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1 한국항해항만학회지제 33 권제 10 호, pp. 685~690, 2009 (ISSN ) Journal of Navigation and Port Research 선박자동식별장치를이용한 ADS-B 개념기반의항공감시용송수신기의구현 송재훈 오경륜 * 김종철 ** 이장연 ***,*,**,*** 한국항공우주연구원 Implementation of Aeronautical Surveillance Transceiver using AIS based on ADS-B Concepts Jae-Hoon Song Kyung-Ryoon Oh* Jong-Chul Kim** Jang-Yeon Lee***,*,**,***Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon , Korea 요약 : 국제해사기구 (International Maritime Organization, IMO) 에서는선박의해상충돌을방지하기위하여 SOLAS의요구조건에따라모든선박에대하여선박자동식별장치 (Automatic Identification System, AIS) 를의무적으로장착하도록권고하고있다. AIS를사용하면타선에대한제원및항행정보의획득이가능하여충돌방지뿐만아니라광역관제, 조난선박의탐색구조등안전관리에도활용이가능하다. 본논문에서는 AIS 장비를사용하여 ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast) 개념기반의항공감시용송수신기를구현한결과에대하여살펴보도록한다. 기본적으로 AIS는해상에서사용되기때문에고도정보를사용하지않지만, AIS 장비내부에사용하는 GPS (Global Positioning System) 칩셋에서제공하는고도정보의추출이가능하다. 고도정보를포함한감시메시지형식을정의하고, SOTDMA (Self-Organizing Time Division Multiple Access) 방식을개선하여 ADS-B 송수신기를구현하였다. 적용결과를확인하기위하여지상시험및비행시험을수행하였다. 핵심용어 : Automatic Identification System (AIS), Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B), Global Positioning System (GPS), Self-Organizing Time Division Multiple Access (SOTDMA) Abstract : International Maritime Organization (IMO) recommends the installation of an Automatic Identification System (AIS) according to requirements by SOLAS to avoid maritime collision. AIS provides traffic information of other ships that may be used for maritime traffic control, SAR (Search and Rescue) and collision avoidance to apply safety management. In this paper, preliminary results to implement an aeronautical surveillance transceiver using AIS transceiver based on ADS-B concepts are described. Although altitude information is not required for AIS since the AIS is operated at MSL (Mean Sea Level), altitude information can be extracted by a GPS (Global Positioning System) chip-set in the AIS transceiver. ADS-B transceiver is implemented by defining a surveillance message format including the altitude information and modifying SOTDMA (Self-Organizing Time Division Multiple Access) protocol. Ground tests and flight tests are performed to validate the implementation results. Key words : Automatic Identification System (AIS), Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B), Global Positioning System (GPS), Self-Organizing Time Division Multiple Access (SOTDMA) 1. 서론항공감시의고전적의미는관제사로하여금항공기의위치를파악하여안전하고신속한방법으로항공기간의분리간격을유지하게함으로써안전하고효율적인운항을추구하는수단이다. 기존의항공감시시스템에서는 SSR (Second Surveillance Radar) 및 Mode A 및 Mode C와같이독립적인 (independent) 레이더체계에의하여항공기의위치를파악하고, PSR (Primary Surveillance Radar) 과 VHF (Very High Frequency) 대역의음성통신에기반하여항공기의분리간격을확보하고나아가공역을관리하였다. 