투여등의조치를받지않은상태이며이미 septic한 condition에서발견되는경우가많아예후가불량하다. 따라서 injury가있다면빨리발견하는것이매우중요하며이는시술자가항시합병증의발생에대해주의를기울이고있어야함을의미한다. 2. 수술적치료의선택 1) 외과적치료원칙 (Fig. 2): ERCP 후발생한손상에대한연구는전술한대로아직증례보고수준에머물러있다. 따라서현재로는각각의손상에대하여비슷한경우에확립된치료원칙을준용하는것이최선이라할것이다. 외과적으로장관손상은두가지의치료를포함하는데, 손상부위의처치와새어나온장내용물의처리가그것이다. 손상부위의처치는일차봉합이가능한 Fig. 2. Surgical principles.

3 년도대한췌담도학회춘계학술대회 지의여부에따라 Primary closure와 Tube ostostomy로나눌수있다. 이때고려하여야할요소로는손상부위의 Healing power, 장관을지나는 Flow의양, 손상부위의오염정도, 손상부터봉합까지의경과된시간등이있으며해부학적접근성도일차봉합을시도할것인지를결정하는데영향을줄수있다. 일차봉합은회복기간이짧고환자에게가해지는충격량이적은장점이있으나, 봉합부위의치유가실패하였을때는재수술을포함한환자의위험요소가증가한다는단점이있다. 일차봉합이여의치않다고판단될때선택할수있는방법이 Tube ostostomy이다. 이는장관과피부를연결하는 Tract을만들어줌으로서장내용물이퍼지는것을막고 Healing을유도하는방법이다. 일단 Controlled fistula가형성되면그이후에는 Fistula management protocol에따라환자를처치하게되며이방법의장점은상대적으로재누출등의 위험성이낮다는것이다. 그러나입원기간이길어지고진료비도증가하며환자와의 Rapport 형성에장애가될수있다. 새어나온장내용물의처리는어떠한형태로든배액을하여야함이원칙이며이는 Fluid Fig. 3. Diagram of duodenal diversion with pyloric exclusion. Table 1. Summary of management results from some of the articles published in the literature `

4 이건영 :Surgical Management of ERCP Complications 81 collection 혹은 Abscess 부위에는항생제의농도를높일수없다는것과도관련이있다. 배액의방법에는경피적배액과수술을통한배액이있으며경피적배액이수술을피할수있는장점이있으나다발성의농양에는효율이떨어진다는단점이있다. 위장관손상의외과적치료원칙을정리하면다음과같다. (1) 염증이있는조직은치유되지않는다. - 오염이심하거나시간이많이경과된천공조직은일차봉합이실패할가능성이높다. (2) 봉합부위에가해지는압력을줄여야한다. 즉, 손상부위를지나는 Flow의양을줄이는것이유리하다. 담관 ; T-tube insertion, PTBD, ENBD, ERBD 십이지장 ; Duodenal diversion, Pyloric exclusion Fig. 4. Suggestions.

5 년도대한췌담도학회춘계학술대회 췌장관 ; Endoscopic drainage 2) 외과적치료 Option: 다음세가지영역의처치를한가지씩선택하여조합을만들수있다. (1) Drainage of cavity: PCD, Open drainage, None (2) 천공부위의처치 : Primary closure, Tube ostostomy, None (3) Diversion of intraluminal flow: Tube duodenostomy, Tube choledochostomy, pyloric exclusion, PTBD, ENBD, ERBD, pancreatic stent, L-tube, None 이조합중에서가장큰수술의조합이 Duodenal diversion with pyloric exclusion (Triple ostostomy) 이며개략적인그림은 Fig. 3과같다. (Tube choledochostomy + Tube duodenostomy + Gastrojejunostomy) 3. 문헌고찰일부문헌에발표된 ERCP로인한천공과그치료성적은 Table 1과같다. 4. 제안 (Fig. 4) 결론 ERCP와관련된합병증중급성췌장염, 담관염, 출혈등의외과적치료는각각의질환에대한일반적치료원칙에준한다. 다만, 천공의경우는환자가술전처치가되어있다는점, 조기발견이가능하다는점에서보존적치료와수술적치료의선택이가능하다. 이치료방침의결정에는천공의위치, 잔류질환의유무, 누출의지속여부및임상양상의변화등이고려되어야하며특히보존적치료가실패하여수술이 지연되었을경우의수술사망률이높게보고되는점을감안한다면천공이의심되는환자들에게특히주의를기울여야할것이다. ERCP 후발생하는천공의빈도가낮아서 Endoscopist와 Surgeon 모두충분한경험의축적을기대하기어려우므로가능한한한센터내에서도 ERCP 와이와관련한합병증의치료를집중화할필요가있으며 Team approach가권장된다고하겠다. 참고문헌 1. Stapfer M, Selby RR, Stain SC, Katkhouda N, Parekh D, Jabbour N, Garry D: Management of duodenal perforation after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and sphincterotomy. Ann Surg 2000 Aug; 232(2): Zissin R, Shapiro-Feinberg M, Oscadchy A, Pomeranz I, Leichtmann G, Novis B: Retroperitoneal perforation during endoscopic sphincterotomy: imaging findings. Abdom Imaging 2000 May-Jun; 25(3): Enns R, Eloubeidi MA, Mergener K, Jowell PS, Branch MS, Pappas TM, Baillie J: ERCP-related perforations: risk factors and management. Endoscopy 2002 Apr; 34(4): Wu HM, Dixon E, May GR, Sutherland FR: Management of perforation after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): a population-based review. HPB (Oxford) 2006; 8(5): Williams EJ, Taylor S, Fairclough P, Hamlyn A, Logan RF, Martin D, Riley SA, Veitch P, Wilkinson ML, Williamson PR, Lombard M: Risk factors for complication following ERCP; results of a large-scale, prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy 2007 Sep; 39(9): You Y, Kim C, Lee D, Kim J, Kim K, Lee S, Lee K, Chin H, Park I, Kim E: Operative management of the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography injury. Korean J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2003 Jun; 7(1): Korean.

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