디지털데이터링크 (Digital Datalink) 와위성항법시스템 (Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS) 을사용한항공감시에관한연구가진척되면서새로운개념의감시시스템이대두되었고, 그대표적인예가자동항행감시시스템, 즉 ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast) 이다 ( 오, 2004). 해양분야에서도선박의위치를파악함으로써충돌을방지하고나아가광역관제및조난선박의탐색구조를위하여선박자동식별장치 (Automatic Identification System, AIS) 를사용하고있다. 국제해사기구 (International Maritime Organization, IMO) 에서는해상인명의안전에관한조약 (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, SOLAS) 에서명시된요구조건에 교신저자 : 송재훈 ( 정회원 ), jhsong@kari.re.kr 042)

2 선박자동식별장치를이용한 ADS-B 개념기반의항공감시용송수신기의구현 따라 300톤급이상의국제선박, 500톤급이상의국내화물선및모든여객선에대하여 AIS 장비를장착하도록권고하고있다 (IMO, 2003). 본논문에서는해양용감시시스템으로사용하는 AIS를사용하여 ADS-B 개념을기반으로하는항공감시용송수신기를구현한방법및결과에대하여살펴보기로한다. 디지털데이터링크와위성항법시스템을기반으로하는새로운개념의항공감시시스템인 ADS-B의개념에대해서언급하고, AIS 장비를이용하여항공감시용송수신기를구현한방법에대하여구체적으로설명하였다. 제안한시스템에대한성능평가를위하여수행한지상시험및비행시험의결과를살펴보고, 실험결과를통하여본연구의동기및의의를고찰하였다. 2.1 ADS-B 의정의 2. ADS-B 관련개념 ADS-B란항공기또는이동체에서자신의 3차원위치, 속도및기타정보를데이터링크를통해주기적으로방송하는기능을의미하며, 지상시스템에서도달범위내의항공기및이동체에게제공하는방송서비스도포함하는개념이다. ADS-B에대한단어적인의미는 Table 1과같다 (FAA, 2007). Table 1 Analytic definition of ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast Periodically transmits information with no pilot or operator input required Position and velocity vector are derived from the Global Positioning System (GPS) or a Flight Management System (FMS) A method of determining position of aircraft, vehicles, or other asset Transmitted information available to anyone with the appropriate receiving equipment ADS-B의기능은정보의제공방향에따라크게 ADS-B IN 및 ADS-B OUT 으로나눌수있다. ADS-B IN 기능은항공기, 이동체또는지상시스템에서외부로부터감시정보를제공받는것을의미하며, ADS-B OUT 기능은항공기및이동체에서자신의감시정보를외부로제공하는것을의미한다 (ADS-B ARC, 2007). 따라서, 서비스영역내의항공기, 이동체및지상시스템에서의모든주체들이동일한감시정보를공유하게되며, 이것이 ADS-B의가장큰효용이라할수있다. 범운영을계속하고있으며, 감시및상황별경고에최적화되어있다. VDL Mode 4는기존의항공용주파수인 VHF 대역에서 2개의 25 khz의광역신호채널을사용하고있으며, 다중접속방식으로서 STDMA (Self-organizing Time Division Multiple Access) 을사용하는데, 이것은 AIS 장비에서의다중접속방식인 SOTDMA (Self-Organizing Time Division Multiple Access) 와동일한개념이다 Extended Squitter는강한출력을필요로하고, 지상시설에대한의존성이크지만, 기존시스템과의호환성측면에서당분간혜택을제공할것으로예상된다. UAT는 VDL Mode 4 에비해최적화된시스템으로운영에서의매력이있지만, 표준화작업이미비한상태이다. 각각의데이터링크에대한비교는 Table 2에요약하였고, Fig. 1에는개념을정리하였다 (Helios, 2006). Table 2 Comparative characteristics of ADS-B datalinks Channel structure Operating frequency band Operating frequencies cleared and assigned Other systems operating in same channel Transmission frequency Media access system Other data link supported 1090 MHz Extended Squitter Wideband single channel 1090 MHz VDL Mode 4 Multiple narrow channels VHF band ( MHz ) UAT Yes No No Mode A/C SSR Mode S TCAS Fixed Random Uplink broadcast. Note that Mode S delivers other None Variable by ground station or application Self-Organised timeslot structure Broadcast and ATN Wideband single channel DME band ( MHz ) JTIDS Fixed Uplink is timeslot structure. Downlink is random. Uplink broadcast SARPs status Published Published Not started MOPS status Published Interim version published Under development 2.2 ADS-B 후보데이터링크 ADS-B의기능구현을위한국제표준으로논의되는데이터링크후보는 1090 Extended Squitter, UAT (Universal Access Transceiver) 및 VDL (VHF Data Link) Mode 4 등 3가지이다 Extended Squitter는기존의레이더체계에서사용되는 SSR Mode S 기술을확장개념으로개발되었다. UAT는미국에서개발된데이터링크로서 981 MHz대역에서성능평가및시 Figure 1 Summary of ADS-B datalinks (Helios, 2006)

3 송재훈 오경륜 김종철 이장연 2.1 ADS-B 도입현황국제민간항공기구 (International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO) 에서는민간항공기에대하여 2010년부터 1090 Extended Squitter 기반의 ADS-B 시스템의무장착을권고하고있다. 이에대해국제항공운송협회 (International Air Transport Association, IATA) 는 ICAO 항공통신 항행 감시및기상회의 (Communication Navigation Surveillance / Meteorology, CNS/MET) 에서지지를표명하였다. 2006년말기준으로 40% 이상의국제민간항공기가 1090 Extended Squitter 기반의 ADS-B 장비를장착하고있다. 세계각지의 ICAO 지역사무소에서는단기적측면에서의해당지역데이터링크로서 1090 Extended Squitter를선정하였으나, 장기적측면에서미국과유럽은위에서언급한바와같이고유의데이터링크를개발하여추진중에있다. 현재미국과유럽은 2012년완성을목표로 ADS-B 데이터의수집 가공 분배를위한지상인프라구축사업을진행중에있다. 3.2 AIS를이용한항공감시시스템의구현본연구를위하여국내기술로개발되어손쉽게구입이가능한 AIS 장비를선택하였다 (Saracom, 2005). 해당 AIS 장비의상세인터페이스도면은 Fig. 3과같고, GPS (Global Positioning System) 신호가인가되는포트는네모상자로표시하였다. 3. 시스템구현 3.1 AIS 장비의이해및분석해양용 AIS 장비는국제전기통신연합 (International Telecommuncations Union, ITU) 에의하여국제표준이제정되어있으며, 국제전기표준회의 (International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC) 에서형식승인을담당하고있다 (IEC, 2001). 국제표준에서제시하는 AIS 장비에대한블록도는 Fig. 2와같다. Figure 3 Schematic drawling of AIS (Saracom, 2005) 해당 AIS 장비의경우에 SiRF 사의 GPS 칩셋을채택하였다. 해당칩셋에서고도정보를추출하기위하여 GPS 칩셋에서획득가능한출력메시지를조사하였다. GGA, GLL, GSA, GSV, MSS, RMC, VTG, ZDA, 150 등총 9개의 NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) 출력메시지가운데고도정보를포함하는메시지는 GPS Fixed Data를나타내는 GGA 메시지이다 (SiRF, 2005). GGA 메시지의형식은 Table 3과같다. Table 3 GGA data format (SiRF, 2005) Name Example Units Description Message ID $GPGGA GGA protocol header UTC Time hhmmss.sss Latitude ddmm.mmmm N/S Indicator N N=north or S=south Longitude dddmm.mmmm E/W Indicator W E=east or W=west Figure 2 Block diagram of AIS (IEC, 2001) 해양용감시시스템과항공용감시시스템사이의가장큰차이점은고도정보의사용유무이다. Fig. 2를살펴보면, 위치정보의획득을위한센서는위성항법시스템을사용한다. 기본적으로선박은해상에서운용되기때문에고도정보가필요치않다. 하지만, 항공운항의측면에서는출발지와도착지의 2차원좌표값도중요하지만, 안전하고효율적인항행을위해서는고도정보가필수적이다. Position Fix Indicator 1 See Table 1-4 Satellite Used 07 Range 0 to 12 HDOP 1.0 Horizontal Dilution of Precision MSL Altitude 9.0 meters Units M meters Geoid Seperation meters Units M meters Age of Diff. Corr. second Null fields when DGPS is not used Diff. Ref. Station ID 0000 Checksum *18 <CR> <LF> End of message termination

4 선박자동식별장치를이용한 ADS-B 개념기반의항공감시용송수신기의구현 따라서 AIS 장비내부에서 GPS 칩셋과의인터페이스와출력을담당하는펌웨어를개선하여 Table 4와같은크기를갖는항공감시용 ADS-B 메시지형식을새로이정의하였다. 메시지구성은유럽의항공감시데이터통신표준인 ASTERIX (All Purpose Structured Eurocontrol Surveillance Information Exchange) 를참조하였다 (Eurocontrol, 2002). 경도및위도정보는종전과동일하게 1/10,000 해상도를갖게하였다. 경도, 위도및고도정보에대한상세한내용을 Table 5에나타내었다. Table 4 ADS-B message structure No. Parameter Number of bits 1 Message ID 6 2 User ID 10 3 UTC Time 27 4 Date 19 5 Position Accuracy 1 6 Longitude 28 7 Latitude 27 8 Altitude 14 9 SOG COG True Heading 9 12 Position Fix Indicator 2 Total number of bits 168 Table 5 Descriptions of position information Parameter Number of bits Longitude 28 Latitude 27 Altitude 14 Description Longitude in 1/10,000 minute (±180 degrees, East = positive, West = negative); 181 degrees (6791AC0 hex) = not available = default Latitude in 1/10,000 minute (±90 degrees, North = positive, South = negative); 91 degrees ( hex) = not available = default Altitude in 1 meter steps (0-16,382 meters) 16,383 meters = not available = default 4. 실험결과 해양용 AIS 장비를보완하여 ADS-B 개념기반의항공감시시스템을위한 ADS-B 송수신기의성능을확인하고, 기존의감시시스템과의성능을비교하기위하여한서대학교태안비행장에 Fig. 4와같은 ADS-B Test-bed 를설치하고지상시험및비행시험을수행하였다 ( 송, 2007). Figure 5 Block diagram of the ADS-B test-bed ADS-B Test-bed는크게지상시스템과탑재시스템으로이루어져있다. ADS-B Test-bed 의지상시스템은각종감시정보를취합하여신뢰성높은데이터를제공하여야한다. 연구용 Test-bed 로서본연구를통해구현한송수신기를사용하고, 비교를위한다른데이터링크로서미국 MITRE 에서개발한 UAT를사용하여 ADS-B 기능을구현하였다. 본연구에서 ADS-B 데이터링크의또다른후보인 1090 MHz Extended Squitter는고려하지않았다. ADS-B Test-bed 의블록도는 Fig. 5와같다. Fig. 5 가운데 Data links와 Rover Station 부분에사용되는 VDL m4가제안하는 ADS-B 송수신기이다. 4.1 지상시험지상시험은자동차에항공감시시스템의 ADS-B 개념기반의 A-SMGCS (Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System) 기능을확인하기위하여 1대의항공기를포함한 3대의이동차량을사용하여수행하였다. 시험항공기가활주로에착륙하여계류장으로이동하는과정에서발생할수있는대표적인상황을 4가지경우로나누어시나리오를구성하였다. 구현된 ADS-B 송수신기를통하여획득한감시정보는 CDTI (Cockpit Display of Traffic Information) 을통해실시간으로시현하였다. Fig. 6에지상시험결과를나타내었다. Fig. 6에서 1대의항공기는 EURO라표시하였고, 3대의이동차량은각각 HL1091, HL1092, HL1093이라표시하였다. Figure 4 Configuration of the ADS-B test-bed Figure 6 Horizontal tracks of test vehicles

5 송재훈 오경륜 김종철 이장연 4.2 비행시험 비행시험의목적은항공기에서의감시정보의획득과그로인한상황인식의개선을정량적으로확인하는것이다. 기존과같이외부로부터레이더기반의감시정보를간접적으로제공받는상황에서 ADS-B 개념의항공감시기능을확인하고비교하기위하여 2기의항공기를사용하여관제탑및항공기가실시간으로감시정보를공유하는지확인하였다. 비행시험에사용된항공기는각각 HL1091, HL1100의식별부호를부여받았다. Fig. 7은각각의항공기에대한 3차원이동경로를나타낸다. 항공기의수평위치정보이외에지상시스템에서생성한변침점 (way-point) 정보도함께보여주고있다. Way-point 에대한조종사별오차를확인할수있으며, 이로인한인적요소도정량적으로평가할수있다. 다만비행계획서에제시된 way-point 이외에위치정확도의기준이되는공간상의비행경로를명확히제시하기곤란하기때문에정량적인위치정확도의성능은언급하기어렵다. Altitude [ft] HL1100 Flight Test Figure 8 Time courses of the altitudes for test aircraft Fig. 8은시간에따른고도정보를나타내고있기때문에본연구를통해획득한 ADS-B 개념기반의감시정보와기존의음성통신기반의관제정보에대한간접적인비교분석도가능하다. 또한, Fig. 9는항공기의수평위치정보이외에비행계획절차를통해생성한 way-point 정보를 2차원으로나타내고있다. 따라서 way-point 에대한오차를확인함으로써항법성능도분석이가능하며, 주어진비행계획에대한조종사의이행성능도평가할수있다 Latitude [deg] Longitude [deg] (a) HL1100 HL1091 Flight Test 8000 Altitude [ft] Figure 9 Three dimensional trajectories of test aircraft 5. 결론 Latitude [deg] Longitude [deg] (b) HL1091 Figure 7 Three dimensional trajectories of test aircraft 비행시험을통해획득한두항공기의고도정보는 Fig. 8에나타내었다. 비행시간동안 AIS 장비를활용한송수신기를통해 2대의시험항공기에대한고도정보를확인할수있다. 본논문에서는국내기술로개발된해양용 AIS 장비를응용하여차세대항공감시시스템의핵심개념으로대두되는 ADS-B 송수신기를구현한방법및결과에대하여살펴보았다. 항공감시시스템에서가장중요한위치정보는고도정보이다. 기본적으로모든선박은해수면에서운용되기때문에 AIS 장비에서는시각정보와경도및위도정보만을제공한다. 하지만, AIS 장비와항공용감시시스템의 ADS-B 송수신기공히위치정보획득을위하여 GPS를사용하기때문에 AIS 장비에서고도정보의추출이가능하리라판단했다. 또한해양용감시시스템개

6 선박자동식별장치를이용한 ADS-B 개념기반의항공감시용송수신기의구현 발현황이국내항공용감시시스템개발현황에비해상대적으로진척되어있고, 국내기술로개발하여양산된 AIS 장비에대한사용이용이하였기때문에적은예산을투입하여본연구를수행할수있었다. 해양용 AIS 장비를응용한항공용감시시스템송수신기의성능을확인하기위하여지상시험및비행시험을수행한결과, 미터단위로출력되는고도정보를획득함으로써비용대비우수한성능을확인할수있었다. 해양용 AIS 장비와 ADS-B 개념기반의항공감시용송수신기에대한요구조건이다르기때문에항공관제에직접적으로적용하기는곤란하지만, 본연구에서제안한방법을위한절차및결과를발전시켜활용한다면항공용감시시스템개발에위험요소를저감시킬수있으리라기대한다. 후기본연구는국토해양부가출연하고한국건설교통기술평가원에서위탁시행한항공안전기술개발사업 (07항공-안전02) 의지원으로수행되었습니다. 원고접수일 : 2009년 11월 5일 심사완료일 : 2009년 12월 8일 원고채택일 : 2009년 12월 11일 참고문헌 [1] 오경륜, 김인규, 송재훈 (2004), 차세대위성항행시스템 (CNS/ ATM) 기술개발동향, 항공우주산업기술동향제2 권제1호, pp [2] ADS-B Aviation Rulemaking Committee (2007), Optimizing the Benefits of Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast. [3] Eurocontrol standard document for surveillance data exchange part 1 (2002), All Purpose Structured Eurocontrol Surveillance Information Exchange (ASTERIX). [4] Federal Aviation Administration (2007), Surveillance and Broadcast Service, FAA ADS-B website ( [5] Helios Information Service (2006), Introduction to CNS/ATM, Lecture Note in Specialized Training for the Aviation Industry. [6] International Electrotechnical Commission (2001), Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems - Automatic Identification Systems (AIS). [7] International Maritime Organization (2003), Guideline for the Installation of a Shipborne Automatic Identification System (AIS). [8] Song, J. H. (2007), Preliminary Implementation of Ground-to-Ground Surveillance Test-bed based on ADS-B Concepts, International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems 2007, Seoul, Korea. [9] Saracom Co., Ltd (2005), Installation Drawing for SI-10 AIS System. [10] SiRF Technology, Inc. (2005), NMEA Reference Manual

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